Inqubo ye-bankruptcy njani? Ubuso? Ungaqala njani inkqubo?

Ukususela kungekudala kungekudala kwilizwe lethu inqubo yokubhankanywa kwabasebenzi iye yaqaliswa kwaye iyaqhubeka isebenza. Ubuso. Inokwenzeka ukuba, le mcimbi yaqaliswa nguRhulumente kwaye igxininiswe ngamabhunga angomthetho ngokungabi ngengozi, kodwa ngenjongo yokuthintela imiphumo emibi, engabangela ukungabikho komthetho wabemi, ngokwesibonelo, bathabatha imali mboleko kwibhankini, kodwa abanakuyibuyisela ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Yiyiphi ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu, inkqubo, inkqubo, imiphumo yesicelo sayo-konke oku kuya kuhlaziywa kweli nqaku.

Umthetho

Ukutshatyalaliswa kommmi kulawulwa ngumthetho ofanayo kunye nokuchithwa kwe-legal entity, kwaye ngokuthe ngqo - uMthetho we-Federal No. 127 "Kwi-Insolvency (Bankruptcy)." Nangona kunjalo, kwangaphambili kuxwebhu oluqhelekileyo kwakungekho nabemi kuloluhlu lwabantu abangenakho ukuthotyelwa kwenkqubo eqwalaselwa ngayo. Kuphela umthetho we-Julayi 2015 onguNombolo 476-FZ waqala ukusebenza, ngokubhekiselele kulooxwebhu lokuqala luye lwachitshiyelwa kwaye longezwa. Ngokukodwa, isicatshulwa sincediswa kunye necandelo elibonelela ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu ngabanye. Abantu. Inkqubo, inkqubo, imiphumo yokusebenzisa elo thuba lokuphelisa amatyala lichazwe kulo mthetho, kunye nakwamanye amaxwebhu aqhelekileyo.

Izenzo eziqhelekileyo kule ndawo zixhalabisa abantu abangenayo nayiphi na imithombo yengeniso, ngoko ke, naliphi na, ubuncinci ithuba elihle lokuhlala nabathengi. Kule mithetho yomthetho, ngaphezu koko, iimeko zokulungiswa komsebenzi zichazwe, inkqubo yayo ichazwe, kwaye ukuthengiswa kweefa zeetyala kubhalwa amabango abo babolekisiweyo kulawulwa.

Ulwazi jikelele

Inkqubo ecingelwayo ingenziwa kuphela ngokubhenela kumagosa, okufuneka ahlolisise ngokucophelela onke amaxwebhu angenisiweyo kunye nobungqina bokungabikho komthetho. Njengomphumo wale sifundo, inkundla kufuneka inqume ukuba ingaba yini na ukuvakalisa umntu ukuba aphephe okanye ayikho into enjalo. Amagunya okugweba kufuneka anqume ukuba ngaba ummi okanye umntu osomashishini unqabileyo, nokuba isicelo sakhe okanye isicelo somntu sokuchithwa imali siqinisekisiwe. Ukuba loo sicelo ayilungiswanga, inkundla kufuneka inqabe ukwaneliseka kwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuba umntu unetyala, kubandakanywa nexesha elidlulileyo, kwaye ukugqithiswa kwakhe kuqinisekiswa, ngoko inkundla kufuneka imqaphele, okanye isigqibo senkundla sichaza inkqubo yokuchithwa kwabantu ngabanye. Ubuso. Kwimeko yesiganeko, ityala lomhlali linokuhlengahlengiswa.

Ezinye iimeko

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukuqhuba inkqubo yokuchithwa kwabantu ngabanye ngokufanayo kuthetha ukusekwa kwezithintelo ezithile kumalungelo omhlali ongekho phantsi. Kulo hlobo lokugqibela, sinokunqanda ukuvalwa kuyo nayiphi na intsebenziswano kunye nepropati, ukuvalwa kokuhlawulwa nayiphi na inxalenye yamatyala. Ngelo xesha, loo miqathango ingabekwa kuphela kubemi abakwizinga lokubhankanya, kodwa nakwabathengi. Ngaloo ndlela, ezi zilandelayo zingavunyelwe ukucaciswa kwipropati yebhanki, nokuba yinto yokubambisana nabo.

