Izinto ezilula

Kwimvelo, kukho izinto ezilula neziyinkimbinkimbi. Uhlobo oluphambili phakathi kwabo lukwakheka kwawo. Ngaloo ndlela, izinto ezilula ziquka i-athomu enye yento. Izinto zabo (izinto ezilula) iikristali zinokuqulunqwa kwibhubhoratri, ngamanye amaxesha ekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, kubakho imfuneko ukudala imimiselo ethile yokugcina ama-crystals afunyenweyo.

Kukho iiklasi ezintlanu apho izinto ezilula zihlukeneyo: izinyithi, iimimetals, ii-nonmetals, i-intermetallides kunye neeholoji (ezingabonakali kwindalo). Ziyakwazi ukumelwa nge-athomu (Ar, He) okanye i-molecular (O2, H2, O3) gesi.

Ngokomzekelo, umntu unokuthatha i-oksijini yezinto ezilula. Iquka iamolekyu equkethe ii-atom ezimbini ze-Oxygen. Okomnye, umzekelo, i-iron yensimbi iqukethe i-crystals, equka kuphela i-athomu ye-Iron element. Ngokomlando, kuyinto yesiko ukubiza into elula ngegama lento e-athomu zazo zifakwe kwi-composition yayo. Isakhiwo sala ma-compounds singaba maleksi kwaye asiyi-molecular.

Izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ziquka ii-atom zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zingenza ezimbini (okanye ngaphezulu) izixhobo ngexesha lokuqhekeka. Umzekelo, amanzi ahlula i-oksijeni ne-hydrogen. Kule meko, akuyiyo yonke into eyenza idibaniswe ibe yinto elula. Ngokomzekelo, i-sulfide yensimbi, eyenziwe nge-sulfure kunye ne-athomu zesebe, ayikwazi ukwahlukana. Kule meko, ukwenzela ukubonakalisa ukuba i-compound iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye iquka i-athomu eziphambili, umgaqo wokuphendulela ngokutsha usebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, i-iron sulfide ifumaneka ngoncedo lweziqalo zokuqala.

Izinto ezilula zihlobo lweempawu zeekhemikhali ezikhoyo kwifomu yamahhala. Namhlanje, inzululwazi iyazi iindidi ezingamakhulu amane ezi zinto.

Ngokungafani nezinto ezinzima, izinto ezilula azifumaneki kwezinye izinto ezilula. Kananjalo akakwazi ukubola kwezinye iimveliso.

Enye into eyenziwa yikhemikhali ingenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezilula. (Ngokomzekelo, i-element I-Oxygen ifom i-ozone ye-triatomic ne-diatomic oksijeni, kunye neCarbon iyakwazi ukwakha idayim kunye negraphite). Le propati ibizwa ngokuba yi- allotropy. Ukuguqulwa kwama-allotropic kuyahlukahluka kwisakhiwo kunye nendlela yokwakhiwa kwama-molecule kwiikristali okanye ekubunjweni kwee-molecule (i-athomu) yeli qhekeza. Ukukwazi ukwenza iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezilula ngenxa yesakhiwo se-athomu, esichaza uhlobo lwebhondi ye-khemikhali, kunye neendlela ezinokwakhiwa kwee- molecule kunye neekristali.

Zonke iinguqulelo zengqungquthela zinepropati yokutshintshana komnye. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezilula ezakhiwe yinto ethile yeekhemikhali zingaba neemeko zomzimba ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwenza imichiza. Ngokomzekelo, i-oksijini ibonisa umsebenzi ongaphantsi kwe-ozone, kunye nokushisa kwe-fullerene, umzekelo, ungaphantsi kweyadayimane.

Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, izixhobo ezilishumi elinanye, izinto ezilula ziza kuba iigesi (Ar, Xe, R, N, H, Ne, O, F, Kr, Cl, He,), ezimbini, i-liquids (Br, Hg), kunye nezinye izinto Imizimba eqinile.

Kwiqondo lokushisa elikufutshane neqondo lokushisa, iinqununu ezintlanu ziza kuthatha i-liquid okanye i-semi-liquid state. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-point of melting is cishe ilingana nobushushu bamagumbi. Ngaloo ndlela, i-mercury ne-rubidium iyancibilika kuma-degrees angama-39, eFransi ngo-27, i-cesium ngo-28, kunye ne-gallium kwi-degrees ezingama-30.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iingcinga ze "chemical element", "i-athomu", "into elula" akufanele idideke. Ngoko, umzekelo, i-athomu inentsingiselo ecacileyo, eyikhonkco kwaye ikhona ngokuqinisekileyo. Inkcazo ye "element element" iyinto engabonakaliyo, ehlangeneyo. Kwimvelo, izinto zikhoyo ngendlela yeeatom ezikhululekile okanye ezinokwenziwa ngamakhemikhali. Kule meko, iimpawu zezinto ezilula (iqoqo leengqungquthela) kunye neemeko zamakhemikhali (i-atom eziqhelekileyo zoluhlobo oluthile) zinempawu zazo.