Intshukumo Social ngexesha lokulawula Nicholas 1: History of Russia

Isiqingatha sokuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yaba uhlobo xesha lokukhula intshukumo yoluntu Russian. Ngelo xesha walawula Nicholas I (iminyaka 1825-1855). Ngeli xesha, ekugqibeleni concretized isikhundla kwiinkampu athandwa kakhulu yezopolitiko. Obumbe theory monarchical, kwaye kukho intshukumo melo. Iinkokeli Circle of iimveliso inguqu enkulu kakhulu.

intshukumo Social ngexesha lokulawula Nicholas 1 ndacela indlela kubantu befashoni intanda kwemfundo njengesiseko urhulumente. Yiza Hegelianism kuqala Schellingism. Kakade ke, le ngcamango isiJamani isicelo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto awohluke ngenxa yombuso Russian kunye nengqondo. Abalweli nje kakuhle le socialism nephupha, owayevela eYurophu, kodwa kwakhona ukuba abeke phambili ingcamango yakhe ekuhlaleni. Ngabandayo urhulumente kwezi ntsingiselo ezintsha ekulweni lokulawula izangqa lenkululeko ukubonakaliswa yokucinga eziphilileyo bekukho lo kuvala, ukukhupha imikhosi ezinobungozi kunye enamandla kakhulu.

intshukumo Social ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 1, nokuphila kwabantu

Njengalo naluphi na indawo ingcamango kwezopolitiko, inkululeko yokucinga eRashiya waphawulwa ngenxa iimpawu ezithile ezikhethekileyo kweli thuba xesha. intshukumo Social ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas Mna, yaphuhliswa phantsi ulawulo kwaye kunzima kakhulu, nto leyo abayithintelayo naziphi na iinzame ukuvakalisa uluvo lwabo. Motion zenzeka nefuthe kakhulu Decembrists. Ingcamango abalweli zokuqala amanene, kukrakra, amava kwabo, kwi ukuphoxa icala elinye, kodwa eminye - waphefumlelwa ukuba ukufumana iindlela ezintsha ukuphucula umoya bulumko.

Oku ekuqaleni ukuza ndaqonda ukuba kuyimfuneko ukutsala kwinginginya ezibanzi labemi, kuquka kumafama, kuba eyona njongo iphambili zonke iintsingiselo aba ukulingana zonke iiklasi. intshukumo Social ngexesha lokulawula Nicholas 1 iqalisiwe ikakhulu wabanumzana, kodwa kamva anamathele kuye, abaqhelekileyo. Kuloo minyaka, kwakukho ukuyilwa kwemisinga ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. It Slavophiles, abaseNtshona kunye populists. zithandwa kakhulu yaba ngobhalo uhlanga esemthethweni. Zonke ezi ngcamango abonela nemimiselo nemigaqo liberalism, conservatism, socialism kunye nobuzwe.

Ekubeni ithuba lenkululeko yokuvakalisa ebengekho, intshukumo lwentlalo ngexesha wokulawula uNicholas 1 liye laba uhlobo olungundoqo lwe izangqa. Abantu ngokufihlakeleyo zilungiselela indawo yokuhlangana kunye nexesha, nokuba ukutsiba kwibutho kwakufuneka ukuba abize omnye okanye enye esoloko itshintsha. Kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba ngexesha elidlulileyo, ithole ukupeyinta, ubugcisa kunye ukuhlalutya uncwadi. Yaba ngeli xesha kukho ubudlelwane obucacileyo amandla kunye nenkcubeko.

nempembelelo enkulu ingcamango ekuhlaleni yaba sobulumko waseJamani, Hegel, Fichte kunye Schelling. Baba iminyanya izinto ezininzi zezopolitiko eRashiya.

Iimpawu kubomi kwi-imi- ne30-50 kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

Xa siqwalasela yothuba elithile, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba emva kokuba iziganeko ngoDisemba 14, 1825 yaba namandla ingqondo kakhulu buthathaka. Emva kwabulawa yeentshukumo yentlalo i Decembrists eRashiya phantsi Nicholas 1 kulelwe. Zonke umbala nezazi Russian lwalusabiwa nokuba utshatyalaliswe okanye sithunyelwe eSiberia. izangqa eyunivesithi yokuqala, leyo nganxanye isizukulwana esitsha emva kweminyaka elishumi kuphela yaqala ukubonakala. Yiloo xa zaye zasasazeka kakhulu Schellingism oko.

Oonobangela zeentshukumo zentlalo

Njengalo naluphi na intshukumo zentlalo apha kweli cala ukuba izizathu zalo ezilungileyo. Baba ukuthingaza kwabasemagunyeni ukuze uqonde ukuba amaxesha ziye zatshintsha yaye sele akanako ukuma ngxi, yaye ukuhluza engqongqo kunye kwezithandani nayiphi ukuxhathisa, nkqu wavakalisa ngoxolo.

imiyalelo Main yokushukumisa

Ekubulaleni Decembrists kunye nokuqaliswa wolawulo zocindezelo kwakhokelela ekubeni senze okwexeshana kuphela. intshukumo Social ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 1, ngakumbi ibengezela emva kweminyaka embalwa. Centres of uphuhliso ingcamango bulumko baqalisa eSt Petersburg kunye zokuzilungisa eMoscow, amagosa namagosa kwiiklabhu, kwakunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, i-University of eMoscow kwindawo yokuqala. Kuya kusiba iimagazini kuthandwa ezifana "Moskvityanin" yaye "Herald of Europe". intshukumo Public ngexesha lokulawula Nicholas 1 waba amasebe amathathu ezahlukahlukeneyo zahlukanisa. Le conservatism, liberalism kunye radicalism.

