Umlinganiselo wamanzi kunye nokucoceka. Umgaqo wamanqanaba okugeleza kwamanzi

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kubhekiselwe kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, umthombo wendalo okanye izinto zokubonelela ngamanzi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuchonga okumiselwe kwisilinganiselo sesicwangciso. Oku kwenziwa ngokuqwalasela umgangatho wobutyebi bemvelo. Kwaye kunye nemigangatho evunyelwe ukuveliswa kweyunithi yeziphumo zoshishino.

Kutheni ukulungiswa kwemfuneko?

Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukuqinisekisa kwimveliso kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla yokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zamanzi eziza kubonakala zinempumelelo.

Ukuphungulwa kwimihlaba yoluntu kusebenza ngokusekelwe kwi-SNiPs echaphazelekayo, kwaye amashishini amashishini asetyenziswa ngokucacileyo imiyalelo yendlela yokwenza oku. Yintoni na kuye?

Isixa esipheleleyo samanzi esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemveliso (iyunithi nganye), amanzi aphuzayo aphuzayo, kunye namanzi ezobugcisa aqhelekileyo. Ukongezelela, amanzi athatyathwa ingqalelo, esetyenziswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwaye kunye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi, okokuba amanzi okuthuthwa kwamanzi (okubini ahoxiswe kumthengi, nakwimveliso).

Yiyiphi idatha esebenzisa i-SNiP "Iimiselo zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi"

Ixabiso elibizwa ngokuba lixabiso elithile lithathwe njengesiseko solo xabiso. Yintoni eqhelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi? Eli nqununu lilingana nomlinganiselo ophezulu wamanzi avunyelweyo (ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho) owenziwe kwisicwangciso, efunekayo ekuveleni iyunithi yokuvelisa isampuli esezantsi phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokuvelisa okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokusela okanye injongo yezoqoqosho.

Ukubunjwa kwemimiselo ethile kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zabo ezinobulumko. Yintoni efakwa kuyo? Eyona nto siyathetha ngokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuvelisa (nganye iyunithi) okanye umthamo (indawo) yoshishino. Isiqhelo esifanayo sokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwenkampani ekhoyo kwinkqubo nganye, kubandakanya ukusela kwayo kunye neemfuno zendlu.

Olunye uluhlu lubalwa lulawula ezo mpahla kumjikelezo wokuvelisa, ongenakuphelelwa. Umbuzo wokuvuza, ukukhuphuka, ukungena, ukucoca, njl njl. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekiselwa kumveliso, kumashishini nakwi-interbranch. Ukulinganisa imigangatho yamkelwe kwiiyunithi zendalo (iititha, iikhijitri zamitha, njl.).

Ekuhlaleni ukulahlwa kwamanzi

Kodwa iingcali asinomdla kuphela kwimimiselo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Kucacile ukuba inkqubo echaseneyo nayo iyaxhomekeka kwi-accounting. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, oko kukuthi, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, yinkqubo yokukhupha ngaphandle kwimihlaba apho kusetyenziswe khona izixhobo zamanzi (ibhizinisi, ukuhlawula). Basuswa kwimithombo yendalo okanye badluliselwe ukucoca kwimibutho ekhethekileyo.

Ngaphantsi kwemiqathango yokulahlwa kwamanzi kubhekiselwe kwisixa esicwangcisiweyo samanzi okuthuthwa kwamanzi, sithathwa kunye neyunithi nganye. Amanzi ngexesha elifanayo unokunxulumana nesinye sezinga ezimbini zokungcola - imeko (ngokuqhelekileyo) icocekile kwaye idinga ukucoca.

Ngokumalunga nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, imimiselo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye nokucocwa kococo ihlaziywa ngokwemfuneko emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Zibalwa ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso xa zivunyiwe ngabaphathi.

Indlela yokuqwalasela umgangatho wamanzi

Iimfuneko zokubaluleka kunye nokubunjwa kwamanzi okusela kwiinkqubo zokubonelelwa kwamanzi ziphambili zichazwe kumaphepha eSanPiN epapashwe ngo-2001.

Amanzi amacandelo ahlukeneyo ngamaqela amane ahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zabo ngamnye.

I-amanzi-epholile kwizityalo zamandla ezitsholongwane, izityalo zamandla enyukliya, njl. Ubuninzi bokungcola komatshini, ukuqina nokukhwabanisa kungabandakanywa. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi anjalo akudingeki ukuba ihlambuluke, kodwa inokutshisa.

II - amanzi okuhlamba iimveliso, izitya, izinto ezivelisiweyo. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kucocekile kakhulu.

III - iimveliso zamanzi (izinto zokutya, kwishishini lokwakha, njl.).

IV - amanzi okusetyenziswa ngokukrakra.

Ngenxa yokuhlukana, iteknoloji yokuvelisa ikhethwe ngokulinganayo, kunciphisa umonakalo kwimeko.

Yintoni umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi?

Oku kusekelwe kwiziphumo zokubala, isiseko salo isilinganiselo sokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, inani lokusela kunye namanzi ezobugcisa kumashishini ngamnye ngokwemiqathango yokuvelisa, ilahleko ezicwangcisiweyo, inkqubo yokugcina izibonelelo.

