I-Socialisticismism in Western and Russia

Isiqingatha sokuqala sekhulu le-19 sibonakala ngokusasazeka kweengcamango zentlalo yoluntu. Iingcamango ezintsha zibonisa umnqweno wokutshintsha kunye nesakhiwo esitsha sentlalo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuhlalisana kwabantu kunye neengcamango zalo kwakukho kuphela imizekelo yengqondo yenkqubo ethile yoluntu kwixesha elizayo. Ukuphuhliswa kweengcamango, ngamanye amazwi, kwakungekelwe kwimithetho kunye nemibutho yokuqhubela phambili yoluntu.

Igama elithi "utopia" lithetha "kwindawo engekhoyo".

I-Europe yaseYurophu yezokuhlalisana kwezentlalo yayisekelwe kwiingcamango zabantu abacinga kakhulu ngekhulu le-16 nele-17 (uTom Thomas More, eCampanella, eWinstanley). Ukubunjwa kwemfundiso emitsha kubangelwe ikakhulu kwiintsebenziswano ezingaphantsi kophuhliso lwama-capitalist yekhulu le-19 leminyaka. Iziganeko ezenzeka ngethuba elo libonakalisa ukungafezeki kwenkqubo. Ukusasazeka kwe-capitalism kuzo zonke iindawo kubangela ukugxekwa ngokukhawuleza kwabameli beendlela ezahlukeneyo zoluntu, kubandakanywa nabasebenzi bezentlalo.

Abalandeli be-Mor's theory babhekisele kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga kunye nexesha elifutshane lobudlelwane be-capitalist. Iingcali zentlalo zengqondo zenze igalelo elikhulu kwizoqoqosho, ziqala ukuqwalasela ukuphuhliswa kobudlelwane bezentlalo njengenkqubo yembali, apho izigaba zitshintsha. Kule meko, esinye isigaba sithatha indawo enye, ephakamileyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuhlalisana kwabantu kwintlalo yesininzi kwakushumayeza ukuba inkqubo yongxowa-mthetho ayiyi kukwazi ukuqinisekisa ulonwabo lwabantu abaninzi, kwaye ngokubhekiselele kule nto, ifowuni engcono kufuneka ifake indawo yalo.

Le ntshukumo yakhiwa ngeendlela ezintathu. Ngoko, eFransi, iintlobo zeentlalo zengxowa-ntlalontle zaziyiFourierism kunye neSensitism, naseBrithani - i-Owenism.

Ummeli obalaseleyo waseFransi wenyuka nguSanta-Simon (Claude Henri de Ruvrua). Unayo imisebenzi enjengale "Catechism of Industrialists", "Kwi-Industrial System", "UbuKristu abatsha". Nangona ukuba iimbono zale ntando yenhlalakahle zazigxininise ngakumbi kwiingxaki zentlalo, wenza igalelo elikhulu kwezoqoqosho lwezopolitiko.

Umxhantshi omkhulu wesibini, ongu-socialist, ongowomntu ongu-socialist, nguFourier (uFrancois Marie Charles). Unayo imisebenzi "Imfundiso yendalo yonke kunye neentshukumo ezine," "Ihlabathi elitsha likarhulumente kunye nezoshishino," kunye "neNyiyo yoBunye behlabathi."

I-Fourier yayingqinelana nombono wokuthanda. Ngokombono wakhe, umntu uyisidalwa esivumelanayo esingenalo ukuziphatha okubi. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezintle ezithandwa ngabantu phantsi kweempembelelo zeemeko ziba zibi. Kule nxu lumano, uFourier uqhubekile, kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha iimeko ngendlela enokuthi umntu ahlalisane.

ENgilani, uRobert Owen waba ngummeli odumileyo. Kwimisebenzi yakhe "Bika kwiNgqungquthela yaseLenarck" kunye ne "Incwadi kwiLizwe elitsha leNzululwazi," umcinga, uthetha ngokuchasene nobudlobongela, uthembele, nangona kunjalo, kwizoqoqosho kwezopolitiko kwinkqubo yeklasi .

Ngama-40 ekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ukuhlalisana kwezenhlalakahle kwaqala ukusasazeka eRussia. Abanye emphakathini bakholelwa ukuba abasunguli be-newory theory propag inkululeko yentando yesininzi. Abanye bathi le ntshukumo entsha "uRussian socialism". Iingcamango zabasunguli kunye nabapapashi beendlela ezintsha babonisa ubundlobongela obunzulu kwi- intanethi yentlalo ekhoyo ngelo xesha .

Ulawulo lwaseRashiya lwentlalo yoluntu lwalusekelwe kwingcamango yokusekwa kwenkqubo yelizwe efanelekileyo kuphela kwimigaqo ekhoyo kwidolophana, ephakamileyo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Kukho apha, ngokwembono yabangqina-propagandists, kwakungekho nclupheko ngokwempahla, kwaye ukulawulwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu oluntu kwenziwa ngeendlela zamasiko nezithethe, kungekhona ngemithetho kaRhulumente.

Abasunguli beengcamango ze-socialism eRussia babenemifanekiso evelele njengeChersheshevsky, uHerzen, eBelinsky.