Isenzo esilandelayo ngasentla sichaza inkqubo yokuchithwa kwabantu ngabanye, kubandakanywa neemfuno zabenzi bezicelo. Ngokomzekelo, uchaza ukuba ngubani onokumenyezelwa ukuba uyabhoxiswa. Ukongeza kwiinkampani zomthetho, loo nkqubo inokuxhomekeka kubantu abathintekayo. Ngelo xesha, abantu baqondwa njengabashishini bangebucala, kunye neefama, kunye nabantu abaye bayeka imisebenzi enxulumene nezoshishino, kodwa ngubani oshiye amatyala.

Umthetho owaqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2015 ulawula izinto ezintsha. Ngoko, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo enjalo inokuthi kuphela umntu onomlinganiselo wetyala elingaphezu kwamawaka a mahlanu ayi-ruble. Ngethuba elifanayo, ixesha lexesha elinjalo lokunyanzeleka kufuneka lidlule kwiinyanga ezi-3. Kukho ezinye iimeko ezifuneka zijongene nazo: ummi, onokuqaliswa kuyo inkqubo, akufanele alingwe, kwaye i-total aggregate yamatyala akhe kufuneka ibe ngaphezu kwexabiso lempahla yakhe. Kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo emva kokuba inkqubo yokuqaphela ukuchithwa kwabantu ngabanye igqityiwe, Umntu, onjalo ummi uya kubanjelwa ilungelo lokufakela ngokuphindaphindiweyo isicelo esifanayo kunye namagunya okugweba. Kwaye ukuba umntu lowo wayebekwe uxanduva lokutyhafaza ngamanga okanye ngokusesikweni, ke ingxelo evela kuye ayiyi kwamkeleka.

Le nkqubo ivela njani?

Inkqubo yokuchithwa kwemali nat. Umntu unenjongo esemthethweni yokulungisa ubudlelwane bomthetho phakathi kommi kunye nentlangano yezemali. Ngexesha elifanayo, akukude kulula ukuba yi-bankrupt, i-legislator inikezela iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezikhusela abantu abangabonwa njengebhanki, abangenakuthathwa njengolu hlobo. Phakathi kwabo kukutshekisha ukungabikho kwemali engenayo, kunye nekhangela yokungabikho kwepropathi ehambayo kunye nengashenxiswayo.

Yintoni ekufuneka uqalise inkqubo ye-bankruptcy nat. Abantu-mhlawumbi umbuzo obalulekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo iyaqala ngokuqalisa ukusebenza kwesigwebo somthetho. Ngxeshanye, umphathi wokubambisana, oko kukuthi, umntu oza kusebenza ekuphunyezweni kwenkqubo yokubhankanya, uyibamba isakhiwo somntu. Ngelo xesha, ufanele ukwazi ukuba ukugqithiswa okunjalo kunokuba kungeniswe kuzo zonke iimpahla ze-bankruptcy, izenzo zomthetho zinika uluhlu lwezinto kunye nezinto ezingabinakuboshwa ngazo. Emva kokubanjwa kunye ne-inventory ye-estate insolvency, umntu ogunyazisiweyo kufuneka enze ixabiso lempahla.

Ngeziphathamandla zomgwebo, umntu onokumiselwa kwenkqubo kuye unokucela ukuba ukukhishwa kwesikhokhelo kukhishwe kwipropati yakhe ngenxa yokuba uya kuhlawula ityala, okanye ukulungele, umzekelo, ukugqiba ukuhlaliswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nabakweleta. Ukongezelela, umboleki angabonisa enkundleni kwaye abathengi baqinisekisile kunye nesiqinisekiso kwanoma yimuphi umntu, nokuba ngumthetho okanye ngokomzimba. Kwakhona, ngezenzo ezintle zomthengi, inkundla inokuthi ihlehlise ukuqala kwenkqubo yebhanki inyanga enye. Ngeli xesha, umchasisi angafikelela kwisivumelwano esinoxolo kunye nababolekisi. Ngenxa yoko, ukwazi indlela yokugqithisa inkqubo yebhanki kumntu, ukwazi zonke ixesha kunye nobuqhetseba bale nkqubo, unokukhetha ukhetho oluhle lokusombulula le ngxaki.