Umda wamanzi angcolileyo ngumlinganiselo wamanzi angcolileyo asetshenziselwe into yendalo, ingqalelo imeko yayo kunye nemigangatho ephantsi.

Zomibini lezi mida, zibalwa kwaye zithathwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-shishini, kufuneka zivunywe ngumbutho wolawulo lwamanzi. Ziyakwamkelwa kwimeko epheleleyo yonyaka, kodwa kwiimeko eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nemithombo yamanzi-inyanga okanye yonke imihla.

Amanzi kwimizi yamaqela

Ukubonelela uluntu ngamanzi okusela kubaluleke kakhulu kumashishini kazwelonke, enye yezoxanduva lokuqala zabasemagunyeni naluphi na indawo. Ukungabikho kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo okusela, izifo zivela ngokukhawuleza - ezifikelele kwizifo zesifo. Ihlabathi lizalisekile kwiindawo apho ukufikelela kwamanzi kwinqanaba elwamkelekileyo liyanqwenela.

Elizweni lethu iMigaqo yamanzi ibhengeze okokuqala kumanzi kamasipala. Okokuqala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimeko, uluntu kufuneka lunikezelwe ngamanzi acocekileyo. Ukunikezelwa kwayo akufanele kube ngaphantsi kweempawu ze-97% (oku kuthetha ukuba kuphela iintsuku ezintathu kuphela kwiikhulu zamanzi ezikhutshwayo zivumelekile).

Ngokuqinisekileyo, kule nqanaba kukho nendawo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Isakhiwo sonikezelo lwamanzi kamasipala kulo mzekelo lulandelayo.

U-56% wonikezelo lwamanzi olunikezelwa kumanzi karhulumente, i-17% kwizakhiwo zikawonkewonke, kunye ne-16% ukuya kumashishini. Ezinye ziya kwezinye iimfuno (abacimi bomlilo - 3%, idolophini - imithombo, ukuthambisa, njl. - 1%, ngokubanzi kubo bonke abanye).

Iinjongo zamanzi kunye nokuphuza iinjongo zigqitywa kwinqanaba leepesenti ezilandelayo: 30% yokusela nokutya (ukupheka), i-10% yokuhlamba, i-30% yokuhlamba, i-30% yokucoca izitya zangasese.

Imigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi - usuku kwisixeko esikhulu

Abahlali beidolophu ezinkulu kuzo zonke iimfuno zendlu kunye nezomntu zinikezelwa ukuya kuma-600 ilitha amanzi ngosuku. Oku kuyimfuneko yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngomntu ngamnye. Isakhiwo sokusetyenziswa kwayo sisilandela:

- iimfuno zomntu - 200 ilitha;

- ukulungiselela izixhobo - iilitha ezili-100;

- ukugcina ucoceko lwasezidolophini - 100 ilitha;

- Ukufumana amashishini angabalulekanga bendawo - 200 ilitha.

Oku kulandelayo kubonakala kumanzi kamasipala.

Umgangatho wamanzi kufuneka uphakame kakhulu kwiipropati zawo zomzimba (umbala, ukukhanya, ukusabalalisa, ukuvumba), kunye neekhemikhali (ubunzima, ukuchithwa kwemineralization, u-acidity, ukubunjwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo).

Oku kuqukwa nomxholo wezinto eziphilayo, umbane oqhelekileyo weengqungquthela zomsakazo, ukwenziwa kwebhakteria. Ekuphuzeni kwamanzi akufuneki kube ne-parasites, ii-virus, ii-microbes.

Amanzi angcono

Imigangatho yemigangatho (yokuqala kubo ezweni lethu ibhekisela ku-1937) unyaka unyaka ithambekele.

Sisiphi isizathu salokhu? Inzululwazi ayigxina, unyaka wonke kukho iinkcukacha ezintsha malunga nempembelelo yezinto ezithile kubantu. Ngako oko, iimfuno zomgangatho wokwenziwa kwamanzi ziya kuhlaziywa.

Umxholo ophezulu ngowama-articular underground artesian waters, okubhekwa njengowona okhuselekileyo kwi-pollution. Kwimeko embi kakhulu - umhlaba, ukulala ngokungathanga kakhulu, kwaye ubuncinci obufanelekileyo kumanzi angaphezulu komhlaba.

Ukuze amanzi ahlangabezane nemilinganiselo esemgangathweni, ihlongozwa, ixutywe (ukungcola iminyanzelo), ichlorine, isuswe engafunekiyo kwaye ibonise ukungcola okuyimfuneko.

Ukusetyenziswa okungafaniyo

Enye ipropati yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwimihlaba yoluntu kunye neenkonzo zonxibelelwano yintlangano yokulingana okuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunyaka kunye nokungabikho kwamanzi kwamanzi. Ukuba ipesenteji yokuguquguquka kwexesha ayikho ngaphezu kwe-15-20, ngoko ngexesha lomhla umehluko omkhulu (malunga nama-70% wamanzi esiwachitha emini). Ngoko ke, i-coefficient ekhethekileyo yokungalingani (iiyure nemini) yenziwe. Siyabulela, ukuguqulwa kwamanzi kusetyenziswa iiyure kunye neenyanga kuthathwa ingqalelo, okufunekayo ukuveliswa kweenkqubo zokubonelela. Emva koko, umsebenzi wabo kukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa okuqinisekileyo kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi amaninzi.