Isimo - oku ukuba isayensi? Development yokumiwa komhlaba. Isimo lwangoku

Ngokuhlwa - ukubukela iindaba ehlabathini lonke. Ababukeli sisiva yamabinzana akucaci kusoloko kwaye akavumeli ukuba ukutshonisa ngokupheleleyo ngokwakho entliziyweni le ngxaki. Ingxaki yabantu kweli lizwe, imeko enzima ngokwedemografi, umbhodamo yezibalo - la mabinzana ukuba ophuma imilebe abezopolitiko, amanani zoluntu, yaye izazi phambili. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na busengozini, kufuneka bawuqhele elithi "inguqu", kunye imvelaphi yayo, uphuhliso kunye indima ekuphuhliseni uluntu namhlanje.

Imvelaphi kwesayensi entsha

January 1662 ephakamileyo kuthathwa umhla wokuzalwa yokumiwa komhlaba njenge inzululwazi. Ngelo xesha, yena akazange waba eli gama kule mihla. Malunga naye baqala ukuthetha Dzhon Graunt kwincwadi wakhe isihloko elide, nto leyo ngoku kungabekwa kwaye owayeza kubizwa ngokuba ngokulula "Yamanani amehlo John Graunt, ummi eLondon." Ukufundisisa liphelelwe lixesha ngexesha lokufa zeendaba, Graunt kuqala ukuba uqaphele ukuba abantu ikhona ngemithetho ethile. Incwadana devyanostostranichnoy ngenxa self-wafundisa sesayensi kamva weza ukukhanyisa Sciences ezintathu: kwabantu, amanani, inguqu.

Imbali imvelaphi kwekota

Kakhulu kutshanje, oko kukuthi ngowe-1855, i-French inzululwazi A. Giyyar wapapasha incwadi ngelo xesha akukho gama Ukubalisa - ". Elements of manani oluntu okanye Isimo lothelekiso"

ulwimi Russian wongezelela eli gama 1970, ngenxa kuqhutyelwa St Petersburg of the wesibhozo International Statistical Congress. Ekuqaleni, iidemografi eRashiya waqonda ngenkani kuphela njengamanani abemi. Kuluntu namhlanje, inguqu - umsebenzi ejoliswe ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, inkcazo kunye nohlalutyo iinguqu kwinani, ukwakhiwa kunye labantu augmentable. Sebenzisa eli gama ngohlobo isichazi ulunika ixabiso "libhekisela ekufundweni ubume yabemi."

Ngoko isixelela sabantu

Isimo - oku isifundo lwenzululwazi yabemi, ukusasazwa sobummandla kunye nokwakheka koluntu. Kwakhona njengenxalenye efunda ngesayensi izizathu utshintsho ekwakhiweni abantu kunye nezigqibo indlela zizinto ezimbi imeko yabantu beli lizwe. Kulo mba, inguqu - yinto nje ngenzululwazi, yinto iseti iindlela ezilondoloza umgangatho nokwandisa abemi kweli lizwe nakwihlabathi. Abemi ke ngumba yophando sabantu.

Njengoko iiyunithi kunye zodwa babantu, ingqalelo ngokwembono neempawu ezahlukeneyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba amanani - inzululwazi umntu, ubudala bakhe, isini, ubume bomtshato, nomsebenzi, imfundo, ubuhlanga kunye nezinye iimpawu.

Ngaphezulu kobomi le nganye kwezi zalathisi kuxhomekeke utshintsho, ochaphazela kakhulu urhulumente jikelele yabemi beli lizwe. Loo Ukungazinzi ezabangela ukuba ixesha ezifana intshukumo yabemi. Yahlulahlulwe yaba zendalo, mechanical kunye nezentlalo.

Izigaba zophuhliso yokumiwa komhlaba

Kumaxesha amandulo, neengcamango ingqalelo labemi, ubukhulu bayo, kodwa intetho amanani - yinto isayensi, yayingeyiyo. Confucius wazama ukuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu kunye nemali zomhlaba olimekayo. Emva kwakhe, uPlato, ezichaza imeko efanelekileyo, waphawula ukuba abemi balo kufuneka bungabi ngaphantsi kwe-5040 abantu.

Umfundi uPlato, Aristotle ngokubonakalayo ukufunda labantu encinane. era feudal luphawulwa ukusetyenziswa amanyathelo asebenzayo ukwandisa labantu. Ngenxa yoko, abasemagunyeni bazama ukomeleza kwezopolitiko kunye nemali, ngokunjalo imikhosi yamajoni. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala labantu njengoko yinto inzululwazi waqalisa ukufunda Dzhon Graunt.

