Isakhiwo zangaphandle zangaphakathi iintaka. Izibilini yeentaka

Yintoni isakhiwo sangaphandle kunye zangaphakathi iintaka? Njani yahluke kwezinye iindidi zezilwanyana? Zeziphi iimpawu ayinikiwe ngeentlobo? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo zingafumaneka kweli nqaku.

iimpawu ngokubanzi iintaka

Iintaka - iklasi zezilwanyana, isidumbu sakhe ligutyungelwe iintsiba. Zinelungelo ubushushu bomzimba rhoqo aphezulu esebenzayo nangaliphi na ixesha enyakeni. Ukukwazi ukubhabha na uphawu isininzi samalungu kule klasi. isakhiwo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi subordinated ethile le ntaka.

Iintaka ngokulula ngokutsha kuxhomekeka kwiimeko. Ngenxa ukukwazi ukubhabha eklasini isagquba, eyafunyanwa ezahlukahlukeneyo iimeko kwihlabathi jikelele. Kukho malunga ne 9,000 iintlobo zeentaka.

Nakwiintaka wawubonisa inkxalabo ngokukhawuleza nakwinzala yakhe. Veliswa kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ezinkulu, wayifulela amaqanda yekalika iqokobhe.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle iintaka

umzimba ntaka siquka intloko, nentamo mobile, umzimba emile yiwa yesiqephu. Isikhumba - angamarhoqorhoqo, kowomileyo ngenxa yokungabikho kwamadlala yesikhumba. Uninzi iintaka kukho yentsimbi, leyo isebenza nokuthambisa isixhobo iintsiba - coccygeal. Ngakumbi kakuhle ephuhliswa ukusuka zasemanzini. Le mfihlelo, nobubovu secreted, esetyenziselwa ukugcina iintsiba luthambe ze likhusele manzi. Kwezinye iintlobo (iinciniba, izikhwenene, amavukuthu, bustard) umsebenzi yokuqaba ikhutshwa phandle iintsiba angumgubo ezizodwa, uqhekeke wokusungula ngumgubo.

Xa iintaka kusenokuba ezahlukeneyo neziqu kwi kumlomo, imilenze, intloko. Kwezinye iintlobo zeentaka (ezifana lelookhetshe izikhwenene), lo umlomo luvaliwe cere ethambileyo. Kwi iinyawo ipleyiti unokuba, fimbria, ndizayo.

isakhiwo zangaphandle zangaphakathi iintaka ixhomekeke yokuphila. komzimba, intloko, iinyawo kunye nomsila, amaphiko nga obungafaniyo kakhulu. Konke kuxhomekeka kokusingqongileyo kunye neendlela zokufumana ukutya.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle zeentaka. feathering

Kuphela Class Aves ngeentsiba ezingundoqo, ngoko ke kuthiwa nawo. Le usiba iqinisiwe emzimbeni kwaye ulunika imilo zihambe. Nesigubungelo ukukhanya kwaye igcina ubushushu kakuhle, nto leyo inceda amaqanda hatching. Ezinye zanjengeentsiba zamaxhalanga, ngenxa ubume babo, ivumele moya (iintsiba moya kunye neentsiba umsila).

Sami iintsiba zezona yezabelo ulusu, ezifana esikalini izirhubuluzi. Ubume ipeni: buti wayo iquka ngentonga ashinyeneyo ophela eQuill (isiphelo kuthembeke). Webs ziqhotyoshelwe ngentonga. Ziqulethe amacwecwe horny - nameva. Ukususela nameva intonga enoxolo ngamasebe, ebizwa barbules. Abanye babo ugcwele amahaki, leyo edibene barbules ezikufuphi ngaphandle amahaki. ipeni ezinkulu kusenokuquka kwesigidi barbules.

Esi sakhiwo sinika webs mninzi. Ngexesha esemoyeni ngokusebenzisa ipeni Kungathatha nentwana lomoya. Xa barbules disunite, umlomo le ntaka uyamqeqesha xa ukucoca iintsiba.

