Iphosphate kunye nemixube yayo. ngokoqobo iikhompawundi phosphorus

Phakathi izondlo eziyimfuneko ukwaba indawo elikhetheke ngokwenene phosphorus. Ngokuba awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle iikhompawundi ezibalulekileyo ezifana, ezifana ATP okanye phospholipids kwakunye nezinye ezininzi izinto eziphilayo. Apho ezingaphiliyo yaye esi sakhi esisityebi kunene iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo. Iphosphate kunye nemixube zayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini, abantu ekusetyenziswana ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo eziphilayo, ezisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Ngoko ke, sicinga yintoni eyenza i element, yintoni na bayo kwento elula kunye nemixube ibalulekileyo.

Phosphorus: inkcazelo jikelele element

Indawo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha linokuchazwa kwi iziqendu ezimbalwa.

1. Iqela yesihlanu, iqela engundoqo.
2. A ixesha elincinane wesithathu.
3. inani lothotho - 15.
4. mass Atomic - 30,974.
5. E uqwalaselo ingaphezulu 1 ² 2 ² 2p ⁶ 3 3p ^{2 3.}
6. igcwala karhulumente kunokwenzeka ka -3 ukuya +5.
7. Uphawu chemical - P kwi fomyula pronunciation "pe". Igama element - phosphorus. Kwigama lesiLatini ukumila.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwi-atom enemvelaphi yayo kwinkulungwane okude XII. Nkqu yeembali kweyezazi ndadibana inkcazelo, ukuthetha malunga nokufumana elingaziwa umcimbi "ezikhanyayo". Noko ke, umhla ezisemthethweni ukubhaqa Yindibanisela phosphorus yaqala ngo-1669. Yimali shopping Brand umrhwebi ekhangela yamatye bulumko xa ngokungakhethiyo kuhlelwe iziyobisi, nto leyo enze ukukhanya eliqaqambileyo kwaye zivutha blinding nelangatye. Wakwenza oku phindwa calcination umchamo yabantu.

Emva kokuba ngokuzimela ngeendlela ezifanayo enye into esebenzayo sifunyenwe:

• J. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle;
• A. Marggraf;
• K. Scheele;
• Lavoisier.

Namhlanje, enye yeendlela uthandwayo Yindibanisela iziyobisi - ukubuyiselwa izimbiwa phosphorus aqulethe ahambelanayo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu phantsi kwempembelelo carbon dioxide kunye dust. Le nkqubo oluqhutywa oveni ezizodwa. Iphosphate kunye nemixube yayo zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantu kwakunye kwiintlobo ngeentlobo syntheses kushishino kwemichiza ophilayo. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba yintoni na le nto esebenzayo nje into elula apho kwindalo eziqulathwe.

phosphorus Simple into

Kunzima ukuba igama naluphi uxhulumaniso ethile, kwimeko phosphorus. Oku kungenxa inani elikhulu zokuguqulwa allotropic ukuba abe nesiqalelo. Kukho iindidi ezine eziphambili kwezinto ezilula phosphorus.