Yamanani kuluntu namhlanje

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo yokumiwa komhlaba nto luphawu ngakumbi kwinkulungwane ye-yamashumi amabini, nto leyo umthombo imvelaphi yokumiwa komhlaba mihla. Izibalo ukuya kwinqanaba entsha kwaye iqalisa ukuba adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni iingxaki ezininzi zoqoqosho nezentlalo. inguqu kwezentlalo - indibanisela zenzululwazi ezimbini, isosioloji, inguqu. Oku kusekelwe isifundo yempembelelo efanayo yokumiwa komhlaba kwi isosioloji and vice versa.

zabantu Contemporary ethwele isiseko solwazi esibanzi, nto leyo wabanjwa yoo-ngeminyaka. Indlela lwezenzululwazi ukuba ukufumanisa ulwazi olutsha, ukuphuhlisa uhlalutyo ngokwedemografi, nande uphando, ezo zisekelwe zabantu. Le ntsapho iye yaba yinkalo engundoqo isifundo imeko demographic weli lizwe. Isifundo emalunga nenzululwazi yabantu babeka izandla zabo phezu izazinzulu ezinkulu ezifana di Mendeleev, PP Bake-Tien Shan, SP Kapitsa.

enanini labantu

Le ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe luphawulwa okukhula labemi. Isizathu soku kwanda ebengaphezulu inkqubela kwezonyango kunciphise ukufa. Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, abemi iminyaka eliwaka BC, yaba bantu million mahlanu. Kangangeminyaka 2600 kuye kwenyuka nge million 450 kuphela.

ukwanda wabonwa kweminyaka eli-130 kamva, kuba ngeli xesha inani ukwandisa ngu billion. Ngaphezu koko, kuqhuma udumo ngakumbi, yaye kwiminyaka 44 emhlabeni, kwakukho abantu gidi ezine, endaweni yakutsha nje kwezigidi ezibini. emhlabeni iyaqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zonke, kwaye ngowama-2025 labemi luya kugqithisela kwinqanaba billion ezisibhozo. Kodwa kukho baxakwa ukuba ethembisa ekutshabalaleni abemi beli kwamashumi ambalwa.

crisis demographic

Le kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaba ixesha yokwehla wenzala kwanokufa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini. Ukwanda mhlawumbi engephi, okanye ngenene na. Amanye amazwe abaye waya thabatha. Nge ekucutheni kakhulu ebusweni labemi naseRashiya.

Esinye sezizathu le ntlekele yezibalo Russian yaba ekuweni USSR. kwakuwo yokufa phezu kutshatwa liyasetyenziswa kwiingingqi ezininzi. Xa amazwe Asia, Latin America kunye Afrika, unciphiso nenani okubangelwa kumanqanaba aphezulu lokufuduka.

Kwakhona phakathi ezibangela le ntlekele demographic ziquka cataclysms zembali, izinga lokusweleka kweentsana, ukwanda kwabantu ezidolophini, engafuni ukuba umntwana ngaphezu kwesinye, ukunqongophala kwemali ukugcinwa umntwana ngaphezu kwesinye, ngakumbi ubukho bezinto besilisa phezu imazi.

Le inertia nentlekele Izibalo ipatheni: ukuba umyinge lokuzalwa unalo mkhwa oluzinzileyo alinasiphumelo, nokunciphisa inani abafazi banako nokuzala. Kulo mzekelo, ekufunyanweni nemiba HIV kunokwenzeka kuphela xa umfazi uya kuzala amaxesha amaninzi abantwana.

Ngeendlela zokusombulula iingxaki zezibalo

Njengoko yaziwa, kuqhuma labantu sizalwa ezininzi China. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, urhulumente wagqiba sokurhafa umntwana ngamnye ngaphandle kuqala. Icala elisezantsi le ndlela inani elikhulu labantwana engabhaliswanga. Kodwa isiphumo ukho, kakhulu, izinga lokukhula ngonyaka lehla kwi 1.8%. Ukulandela umzekelo ka-China, i-nkqubo ekhethiweyo ne India.

Ngokumalunga ntlekele ngokwedemografi, kukho inkqubo kakuhle nemivuzo. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya kukho yinkqubo apho umfazi ozele umntwana wakhe wesibini, afumana imali kubeleka umntwana wesithathu urhulumente unika umhlaba ukwakhiwa kwezindlu. BaseJamani French nabantwana ababini okanye ngaphezulu kufumana iinzuzo okuqinileyo.