Iqula sinzulu yinto minyaka billion emithathu edlulileyo

Yintoni kugrunjwa namhlanje? Owona mzekelo abakhulu kakhulu eziqhelekileyo: ukubonelela ngamanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amanzi olunjalo kakuhle, yaye waqhubeka umile ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza nje akhwifa sifikelelwe. Omnye umzekelo, ophezu emilebeni wonke umntu: i kakuhle gesi ezizizembiwa, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-oyile negesi iidipozithi. Into yokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubaqhelisa kolu qweqwe lomhlaba iikhilomitha ezininzi ngenxa inzululwazi, kungekhona of "igolide black", phantse andikhumbuli.

sele kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane ukususela ngaloo mini, bethabathela on the Kola Peninsula, kufutshane nedolophu polar kummandla Murmansk, oko yabeka umngxuma zinzulu kwimbali wokugrumba. Injongo yawo isayensi "olunyulu" - wayeza ukuphanda lithosfere kuloo ndawo apho kubunzulu omkhulu, izazinzulu bekumele ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi umdla. Age yamawa behlolisisa njengoko kuqikelelwa kwiminyaka billion emithathu ubudala - ngexesha uMhlaba Ndandisemncinci kakhulu.
Iminyaka yokuqala zokomba ayikho eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka imisebenzi eziqhelekileyo ukuhlola kwe oli negesi iidipozithi. Nditsho nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa series eziqhelekileyo. amawaka 2 meters ngezantsi drill umtya waqalisa ukugqibezela iityhubhu, ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa aluminiyamu - kwiikhilomitha ezininzi columns zentsimbi umane nje kukodwa ubunzima bayo. Isilinganiselo kuko ubunzima drillstring - malunga 200 neetoni.

Phambi kokuba afikelele uphawu 7 ngekhilomitha-, Kola ultradeep ekuqaleni ukuba niyinikele iphazili wokwenene izazinzulu. Iboerbok yamba enye kuphela negranite of ingxinano ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ukuba ucinge into buyiselwa abangelwe. Km ezingamakhulu amahlanu ubunzulu esayifumana iidipozithi of nsimbi yobhedu. Emva kokuba amanye angu 1.5 wamvusa iliwa ukubunjwa isampula efana kakhulu isampuli kumhlaba kwizikhululo eSoviet ukusuka enyangeni. Ubushushu wakhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunokuba izibalo theoretical component. A ibonakele isampula kubunzulu be-6.7 km organic yeefosili kwakhokelela izazinzulu ukuthandabuza kumathuba ubomi on Earth.
Emva kokuba zingene ubunzulu kweemitha 7000, wafuna equleni zinzulu kunye ubuchule mihla ngelo xesha. Ngelo xesha eyombiweyo wancipha mandundu ngenxa wawo ukuya kuvala ingxingwa iliwa sekhombuya ngamandla ngaphantsi. Umjikelo ukubhola wathabatha imini yonke, apho kunokwembiwa kanye - Iiyure ezi-4 kuphela lonke ixesha kukho ukunyuka olucothayo isixhobo woguqulelo indawo Asinakusebenziseka ezi iiwotshi a sokugrumba. Ukuba ezintweni chipped yazala rock downhole xa ezama ukuphakamisa kuqhume kwikholam. Kwakufuneka ukuba zisebenze siqhubeke isixhobo sokugrumba ukutenxa, ngokutsho isebe elitsha.

Ukususela ngo-1979, xa i-Kola ultradeep kwabonakala ukuba iwonga olusemthethweni "equleni zinzulu ehlabathini." Ngowe-1983, drillers abaye umgca ngekhilomitha-12. Kunyaka olandelayo, ngenxa breakage wentsika kwafuneka ukuqala kwakhona ukusuka km 7. Ngowe-1990, Guinness World Records wabhala ingxelo afunyenwe kwi isebe elitsha. Wema kwi eemitha 12.262. A breakage kwikholam yokuqala koko faka isiphelo project.

Silindele ukuba iteknoloji entsha, nobunzima, kodwa yena akazange wabonakala. Uphelelwe mali. Urhulumente wayengenamdla ukuqhubeka 'uhambo ukuya kumbindi womhlaba ". Ngo-2008, una zinzulu salahlekelwa wachithwa kunye nezixhobo yakhe. Ngoku ishiyelwa nezakhiwo zawo kancinane batshatyalaliswe. Iingcali zithi ukuba unako ukubuyisela i Kola super-nzulu, siye ukufumana indawo amashumi ezigidi engange ...