1. White. Le compound kabani ifomula R _4. It is a emhlophe, into ekucaphukisayo ukuba ivumba elibukhali ezingemnandi begalikhi. It avuse ngokuzenzekelayo umoya kwiqondo lobushushu eziqhelekileyo. Elivutha liqaqambileyo isixa. zinetyhefu kakhulu kwaye iyingozi ebomini. reactivity kakhulu phezulu, ngoko salungiswa yaye igcinwe phantsi umaleko amanzi okuhlamba. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa ukunyibilika kolihlwempu izinyibilikisi ezibandayo. Kungcono le disulfide ezifanelekileyo phosphorus ezimhlophe nezinto eziphilayo. Xa itshiswa, oko kutshintshelwa kwiintlobo allotropic zilandelayo - phosphorus ebomvu. Xa olupholisa nokucutheka kunyuka akwazi ukwakha zikhabane. Xa ngokundibamba kutyetyiswa, soft, ukusika imela lula, omhlophe (kancinane esimthubi). Ingongoma ukunyibilika 44 ⁰ C. Ngenxa reactivity lisetyenziswa ehlaziya. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubungozi na isicelo mveliso ngokubanzi.
2. Yellow. Olu hlobo embi ndenziwe nyulu phosphorus emhlophe. Eyona inetyhefu kakhulu, njengoko iphunga elibi begalikhi. Avuse betshisa kunye ilangatye eliqaqambileyo elivuthayo oluhlaza. Ezi ziikristale atyheli okanye antsundu musa ukuluhlakaza emanzini ngokupheleleyo, ezi iiklabhu epheleleyo igcwala ayikhuphi emhlophe umsi ukubunjwa P ₄ O _10.
3. phosphorus Red kunye nemixube yayo eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kushishino lwe alungise arhente. mass Red pasty, nto leyo kwi koxinzelelo ephakamileyo zinokudluliselwa ngohlobo ziikristale ozuba ibe yisilikhoni efakwa iikhemikhali engasebenziyo. Le Polymer iyakwazi ezinyibilikayo kuphela kwezinye isinyithi kunye ngaphezu nantoni na. Xa amaqondo obushushu 250 ⁰ C sublimated ngokuthi bapase ukuguqulwa emhlophe. Non-yityhefu njengokuba ifomu elidlulileyo. Noko ke, nangokuvela elide umzimba enetyhefu. Isetyenziswa isicelo yayisoma phezu zematshisi ucinezelo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ayikwazi phemba ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa xa kwentsingiselo ecingelwayo nentsingiselo ecacileyo kunye edubulayo zochuku (ovuthayo).
4. Black. Ngokutsho lweenkcukacha zangaphandle ifana kakhulu grafayithi, kukwayinto entle touch ngqindilili. Le semiconductor yangoku yombane. ziikristale Dark, ecwebezelayo, abakwazi songanyibilikisswa naziphi izinyibilikisi kwaphela. Ukuba ikhanyisa, kufuneka amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kwaye raskalivanie pre.

abantu ngokunjalo abanamdla ifomu elide-open phosphorus - intsimbi. It is a umqhubi kwaye cubic akhazimlayo ngekroba.

iipropati chemical

Iipropati lwemichiza phosphorus ixhomekeka kwifomu apho emi kuyo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukuguqulwa kakhulu esebenzayo yellow namhlophe. Ngokubanzi, i-phosphorus ekwaziyo zakudibana:

• izinyithi ukwakha phosphides kwaye obambeleyo oxidant;
• non-izinyithi, esebenza njenge arhente ekunciphiseni ukwenza khompawundi eguqukayo kwaye non-ezililize zohlobo ezahlukeneyo;
• iioksidenti strong adlulele phosphoric acid ;
• ngealkali kanzulu abuhlungu ngohlobo disproportionation;
• ngamanzi e lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu;
• mpilo ukwenza oxides ezahlukeneyo.

Iipropati lwemichiza phosphorus efanayo naleyo nitrogen. kuba yinxalenye pniktogenov yeqela. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi-odolo ezininzi ubukhulu ngaphezulu, enkosi kwiintlobo zokuguqulwa allotropic.

Ukuba indalo

Njengoko izondlo, phosphorus yinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu. ipesenti wayo 0,09% kwi noqweqwe. Oku oyintsobi enkulu kangangoko. Apho wafumana le-atom kwindalo? Kukho iindawo ezininzi eziphambili:

• uhlaza izityalo, imbewu yabo kunye neziqhamo;
• izixwexwe zezilwanyana (imisipha, ithambo, izinyo lwawo, iikhompawundi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo organic);
• eqweqweni Yomhlaba;
• umhlaba;
• rocks and minerals;
• amanzi olwandle.

Kule meko sinakho ukuthetha ngayo iifom ezinxulumene, kodwa hayi into elula kuphela. Emva koko, iyasebenza kakhulu, kwaye loo nto ayithethi ukuba ukuba bakhululeke. Phakathi izimbiwa bazizityebi phosphorus zezi:

• Inglish;
• ftorapaptit;
• svanbergite;
• phosphorus kunye nezinye.

Ukubaluleka begazi yale nto zibalulekile. Emva koko, yinxalenye iikhompawundi ezifana:

• protein;
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• fosfoproteidy;
• enzyme.

Oko kukuthi, bonke abo zibalulekile kwaye eyongeza umzimba wonke wonke. norm yemihla ngemihla omdala eqhelekileyo zabantu malunga 2 grams.

