Inyathelo nePiramidi Djoser UFaro (ifoto)

Izakhiwo lakhiwa ngaphambi kwexesha lethu, abuna- ukutsala umdla yoluntu mihla. Owayemdala izakheko twisiseka kuthathwa ukuba iphiramidi linyathelo, uyilo leyo livele womzobi Imhotep. Lo mmangaliso wenziwa emva kwinkulungwane 27 BC, kwaye wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo ekufundweni omnye ephucuke endala. Yintoni eyaziwayo isakhiwo twisiseka, elisuke laba engcwabeni kaFaro Djoser? Ntoni iintsomi zakhe izibakala ezinxulumene?

Inyathelo Pyramid - ntoni na?

Ababhali-mbali saseka ukuba wezakhiwo Imhotep ekuqaleni ngenjongo ukwakha ingcwaba yemveli yoxande. Noko ke, njengoko umsebenzi lo mntu wenza utshintsho iprojekthi yakho, isiphumo ekupheleni leyo yaba iphiramidi inyathelo, equka amazinga 6. ukwakhiwa igama livela ifomu ukuba ifumene.

Kutheni Imhotep kanye bayeka kwifom asinde? Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ukhetho waso kumiselwa intsingiselo efihlakeleyo, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo iisampulu ezininzi izakhiwo yamandulo. Amanyathelo lwalubonisa ukunyukela ezulwini, apho, emva kokufa kwafuneka enze umlawuli onamandla laseYiputa.

Inyathelo iphiramidi - ukwakhiwa apho imangaliseke kuphela kumazwe aseAfrika. Akhona eXcellent zigcinwe ningabaleli hlobo yokwakha, ibekwe kuMbindi Merika. Noko ke, engcwabeni kaFaro Djoser yaba yeyokuqala kwaye ihlala yodwa.

indawo

Indawo yakade nyaka ngamnye itsala amawaka abakhenkethi abanomdla indlela ukuya kuyo. Inyathelo bayawa, eyakhiwa Imhotep, ibekwe i "intliziyo" wamangcwaba entsokothileyo Saqqara. Ukongeza kule izakhiwo ezaziwayo-kakuhle kummandla necropolis, unako ukufumana okuninzi iitempile ezincinane nezakhiwo zenkolo. Malunga nama-30 km ukusuka Sakkara yi kwisixeko saseYiputa El Giza.

Le Iphiramidi Inyathelo likaFaro Djoser cozily kwela esesiphelweni lehewu. A indawo uyilo grand wakhethwa yi kumdlali ayikho ngengozi. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba Imhotep wayeyithanda iimbono ezimangalisayo Memphis. Loo nto inika umdla into yokuba phambi kokuba ukwakhiwa kwale yokwakha amangcwaba saseYiputa ookumkani zibekwe kuphela apha elalini, leyo kuthiwa Abydos.

Ukuze ufumane ku Saqqara kakhulu lula, yenza i uhambo, ukuba abatyeleli musa engqondweni ixesha elilinganiselweyo.

Yintoni eyaziwayo malunga bemeko- iiphiramidi?

Le Iphiramidi Inyathelo likaFaro Djoser immortalized umlawuli waseYiputa, nto ibhaso ekhethekileyo iminyaka wobukumkani bakhe. Ngonaphakade wangena imbali umdali isakhiwo ekhethekileyo - Imhotep. Lo mntu ngokubanzi wayengusosayensi, waba ngumlungiseleli umlawuli waseYiputa.