ngokonga

intshukumo Social ngexesha lokulawula Nicholas 1 ezinxulumene nophuhliso eziliqela iintshukumo zezopolitiko nezentlalo. Conservatism kwilizwe lethu yayisekelwe ingcamango ye yedwa kwaye kufuneka umthetho nzima. Kwakhona wagxininisa ukubaluleka serfdom. Ezi iingcamango kwavela kwiinkulungwane 16-17 waza wafikelela incopho yawo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. sound Special conservatism ezifunyenwe xa West nxamnye absolutism ucishe ugqibile. Ngenxa yoko, Karamzin wabhala ukuba ukumkani kufuneka inviolable.

Yinto eqhelekileyo gqitha kuba emva kokuba kubulawa of the Decembrists.
Ukuze ukunika iwonga conservatism yembono Ushakov igrafu (uMphathiswa weMfundo) laphuhlisa ngobhalo uhlanga esemthethweni. Yakuvuma ukuba ulongamo kuphela ifomu kunokwenzeka kwaye zichanekile karhulumente eRashiya. Serfdom kwakujongwa ziyintsikelelo nangenxa yabantu, nangenxa kwelizwe liphela. Ukusuka ndaba yonke kukupheliswa zendalo ukuba akukho tshintsho kunye utshintshwano azikho kuyimfuneko. Lo mbono uye kwavusa ukugxeka phakathi zizifundiswa. oppositionists engumlawuli baqala P. Chaadaev, N. Nadezhdin kunye nabanye.

indlela zobunene

Phakathi kwe-imi- 30-40 ngenkulungwane ye-19 wazalwa Umkhuba elitsha eliye laba ongafaniyo conservatism. Liberalism ke ngoku yahlulwe nkampu zimbini: i Slavophiles kunye abaseNtshona. Ideologists yowokuqala ulwalathiso intsimbi I. Aksakov, A. Khomyakov, Samarin kunye nabanye. Phakathi abaseNtshona ekhokelayo ingabizwa bewenza ezinjalo eziBekekileyo kunye zobulumko njengoko B. Botkin, PV Annenkov, K. Cavelin.
Zombini ezi nkalo simanyene ngumnqweno ukubona naseRussia njengohlobo mihla kwaye oluphucukileyo kuluhlu amazwe aseYurophu. Abameli bentshukumo yayigqalwa kuyimfuneko ukupheliswa serfdom kunye nokwabiwa abalimi iziza ezincinane, ukuqaliswa lobukhosi siseko , kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha. Nokoyika impindezelo, yaye abantu baseNtshona, kunye Slavophiles besithembe ukuba urhulumente ngokwayo iyoba tshintsho.

Amanqaku imisinga ezimbini liberalism

Kakade ke, le ntsingiselo nayo umahluko. Ngoko ke, Slavophils wamnika ukubaluleka ngokugqithisileyo ukuba ungubani yabantu Russian. Bona ingqalelo uhlobo ifanelekileyo karhulumente iziseko pre-Petrine. Ke Zemsky Sobor bazisiwe nokumkani baya kuba ngabantu, naphakathi abanini kunye nabalimi zasekwa kakuhle ulwalamano. Slavophiles bakholwa ukuba abantu Russian ngokwemvelo umoya collectivism, ngexa kwi-West, entsha exabisekileyo ngukumkani. Balwa zithixo ngokungakhethi imikhuba yaseYurophu.

intshukumo Social phantsi Nicholas Mna, kwakunikelwa kunye abaseNtshona abo, phezu koko, bakholelwa ukuba kufuneka sifunde kwimikhwa kakhulu kumazwe. Bona ugxeke Slavophiles, esithi ukuba iRussia libe lisalele ngasemva eYurophu ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye kufuneka uyibambe ephala. Ekuphela kwendlela imfundo ingqalelo imfundo jikelele.

mbuso

Izangqa ezincinane wabonakala eMoscow, apho, xa kuthelekiswa ukuya emantla capital, zaseMelika, ukuhluza iindaba kunye aqatha zange ziphuhliswe ngokunjalo. amalungu azo waxhasa ingcamango Decembrists nabanamava ngokunzulu ubundlobongela phezu kwabo. Bona kwasasazwa iincwadana kunye ikhathuni inkululeko-onothando. Ngoko ke, ngomhla ka ibekwa ka uNicholas abameli Cretan abazalwana imagi saa kuzo amaphetshana Red Square wayebongoza abantu inkululeko. Amaqhawe mbutho entolongweni iminyaka eli-10 entolongweni, yaye emva unyanzelwe ukuba emkhosini.

Petrashevzy

Kule 40 lombutho lwentlalo ngenkulungwane ye-19 yabalasela ukululama ebalulekileyo. Kwakhona waqalisa kuvela izangqa ezopolitiko. Emva omnye zeenkokheli zabo, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, yaye yathiywa ukuba. Izangqa zaziquka ezifana abanegama njengoko F. Dostoevsky, uMikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, njalo njalo. D. Petrashevsky Circle phantsi absolutism, yaye wakhuthaza ekuphuhliseni ulawulo lwentando yesininzi.

Le circle wafunyanwa ngo-1849, siye inxaxheba kuphando abantu abangaphezu kwama-120, ngaye 21 bagwetyelwa ukufa.