Iphosphate kunye nemixube yayo

Njengoko ekhuthele kakhulu, into esebenzayo buyeyona nobuninzi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Emva kokuba zonke iindlela kunye phosphide, kwaye ngokwayo njenge arhente yokunciphisa. Ngenxa yoku siyaqondakala endingafanele kubizwa ngokuba into eyayiza kuba egalelwe kwi indlela ukuya kuyo. Kwaye ngoko ke iikhompawundi phosphorus olungumgubo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Umntu Ukucengceleza inani leeklasi kwezinto kukwenziwa apho i nxaxheba esebenzayo.

1. iikhompawundi Binary - oxides, phosphides, hydrogen compound imaxongo, emanzini, ephuculweyo, kunye nabanye. Umzekelo: P ₂ O _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _3, PH _3, kunye nabanye.
2. Izinto ezinzima: iityuwa zonke iintlobo (avareji, asidi, basic, kabini, complex), ii-asidi. Umzekelo: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ Owu _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (H. _{4) 2} HPO ₄ kunye nabanye.
3. Ioksijini aqulethe oganikhi khompawundi: iiproteni, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, kunye nabanye.

Uninzi iintlobo kwezinto ichongiweyo ukubaluleka mveliso eziphilayo ebalulekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa phosphorus kunye nemixube zayo mhlawumbi ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango kunye nokuveliswa izinto eziqhelekileyo kakhulu indlu.

Izakhi kunye nesinyithi

iikhompawundi Binary phosphorus kunye isinyithi kunye nonmetals ezi phosphides ngaphantsi isihloko electronegative. Le ityuwa-ezifana ziimveliso ilifa ukungazinzi kakhulu xa baboniswa arhente ezahlukeneyo. siqala Rapid (haydrolisis) iziphumo e nokuba namanzi eziqhelekileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, phantsi intshukumo ye unconcentrated acid kwenzeka njenge-arhente sokonakalisa kwi mveliso esihambelanayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa sithetha malunga haydrolisis ikhalsiyam phosphide, iimveliso ziya kuba hayidroksayidi metal kunye phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6H ₂ O = 3Ca (OH) ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

A phosphide sekubonakala msinyane phantsi ngesenzo acid ngezimbiwa, siye sifumane ityuwa ehambelana kunye phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

Ngokubanzi, ixabiso le khompawundi zezifundo njengoko ixesha ukuba hydrogen, njengoko ngenxa compound phosphorus, ogama iimpawu kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Volatiles phosphorus-based

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zezi:

• phosphorus ezimhlophe;
• phosphine.

Phezu komhlaba sele ikhankanywe apha ngasentla, kwaye iimpawu drive. Bathi ukuba i yomsi emhlophe, eziyityhefu kakhulu, uyanuka kunye nokuzeyisa ukulumeka umlilo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

Kodwa yintoni na phosphine? Le ke into kunayo kunye eyaziwayo ezililize, equka element phantsi ingqalelo. Kuyinto yokubini, kwaye ilungu yesibini - hydrogen. Formula iikhompawundi hydrogen phosphorus - PH _3, igama phosphine.

Iimpawu zezi zixhobo zokufunda ingachazwa ngolu hlobo.

1. Flying igesi enemibala.
2. ayityhefu kakhulu.
3. It has ivumba iintlanzi obolileyo.
4. Ekubeni amanzi modem kancinane ezinyibilikayo kuwo. Kuyinto enyibilikayo organic chemistry.
5. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, iikhemikhali ekhuthele kakhulu.
6. It avuse ngokuzenzekelayo umoya.
7. Akhiwa yokubola phosphide metal.

Elinye igama - PHOSPHAN. It linxulunyaniswa imbali kakhulu yamandulo. yonke indawo "imililo eziphekuziweyo 'ukuba ngamanye amaxesha abantu babona nibone ngoku amadlaka, imigxobhozo. izibane Spherical okanye svechepodobnye avela apha naphaya, ukudala umbono intshukumo, ingqalelo yimpazamo ezimbi, yaye boyika kakhulu abantu neenkolelo. Isizathu sale meko, ngokutsho iimbono ikhoyo ezinye izazinzulu, kungathathwa self-ngokwayo of phosphine evela ngokwendalo ngenxa yokubola iintsalela organic, zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Irhasi uphuma nize adibane ioksijini, ukukhanya. Umbala nobukhulu amadangatye nga zinokohluka. Amaninzi, oku izibane oqaqambileyo oluhlaza.