Njengoko ukusebenza uboya zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini: ezintofontofo, kunye nentaba. Thina ezintofontofo iintsiba fan evakalala. Kwakhona, kukho Lutho nje - iintsiba, ezibandakanya ncakasana barbules mnye, ngentonga ongaphuhliswanga. Kukho namanwele eliboya buqhamileyo, leyo, phezu koko, iqulathe ngentonga, kunye phantse akukho barbules. Kukho iinwele-ezifana eliboya buqhamileyo, unikwe umsebenzi wetatshi. iintsiba nentaba lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe uMnu, steering, ngaphaya kwawo kunye nesambatho. uhlobo ngalunye usiba uphumeza umsebenzi wayo. umbala ezahlukeneyo iintsiba kubangelwa phambi zombala.

Iintungu-skeletal system

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo lwangaphakathi iintaka ezinxulumene kwento azalwa kuphela ngeentlobo - ukukwazi ukubhabha. Amathambo yentaka kulula, kodwa amandla amakhulu, iquka amathambo ezingcakacileyo umngxuma. Oku kuquka lukakayi, emqolo, amalungu kunye namathambo lomzimba nebhanti. Amathambo sikhusela izibilini.

Isakhiwo yangaphakathi iintaka kubandakanya umthamo omkhulu, yaba lukakayi. imihlathi Ulenze zandiswa ukwakha amazinyo ngomlomo ezingekhoyo. Umnqonqo yahlulwe yangamacandelo 5: wesibeleko, thoracic, empontshwa, sacral, caudal. Amathambo lomqolo wesibeleko kufuneka isakhiwo ezizodwa, apho le ntaka ungalucima izidanga yayo intloko 180.

omqolo Thoracic kukhule ndawonye ukwenza ithambo enye, ezo iqhotyoshelwe ezimbanjeni. Xa iintaka eziphaphazelayo phezu kwentamo unalo isiqu. Olu izalelwe enkulu apho ziyaxhonywa izihlunu iphiko elinamandla. Amathambo empontshwa kunye emqolo sacral kwaye tho nokubonelela ngenkxaso okulungileyo isinqe kunye nomsila edidekile, zibe ithambo enye coccygeal ukuba abe inkxaso iintsiba ngumsila wena.

Gxalaba umbhinqo luqulathe izibini ezithathu thambo: i clavicle, scapula kunye amathambo crow yakhe. Iphiko iqulathe ihumerus, inyuke iye nesandla amathambo. amathambo zangasese ihlanganiswa amathambo kwaye kube nenkxaso nemilenze. Leg ibandakanya ethangeni, ligqudu, waseTarso (amathambo ezininzi edidekile kwenyawo) kunye neminwe.

Imisipha zeentaka, ibekwe kwi zikhangeleke egxalabeni, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza amaphiko. Xa izihlunu eziphaphazelayo intaka kule ndawo yenziwe ngokukhethekileyo kakuhle. izihlunu intamo zinika intshukumo ye entloko. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba isakhiwo lwangaphakathi iintaka ubume izihlunu kunye nemisipha nemilenze. Ngenxa amalungu imilenze zibhexeshwa imicu, leyo kunqunyanyiswa kwi iminwe. Xa ntaka ohleli phezu emthini kwaye egobile imilenze, la imisipha anaba neminwe laqina kwisebe. Ngenxa kule inkalo, iintaka ungalala phezu amasebe, iminwe zabo unclenched.

inkqubo alimentary

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda isakhiwo yangaphakathi zeentaka. iimpawu ngokubanzi luqala kwicandelo lokuqala kwinkqubo yokwetyisa - lwalo. It is a ithambo umhlathi, Bathiwe wambu uphondo ifaka. Imilo umlomo kuxhomekeke indlela zokufumana ukutya. Amazinyo kwiintaka apho. Ukutya kuginywe yonke ngumntu omkhulu ngoncedo ngomlomo yentaka nga ndiziqhawule iziqwenga ezifanelekileyo.