Kwimeko apho umntu onokumthobela kuye njengokuba engabonakaliyo, akabonakalwanga enkundleni ukuba unako okanye unenjongo yokubuyisela ityala, ijaji iya kukhupha isenzo somgwebo, esenza ukuba i-bankruptcy iqhubeke. Kwinkqubo yalo mveliso, zonke iimangalo kumntu onetyala, iirhafu kwiifayile ezenziweyo, ukuhlawulwa kwezigwebo kunye neentlawulo zivaliwe. Amabango afumanekayo kubabolekisi abangenayo ithuba lokuvakalisa inkundla kwaye baqokele ityala enkundleni, emva kokuqala kwenkqubo, bangeniswa kumlawuli webhanki, owaziyo ukuqhuba inkqubo ye-bankruptcy. Ubuso. Nguye oya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba ngaba ibango lichanekile okanye lingenangqiqo. Kukho nawuphi na, isigqibo somphathi sinakho ukucela umngeni enkundleni.

Qalisa ityala

Ngoko, emva koko, nantoni na ukuba uqalise inkqubo ye-bankruptcy nat. Ubuso? Okokuqala, kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba le nkqubo ingenakuqaliswa kuphela ngabathengi bomhlali, kodwa ngokuthe ngqo kuye, kunye nakwamagosa agunyazisiweyo, kubandakanywa nenkonzo yerhafu, umasipala kunye nabanye. Ngokwemvelo, ngaphambi kokuba athumele isicelo kwiqumrhu lezomthetho, umthumeli kufuneka aqoke onke amaxwebhu ancedisayo, okokuqala, aqinisekise ukuba kukho ityala kunye nokungaqhubeki kwalo ixesha elide, kwaye, okwesibini, kubonakalisa ukungabikho komthetho komhlali, oko kukuthi, ukuba ipropati yakhe kunye neengeniso zimbalwa Ukuvala onke amabango. Kuphela emva kokuqokelela onke amaxwebhu anjalo kufuneka abhale isitatimende aze alethe enkundleni, afake kuwo onke amakhophi.

Kwiimeko apho abafakizicelo bengabakweleti bomhlali okanye umbutho ogunyazisiweyo, kufuneka ukuba bangafaka izicelo kuphela kwezi zilapha, kodwa kubhaliweyo ubungqina bokuthi bafake isicelo kumboleki, bafuna ukubuyiselwa kwetyala, babonise imigaqo ekufuneka ibuyiselwe ngayo.

Abanalo ilungelo lokuqalisa inkqubo yokubhankqalaza kumntu onokufumana iintlawulo ezihlawulwa kwiintlawulo ze-alimony, iintlawulo zezempilo kunye nezinye iimali ezihambelana ngqo nezozisi.

Inkqubo yokuqhuba inkqubo ye-bankruptcy nat. Umntu ulawulwa ngumthetho kwaye uqala ngokungeniswa kwesicelo sokutshatyalaliswa komhlali, umntu osomashishini okanye omnye umntu. Kakade, isicelo kufuneka senziwe ngokusemthethweni ngokomyalelo osungulwe yimigaqo, kufuneka sihlangabezane nazo zonke iimfuno ezibhalwe kumthetho webhanki ngokwawo, kunye nemithetho yomthetho. Kuxwebhu olufakiwe, le data kufuneka iboniswe:

• Isibonakaliso samagunya okugweba apho isicelo sithunyelwe khona.
• Idatha yomuntu siqu yomhlali oza kubhengezwa.
• Iimfuneko zomthengi okanye umbutho ogunyazisiweyo (ukuba isicelo singeniswe ngummi).
• Isixa sematyala esinomqondiso wexesha elikhoyo.
• Uluhlu lweempahla eziphantsi kommi-mboleki.
• Isizathu, ngokubhekiselele kulowo ofake isicelo ukuba umhlali angabikho.
• Eminye imeko ebalulekileyo, kwimbono yeqela kwiinkqubo zetyala.

Zonke ezi nkcukacha ziboniswa ngqo kwi sicelo. Nangona kunjalo, isicelo ngokwayo siya kuhamba kunye namaxwebhu axhasayo. Ezi zi:

• Amaxwebhu abonisa ukungabikho kwemali engenayo okanye ukufumaneka kwayo.
• Isatifiketi esichaza ukuba ummi akasebenzi okanye isatifikethi esivela emsebenzini.
• Inkcazelo malunga nokubunjwa kwentsapho.
• Isatifikethi ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala.
• Amadokhumenti abonisa ukuba khona kwabathengiweyo.
• Isiqinisekiso sokuhlawulwa kumphathi, senziwa ngokubhaliweyo.
• Izaziso neemfuno zababolekisi, imibutho egunyazisiweyo, iyalelwe kumboleki.
• Ingxelo yokuhlola (ukuba umbolekisi usebenza kwinkundla).
• Uxwebhu oluqinisekisa ukuhlawulwa kwentlawulo yombuso.