Ngokucacileyo, yonke aziphethe phosphorus compound - izinto eziyityhefu, apho zifumaneka lula yi ivumba elibukhali ezingemnandi. Olu phawu inceda ukuthintela ityhefu kunye nesohlwayo.

Ezi zinto ne non-iintsimbi

Ukuba phosphorus liziphatha njenge arhente ekunciphiseni, kuyimfuneko ukuthetha iikhompawundi lokubini ne non-isinyithi. Amaninzi, ukuba electronegative ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemathiriyeli hlobo:

• phosphorus kunye sulphur compound - sulphide phosphorus P ₂ S _3;
• phosphorus chloride III, V;
• oxides kunye acetic;
• bromide kunye iodide, kunye nabanye.

chemistry phosphorus kunye nemixube kulo zohlukile, ngoko ke kunzima ukuchonga leyo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthetha eziphathekayo na izinto enziwa phosphorus kunye non-zesinyithi, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi ke oxides kunye kloride ezaqanjwa ezahlukeneyo. Asetyenziswe ngayo amagama imichiza njenge arhente dehydrating, zokuthundeza, njalo njalo.

Ngaloo ndlela, enye yezona ndlela zinamandla dehumidifying iphezulu phosphorus oxide - P _{2 O-5.} Yena itsala ngamandla amanzi ukuze xa ukudibana ngqo nalo kukho indlela beziindlobongela strong sihambisana ingxolo. Ngokwayo, iyeza na njengekhephu-like mass emhlophe, urhulumente aggregate kufutshane amorphous.

Mpilo organic kunye phosphorus

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba chemistry lweziphili olwahlala inani iikhompawundi uphakeme kakhulu ukuba ezingaphiliyo. Le meko luchazwa isakhono of isomerism, kunye athom carbon ukwenza atom ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo chain yavalelwa omnye komnye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho ngendlela ethile, okt Ukuhlelwa, noxhomekeke yonke chemistry ephilayo. kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi, Noko ke, sinomdla othile, ezinxulumene ngqo sakhi emibuzo. Le oksijini-equlethe iikhompawundi kunye phosphorus. Ezi ziquka:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, phosphate pyridoxal, kunye nabanye;
• protein;
• nucleic, njengoko ezintsalela acid phosphoric yinxalenye nucleotide;
• phospholipids kunye fosfoproteidy;
• enzyme ehlanganisa.

De Iona, apho molekyuli phosphorus inxaxheba ukuyilwa ezi zihlanganisi, oku kulandelayo - PO ₄ ^3-, oko kukuthi ke amasalela asidi phosphoric acid. Isakhiwo kwezinye iiprothini ingena atom simahla okanye ion elula.

Kuba ubomi obuqhelekileyo isiqalelo ngasinye esebenzayo le esiphilayo kunye khompawundi organic abunjwe ngabo kubaluleke kakhulu yaye kuyimfuneko. Akunakwenzeka ukwakha naziphi na iindawo noshowo umzimba ngaphandle iimolekyuli protein. A DNA kunye RNA - abathwali eziphambili kunye zidlulisele inkcazelo yemfuza. Ngokubanzi, zonke unxulumano kufuneka abe khona ngaphandle nakanjani.

Ukusetyenziswa phosphorus kushishino

Ukusetyenziswa phosphorus kunye khompawundi yayo kushishino ingachazwa kwi amanqaku eziliqela.

1. Ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso yematshisi, iikhompawundi ezinokugqabhuka, iziqhushumbisi sigade, amanye amafutha, izinto zokuthambisa.
2. Njengoko iigesi zihlale kwakunye ekwenziweni izibane zigqengezelayo.
3. Ukukhusela iintsimbi nxamnye umhlwa.
4. Kwezolimo nje isichumiso umhlaba.
5. Njengendlela ngenxa ukuthambisa amanzi.
6. Xa syntheses chemical ekuvelisweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo.

Indima eziphilayo lifinyele inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ukuyilwa wayesebenzisa zamazinyo kunye ithambo. Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngayo emeleneyo kunye catabolism, ngokunjalo nokugcinwa kokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi iiseli kumthamo kunye neencindi eziphilayo. Oku sisiseko Yindibanisela DNA, RNA, phospholipids.