Umphimbo ngeentlobo bakwazi olule kakhulu. Ezinye iintlobo zeentaka nga yizalise ukutya kwaye uzive ubuhlungu. Ekupheleni kwale kuvuleke iminxunya inokuba goiter - elulwandiso ekhethekileyo emalitshintshwe apha naphaya nonikezelo lokutya.

iintaka isisu ibandakanya isebe glandular kwemisipha. I lokuqala lwenzeka secretion yejusi esiswini, leyo kuthambisa ukutya, kwaye eyesibini lokugaya wayo. Le nkqubo negalelo iingqalutye leyo ukuginya iintaka. Ngemva kwesisu kufuneka emathunjini, ophela cesspool. Le cloaca kwakhona ureters ezivulekileyo kunye neziphumo umendo amalungu okuzala.

isixokelelwano sokuphefumla

Siyaqhubeka ukuhlola izibilini zeentaka. Isakhiwo yangaphakathi iintaka luxhomekeke imfuneko ukuqinisekisa moya. Ngokuphathelele koku, kwaye isixokelelwano sokuphefumla, nto leyo emele ukukhanya nje kuphela, kodwa iingxowa zomoya indawo kwisithuba free phakathi kwemibutho zangaphakathi. Ezi plastiki uqhagamshele ekukhanyeni, yaye ukuba siphathiswe umsebenzi obalulekileyo yokubonelela ukuphefumla ngexesha esemoyeni. Xa ezinye i intaka ephefumlayo ukukhanya, esifubeni ukusebenza.

Xa ibhabha, sibulela umsebenzi amaphiko, ukuba isingxobo somoya ukwandisa kunye isivumelwano, efutha emiphungeni. I ngokukhawuleza intaka inokuwaphaphazelisa amaphiko ayo, kokukhona kukho ukuncitshiswa iingxowa zomoya. Umzekelo, ihobe iyodwa yenza 26 Ukuphefumla ngoxa zibhabha - ukuya 400 Ngenxa emoyeni kwegazi esebenzayo, umzimba iinkukhu lupholile. umoya ovela iingxowa yokuphefumla ahlanganiswe ioksijini emiphungeni, nto leyo ethintela iintaka ayizange.

Inkqubo kwegazi yeentaka

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo lwangaphakathi iintaka ingafunyanwa ngokufundisisa inkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, nto leyo limelwe izangqa ezibini nokuhamba kwegazi kunye nentliziyo-zawo ezine. Ezinkulu kunye izangqa ezincinane ejikeleza ezahlulwe sisithuba ngokupheleleyo, okt emithanjeni kunye negazi lwemithambo musa mix. Intliziyo iquka imithambo emibini kunye ventricles ezimbini.

Imisipha Intliziyo uyakwazi ukukhawulezisa umsebenzi wayo yentlaninge ngamaxesha, umzekelo kuphumla intliziyo ihobe lifinyele amaxesha 165 ngomzuzu, kwaye ngexesha esemoyeni - amaxesha-550. Iimpawu ze isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza yeentaka ebangelwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu ukutya. Onentliziyo echwayitileyo uba umthamo omkhulu, ukubetha ezikhawulezayo, igazi Igcwele umoya neswekile - konke oku kunika zombini i unikezelo kakhulu onke amalungu izinto eziyimfuneko, kunye nokususwa ngokukhawuleza kweemveliso metabolic.

ingqondo

amalungu ukuqgiba eentaka kakubi kuphuhliswa. Uninzi iintaka ndayihluthwa ithuba ukwahlukanisa amavumba. Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kwiintaka, ingakumbi ukuva, ephuhliswa ngaphezu koko izirhubuluzi. Arhente kwecala thaca yangaphakathi, phakathi nendlebe engaphandle. Le yokugqibela ibandakanya zangaphandle ubunzulu ezikhalayo meatus, isikhumba zindiyilile, libe zizibaya zempahla kunye neentlanti ezizodwa.

Iintaka ephuhliswe kakuhle amaziko umbono. Eyes isakhiwo enkulu kunye nezintsonkothileyo, ubuntununtunu elungileyo. Umbono Umbala iqulunqwa ilunge ngaphezu kokuba ezinye izilwanyana ezininzi. Iinkuku ukwahlula inani elikhulu abangasekhoyo. Ngenxa ngesantya esiphezulu kombono e-flight ikuvumela ukuba ukuhlola imeko bemgama, kodwa izinto ezivela iisentimitha embalwa, le ntaka obona ngokucacileyo.

luvo

Xa ibhabha, le ntaka ukwenza iintshukumo ezintsonkothileyo, ngoko kwiCerebellum inoxanduva kukulungelelanisa, inkulu. Le iibhalbhu ukuqgiba nawo aphuhliswe kakuhle. ikhweyitha obuphambili ukwanda. Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kwiintaka, ingqondo yabo luvo inxulunyaniswa kunye nokuziphatha entsonkothileyo zeentaka.

izenzo ezininzi ngethuku lemvelo - ulwakhiwo yentaka, isibini, yokunyamekela inzala. Kodwa ubudala, iintaka ziyakwazi ukufunda. Ukuba amantshontsho akungeloyiki na umntu, ezinye abadala Andizoyiki izigidi zabantu. Iiplastiki ahluka ukusuka lizingela, ukuhlangana, niqonde Ingekalili njani ukuba esandleni lomntu - induku okanye umpu.