Ukuthengiswa kwempahla

Inqubo ye-bankruptcy iya kwenzeka njani? Abantu, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuxhomekeke kumphathi, amava kunye nezakhono zakhe, kunye nezinye izinto. Ibakala elibalulekileyo kule nkqubo yintengiso yepropati yomboleki. Indlela eya kuyenziwa ngayo, iqondo lokubuyiswa kwamatyala kubo bonke ababolekisi baya kuxhomekeka kwiziphumo zokuthengiswa kwepropati. Ngoko ke, inzala enkulu kakhulu ekuthengiseni impahla ngokugqithiseleyo, kubabolekisi. Njengoko sele kuthethwe ngazo, zonke iimpahla ezigcinwe ngummi malunga neenkqubo zokubhankanywa zilawulwa ngabaphathi kwaye zibandakanyiwe kwi-estate totity bankruptcy. Emva kokuvavanywa kwayo, ukuphunyezwa kwenziwa ngoshishino oluvulekileyo nolungenanto. Kule ntengiso, nabani na onokuthenga ipropathi ekuthengiswe kuyo. Imali evela kuloo ntengiso isasazwa kumphathiswa we-bankruptcy phakathi kwabathengi, kodwa ngokuxhomekeke kumgaqo ophambili. Ukuba ngaba banqongophala, basasazwa ngokumalunga namatyala akhoyo.

Nantsi kuyimfuneko ukuba uluhlu lwepropati apho ingqungquthela ayikwazi ukumiselwa, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye ayikwazi ukuyiqonda:

• Umhlaba onokuphela kwezindlu ezisezantsi, kunye nezindlu ngokwazo.
• Izinto zokusetyenziswa ngabanye.
• AmaMedi, amayeza kunye namanye amajelo.
• Ixabiso lemali kwisixa semali yomvuzo wommangalelwa, enqunywe kunyaka ohambelana nawo, kunye nabantu abahlala naye ekugcinweni.
• Zokutya.
• Izilwanyana (ikhaya).
• Izixhobo zasekhaya, ixabiso layo aligqithisi ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu.

Kwaye nangona i-bankruptcy yabantu, inkqubo, inkqubo yokuziphatha kwayo, kubandakanywa ukuthengiswa kwempahla, ichazwe ngamanyathelo omthetho, ngokwenza ukuba abanetyala, abanempahla efanelekileyo yokuphunyezwa, abanqabile. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba i-real estate, efungiswe kwi-bhanki kwaye ibe yintengo yokubolekwa kwemali mboleko, ingafumaneka kwakhona.

Imigca

Yintoni ekufuneka uqalise inkqubo ye-bankruptcy nat. Umntu, inkqubo yokuziphatha kwayo iyayiqondakala. Yaye njani imali efunyenwe ngokuthengiswa kweempahla zomntu onetyala? Ukuhlawula amatyala kumbolekisi, njengoko sele kukhankanywe ngasentla, kwenziwa ngokulandelelana. Amabango okuqala anelisekile kuqala. Emva kokuhlawula ngokugcwele iimfuno zalo mgca, iimfuno zesibini kwaye emva koko umgca wesithathu uya kubuyiselwa. Isigaba sokuqala siquka ababolekisi, ukuba ngubani umboleki onembuyiselo yengozi ebangelwa impilo okanye ubomi. Kule ngqungquthela ababoleki nge-alimony. Ngelo xesha, umvuzo ukhokhelwa kumphathi, kwakunye nakubantu abachaphazelekayo. Isigaba sesibini sibandakanya abantu abaneemfuno zomvuzo phambi komboleki. Okwesithathu kubandakanya iimfuno zokuhlawula izibonelelo kunye nokuhlawulelwa kwezindlu ngokwazo. Isigaba sesine - ezinye iintlawulo.

Ababolekisi bangentla kunye namabango abo anelisekile njengento ephambili, njengoko kuthathwa njengababolekisi beentlawulo zangoku. Kwababolekisi abaseleyo, abafakwe kwiluhlu lwabangoziboleki, kukho imigca emithathu. Ngokufanayo, amabango abo abuyiselwa ngokulandelana. Ngethuba elifanayo, amabango abathengiweyo kumgca ofanayo anelisekile, acingisise ngenye yangaphambili eyithumele imfuno kumphathi, oko kukuthi, ngokulandelana kwekhalenda.