Imhotep wakwazi ukuba wezakhiwo yokuqala, ogama lakhe yayikrolwe phezu oqingqiweyo soMhlekazi, yena okhankanywe isakhiwo nokungcwaba. Imbali ayikwazanga ngokuchanekileyo ibekwe ngexesha kubomi lo mntu, kwakunye nendawo ekuza kungcwatyelwa yakhe. Ukushiya eli hlabathi, umakhi wenziwa uthixo, ababephila ocacise oko uthixo wamayeza. Kukho izakhiwo zonqulo zamandulo, ogama emva Imhotep, ngemihla yamandulo ke umdla izigulane molivshih abe ngawokuphilisa. Statuette womzobi, ngalo mzuzwana kukho phakathi imiboniso ye Louvre.

ukusebenzisa itshe

Inyathelo nePiramidi Djoser e Saqqara na isakhiwo yokuqala elolu hlobo eYiputa, ekwakhiweni kwayo iye yasetyenziswa ngamatye. Zonke emangcwabeni ezazakhiwe ngezinto zodaka phambi imbonakalo yenzala Imhotep. Abaninzi kubo enyamalala phambi ixesha lethu, njengoko izinto akafanelanga kusetyenziselwa le njongo.

Kodwa musa singazithembi yesikhokelo, egxininisa ukuba lo isakhiwo lokuqala ilitye elikhulu ehlabathini. Ngaphambili, Cairn okwamiswa French, ngokutsho abaphandi, iminyaka yayo uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-6000.

izigaba zokwakha

Okumangalisayo kukuba, Pyramid Inyathelo kwi Saqqara, yakhiwa ngezigaba-4, nayo eyaba uhlobo irekhodi emhlabeni waseYiputa yamandulo. Phezu kwako karhulumente apho namhlanje ahlala uyilo, kwisigaba ngasinye ekwakhiweni kwayo kulula ukuba balandele kanye ngoku. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa emagumbini uqwalaselo ezahlukeneyo clutch kunye etoneleni.

Imbali lokwakha twisiseka yaqala kunye nokudalwa engcwabeni yoxande. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, izinto ilitye wakhonza kuye. Nakuba kunjalo, isiphumo akazange azamkele ufaro waseYiputa. Njengokuba iphakamiswe abaphandi, ingxaki yaba ubukhulu wayengaphakamanga eso sakhiwo. Inyathelo lesibini - ilungeniselo zokwakha okoxande ubude nobubanzi.

Inyathelo Pyramid - lo nto isakhiwo eqongeni wesithathu. It wazuza ezongezelelweyo wokongeza i-ons amathathu, ngenxa yokuba hlasi amacandelo amane. UFaro waba kwakhona ndinganelisekanga, ngoko ke Lingcwaba eyandisiweyo, wongezelela amacandelo amabini eliphezulu. Ukusebenzisa ngezitena zodaka, akaba nako amaYiputa ukuba yimpumelelo le. Akumangalisi ke, ukusetyenziswa ilitye emva kokwakhiwa iphiramidi kwi Saqqara sele udumile.

technical

Ukuphakama iiphiramidi ezintandathu unamalunga-60 eemitha. Thelekisa, isalathisi enye kwisakhiwo, esiquka imigangatho-16, ayikho ngaphezu kwe-43 leemitha. Izithinteli Isiseko lwakhiwe ngu Djoser ziya, kanye ababalwayo kwiimitha 125 ukuya 115. nemiphumela emibi endalo, nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane iye phantsi yoyilo, sinciphise ubukhulu bayo.

ukuqashwa

Ngokwemveli izindlu engcwabeni iintsalela kuphela nookumkani baseJiputa. Inyathelo nePiramidi Djoser, ifoto apho ungabona kweli nqaku, waba revolution kule nkalo. waqala ukwakha yokusabela lokugqibela hayi kuphela ukumkani, kodwa ngenxa yabantwana bakhe kunye nabafazi.

Ababhali-mbali kwakungafuneki bathobe- inani ngqo abameli ubukhosi, ogama amathambo basala ngaphakathi iphiramidi emva kokufa. Into eyaziwayo kukuba kukho ngaphezu elinesibini. Ubhaqo umdla ebubhekise kum, ibekwe ngecala lasempumalanga. Ubunzulu iitotali zazo kweemitha-32, lo gama ubunzulu shaft engundoqo, wazithwala umzimba kaKesare ayikho mitha ngaphezulu kwe-28.

Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba iintolo twisiseka ezazilungiselwe dlo Djoser. Ukuba lo mbono iya kuqinisekiswa, kubonakala ukuba inani "abemi" Ingcwaba uye ngaphaya ikhulu. Kwakhona, kukho abantu abathi kwimigodi zaba indawo ubutyebi. Ngelishwa, kunzima ukuqinisekisa, njengoko ukuhlaselwa engcwabeni ixabiso zenziwa ngamaxesha amandulo.

imigudu komhlaba

Iphiramidi of Djoser, wadala phantsi kolwalathiso Imhotep, asiyondawo mnandi chu. Xa etoneleni, ubude apho ngokomyinge kune 5.5 km, awukwazi ukufumana uphumo. Thelekisa: engcwabeni Cheops imigudu abahlala akukho ngaphezu kweemitha kwekhulu ambalwa.

Yintoni ngaphakathi?

Amaxesha amaninzi, abahambi abangakwaziyo ukubona iiphiramidi iingangamsha ngaphakathi, badiniwe. Abayi ukubonisa esekelwe emibalabala, akukho mibhalo angaqondakali. Inyathelo nePiramidi Djoser, ngaphakathi ke ngoku kunzima kakhulu ukufumana ngokwakho, nje musa ukunyanzela iindwendwe zakho ukuba zidlule ukuphoxeka enjalo.

Abakhenkethi ziya bhile, ukufumana bona egumbini yokungcwaba, iindonga ezo ezihonjiswe iithayile emihle (green, nekarbhunkolo). Iimveliso zazisetyenziswa eYiputa yaMandulo, abangaboni efana iithayile namhla. Kakade ke, izinto mihla ngenkankulu ukuba yasinda iminyaka 4.600, ngoxa iithayile zenziwa ngabantu bamandulo, alondolozwe kakuhle.

Obathandayo kwaye ukuhombisa iindonga BAS-imikrolo, nto leyo ebonisa imifanekiso oothixo baseYiputa. Baye yasinda zikwimeko ngaphezu iithayile, kuba ibekwe phezu komhlaba iibhloko negranite. Izinto ezembiwayo ziye zanceda ukubhaqa kwaye uhlala kulo sarcophagus kwalo uFaro. Ukongeza, ngaphakathi ungabona imifanekiso kwenkwenkwezi-kwakubonisa ezintlanu. AmaYiputa ngexesha le phawu unxulunyaniswa ehlala kwabafileyo.

Unga kwakhona Ukuncoma ezintathu umfanekiso BAS-isiqabu kunye portraits of Zoser. Umlawuli waseYiputa uvezwa ngexesha inxaxheba yakhe kwimisitho yonqulo, intloko kaFaro ethwele isithsaba yemveli.

Ulwazi abakhenkethi

Abanye ukudana imeko, nto leyo ngoku likwaneklinkhi na Inyathelo nePiramidi Djoser. Umakhi likwazile ukwenza zokwakha eqinileyo, dozhivshuyu ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kodwa imozulu kunye abonakalisi beprophathi izenzo enkathazweni kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu inkangeleko yayo. Akumangalisi ke, lo umthetho karhulumente ongavumeli ezamahala ukungena ezinomtsalane. Okwangoku phantsi umsebenzi wokwakha ndlela, ngoko lesikhumbuzo osoloko engqongwe banikwe.

Isondlo, ndibone ukuba bungakanani na ngaphakathi iphiramidi ka Djoser, mhlawumbi. Oku kuya kufuna imvume Service of Antiquities laseYiputa, kodwa kuya kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu. Ukutyelela Saqqara ifumaneka imihla ngemihla, ukuba ukungena kummandla necropolis kuba iiyure-8 ukuya 16. Ezi nketho ke ngaloo mihla, xa isakhiwo luvaliwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimeko umsebenzi zakudala. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba uhambo kufuneka acacise ukuba Saqqara abakhenkethi ezivulekileyo okwangoku.

Ukuba uza kubona umntwana amehlo Imhotep ngabantakwabo, asingekhe silibale ngayo iimeko zemozulu. Chitha iiyure ezimbalwa elangeni ngaphandle kunzima kakhulu ukuba yokusabela ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo kunokwenzeka.