Ezinye iintaka bazi abantu adla ukutya, trainable yaye uyakwazi ukulinganisa izandi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka intetho yabantu.

inkqubo excretory nezenzala

Qwalasela excretory kunye nenkqubo nezenzala, isakhiwo zizalele nakuzo iintaka zazo zangaphakathi. Ekubeni nethe kwandiswa e kwiintaka, zinamaqhina ezinkulu. La maqumrhu metanephric bafundelane ngezibini yahlulwe iincakuba ezintathu kwaye phantsi iindonga amaphiko zangasese. Wasuka kubo ureters vula kungena cloaca. Esinyini iintaka apho. inkunkuma, ezibandakanya ngokuyintloko of uric acid, uzero ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni.

sitho Copulatory e iintaka ezininzi musa. Amasende, ukwandisa ubukhulu ngexesha lokuzala, imveliso imixholo ngomzila kwi vesicle ZakwaLizwi ifumaneka kwi cesspool.

Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi iintaka, ukuba ngqo, amalungu ababhinqileyo okuzala, inemisebenzi umdla. Baye basungula kuphela yamaqanda yasekhohlo kunye oviduct, ilungelo ngokuqhelekileyo sekukubi. Inokuba oku kubangelwa kukungabikho kwendawo ukuba ukuyilwa ngaxeshanye amaqanda ezinkulu. Isuka ukusuka oviduct isizalo, nto leyo yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo ezininzi: a elide Imibhobho tube, wesibeleko ikuku obhityileyo-enqatyisiweyo, ububanzi emxinwa ivula kungena cloaca. Ukuze aphumeze amadlozi, inkunzi Sehla cloaca yakhe cloaca ababhinqileyo.

Veliswa kunye nokhathalelo wenzala

Siye sahlolisisa isakhiwo yangaphakathi zeentaka. Biology nje kuphela izifundo anatomy, kodwa ngokuhlalutya indlela yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana. Makhe sithethe yinkqubo entsonkothileyo efana kwenziwe kunye nokhathalelo wenzala kuzo iintaka.

zikhwelwe uyeza, xa kukho ukutya okwaneleyo. iintaka zethu - entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni. Kodwa nokuzala iintaka igcinwe ekuthinjweni, ezifana zokuhombisa, ushukumisa ngalo naliphi na ixesha lonyaka, ukwandisa umthamo kunye nexabiso lesondlo sokutya.

iintaka amancinci kakhulu naphakathi zidityaniswe lonyaka, kumanyano ezinkulu elide yimiyalezo. Bangaba imihlambi leyo benziwa iperi kwexesha. Ukukhetha iqabane ayikho random. Tokuyut abantu abangamadoda ukutsala ingqalelo iimazi: iintsiba ekusasazeni, wakhupha izandi ezikhethekileyo angene waphathwa.

iintlobo ezininzi zibeka amaqanda kwi yentaka, nto leyo kubekwa emhlabeni, emithini, kwamatyholo, emigodini, komhlaba. Iqanda iqokobhe sikhusela koliqele, edla umbala iteyiphu yephepha.

Kwiintlobo precocial (iinkuku, amadada, amarhanisi, icula, weentaka) amantshontsho siphuma iqanda ngamehlo akho evulekileyo kwaye wambu fuzz. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, baqala ukudla ngokwabo kwaye ushiye kwindlwane. Xa iintaka yokwakha (amahobe, Ingekalili, chickadees, oongqatyana, ehlasela, izikhwenene, iintaka inyama) Young abonakale uyimfama, uhamba ze, ungenamandla ngokupheleleyo.

Kuba uphawu iintaka unonophelo elide ukuba inzala. Iintaka bubushushu ondle abantwana babo, abakhusele.