Ibango labathengi, ekuhlawuleni apho kungekho mali eyaneleyo emva kokuthengiswa kwazo zonke iimpahla zomntu onetyala, kuthathwa njengokuhlawulwa.

Iziphumo zenkqubo

Injani indlela yokuchithwa kwabantu ngabanye, inomdla kuninzi, kodwa akusiyo yonke into iyaqonda ukuba emva kwenkqubo enjalo inkundla iya kubeka imingcele ethile kwimingcipheko, oko kukuthi, amanye amalungelo ayo, ayiyi kukwazi ukuphumeza ngexesha lexesha elinqunywe yinkundla. Ngoko ke, phakathi kwezithintelo ezinjalo: i-bankrupt ingayi kuvunyelwa ukuba ihlanganyele kuyo nayiphi na ibhishini, ngokukodwa, ukuhlala kwiindawo zokulawula kwiinkampani ezisemthethweni, zifaka kwimibutho yezemali ukufumana iimali mboleko ngaphandle kokuxelela le mibutho yenyaniso ye-bankruptcy yabo.

Ngexesha leminyaka emihlanu, ummi ongekho phantsi akanalo ilungelo lokumemezela kwakhona i-bankruptcy. Kwaye kula maxesha xa isicelo se-bankruptcy sivela kwabanye abantu ngexesha elifanayo, inkqubo yokuchithwa i-bankruptcy iya kwenzeka ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ngoko, emva kokuphela kwetyala, ummi akayi kubhalwa xa kungekho mali eyaneleyo yokuyihlawula. Abathengi banjalo baya kunikwa ithuba lokufumana amaphepha amashishini kunye nokuqhubeka nokuqokelela amatyala kwi-bankruptcy.

Ukulungiswa kwakhona

awile nat. abantu zinganika sohlengahlengiso. Eli gama libhekisela kuhlaziywe umbolekisi mboleko ngokosuku. Kusenokuba unciphiso kwintlawulo yenyanga kunye ukwandiswa kwexesha, bhala-umdlalo kunye nezohlwayo, izohlwayo, kunye nezinye iinketho obuza kulinceda ukuba amaqela. Ngokusisiseko, nababolekisi, ingakumbi iibhanki, banolwazi ngayo inkqubo na ungonakala phys. nazo, yaye emva kokuba igqityiwe bebandezelwe uya kufumana loo nto. Ngoko ke, ngenxa becala, ngokuzithandela bavumelane ngokutsha.

Ukuze ukuvumela ngokutsha lentendelezo, kuyimfuneko ukuba isicwangciso ocacileyo kuya kwenzeka njani kwaimpatho yazo. Esi sicwangciso kufuneka ukuchaza zonke iindleko ngummi, kuquka ukulungiswa yenyanga abaxhomekeke kuwe. Ukuba uceba ukubonisa inkundla ukuba unokukunika kuba ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu ukuliphumeza. Ngeli xesha umntu unyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule zonke amatyala. Ukuba kuyenzeka, ngoko ke ityala imilinganiselo ziza kupheliswa, hayi ummi ziya kuvakaliswa yimali.

isiphelo

Le yimali abantu, inkqubo odolo, imiphumo isicelo yaso ibhalwe ngokucacileyo uMthetho ngasentla Federal. Kwelinye icala, le nkqubo ibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye kubaboleki ngubani bakwazi ukufezekisa imisebenzi yalo. Noko ke, izithintelo zamiselwa ukuba emva kokuba isicelo sale nkqubo kunokuba kakhulu enkulu kubantu. Ukongeza, kuya kusoloko kukho umntu onjalo ngenjongo zama ukuqonda ayinamali, nje ukuphepha uxanduva kwaye hayi ukuba abuyele imali.

Umbuzo kangakanani inkqubo ihlala ungonakala sibiza. umntu kwakhona lukhuni. Le nkqubo ingathatha inomfana kweenyanga, kwaye ihlale ixesha elide. Oku kuxhomekeke ikakhulu ngamava ulawulo, inani amatyala, ubume kunye nohlobo yipropathi ubunzima unetyala kwisantya ngokulandelwa nokuphunyezwa kwayo, kwakunye nezinye izizathu nenjongo kunye luluvo.