Itempile yamandulo. Elements of izakhiwo yamandulo

Yamandulo izakhiwo Greek yenye ezincotsheni ilifa bezobugcisa elidlulileyo. Uye wabeka isiseko izakhiwo baseYurophu, ubugcisa wokwakha. Eyona iphambili kukuba sesakhiwo Greece yamandulo ayenxiba izandi ezincinane zonqulo, yaye wadalwa ukuze babingelele koothixo, wayebanika izipho kwaye ubambe izenzo mass kule nkalo.

mbali Story ubuciko lwempucuko yamandulo izigaba ezintlanu: akudala, Early Classic, Classic, lamaGrike nokulawula yamaRoma. Okulandelayo siza kuxubusha nganye kuzo, kwakunye netempile eyakhiwe yi-amaGrike amandulo, iinkcukacha ezingakumbi.

period lwakudala

Ubude bexesha lwakudala: 7 a. BC. e. kude kube lixesha Ngentonga yommisi-mthetho baseAthene Solon nepolitiki (malunga 590 BC. e.). Emakhulwini 7-6. BC. e. Greece bokwakha wawubonisa eyona miba ephambili yoluntu. Ngenxa yale polis Greek yanda ukukhula imikhosi lwentando yesininzi, kwaye oku kuye kwakhokelela umzabalazo eladlulayo abantu ngokuchasene elite basebukhosini. Ngeli xesha, itempile, awayakhayo ngeenxa ipolisi, waba isakhiwo enkulu kawonke - namali igumbi kunye nobuncwane kunye nemibhiyozo intsomi ngexesha elifanayo. Ngenxa awasukela gqolo wabumba izinto eziphambili zakhiwo yamandulo - umyalelo (inkqubo engqongqo ebonisa indawo kunye nobudlelwane of columns) kunye entablature (ukudlulela).

Iimpawu yeetempile kwexesha lwakudala

Kweli xesha akudala izakhiwo sexesha abangekaphuhli Homer wavuka uhlobo yokuqala yokwakha amatye, njalo-ebizwa ngokuba 'indlu antah ". Kwicala ngaphambili ngayo ose-, iindonga ngeenxa lisekwa uqikelelo (Por) kunye ezimbini zijonge kwiikholam ephakathi. Kwabo ibhekisele ngakumbi eAthene lemali Ugcino (ingasentla) sakhiwe Paris ibhastile. umhla Uqikelelo lokwakha - iminyaka 510-480. BC. e. Isakhiwo sagrunjwa ngokutsha kwiminyaka 1903-1906.

Okulandelayo kwakukho ziintsika ukutshintshwa iimbovane, yaye kwakukho itempile yamandulo elitsha - prostyle. Yena waba nesezindlu evulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko columns ezine ngaphezulu kwelinye icala, kufuphi emnyango yobuncwane (amphiprostyle), waba inyathelo lokuqala ekwakheni ebizwa ngokuba yi-peripetra - vula ngokupheleleyo ngeenxa zonke etempileni. Nangona ezi ntlobo ekhulisa ngaxeshanye, le yokugqibela kodwa sazaliseka.

Yayinamandla igumbi ephambili kuzo zonke kwisakhiwo - ingcwele yamandulo zetempile (isibingelelo) elisembindini Umfanekiso iziqu uthixo okanye uthixokazi. Yayibizwa ngokuba "bubheke".

period Early Classic

Kweli xesha lokuqala weklasiki, eyathatha ukususela 590 kwada 470 iminyaka. BC. e., izakhiwo zakudala ngcembe uyasikhulula ngokwayo kwiinkqubo amazwe, ezidweliswe eYiputa and Asia. Kanye ukupeyinta, kunye imikrolo, uye waba ngomnye mpawu ezininzi iphawulekayo nobuntu kunye nenkcubeko yedemokhrasi zakudala Greece.

Olinganise kwiitempile ezakhiwe ngeli xesha, kukho umyalelo engqongqo kunye ukulingana somxholo kwaye inani lwemihlathi, kwakunye nezinye iindawo sakhiwo. Konke oku kunika sesakhiwo kwexesha yokuqala classical namandla kunye nobuhle. Ebumba uhlobo olutsha icawa - Doric, ethe wafumana kwande kwixesha elizayo.

iitempile yaMandulo of Greece kuqala classical: zekhompyutha e Olympia, Apollo kwi Ugcino, uZeyus eAtene, nguPallas Athena on ngayo. Aegina (eliboniswe apha ngasentla). Kuyaphawuleka ukuba yeSisili Italy, izikhumbuzo Adolescent kumaxesha, ngoko kwafuneka ngamathanga yayo acebe Greek. Ngokukodwa, iTempile Poseidon e Paestum. Musa ukulibala malunga njengenye yemimangaliso esixhenxe yehlabathi - endlwini ka-Artemis e-Efese, leyo itshiswe Gyrostat.

Temple of Poseidon e Paestum

Le sesakhiwo yaziwa lesikhumbuzo zamaGrike ababephila ekwabizwa ngokuba itempile zekhompyutha II. Mhlawumbi, ingathatyathwa Doric enxulumene 5 BC ulwakhiwo unamandla womelele. e. Imbonakalo yakhe kuye kwagxininiswa elula, wachaza ingcamango yomzabalazo yobuqhawe abantu inkululeko evela namaPersi ahlaselayo. Iye yasinda nakumphezulu iikholam, kwivaranda-tiered ezimbini zangaphakathi nangaphandle, ndivuka kwi isiseko esiqinileyo. Njengoko iitempile ngaphezulu yamandulo ndawo (eyayikade Poseidon) yakhelwe of nzima kakhulu crystalline lekalika. Ngaphezu kokuba uye waphathwa kunye maleko ubhityileyo isamente. Bokwakha, kukho umgaqo njalo. Ipropati ineenkalo emikhulu: m-60 ubude kunye m-24 ububanzi.

Temple of zekhompyutha II ise-Italy (40 km emzantsi-mpuma evela Salerno). Ngoku ivuliwe kubakhenkethi. yokungena yayo ixabisa zii-4 okanye 6 (kuquka utyelelo kwi Archaeological Museum e Paestum).

Indlu ka-Artemis e-Efese

Le tempile yathatyathwa njengenye yemimangaliso esixhenxe ezigqubayo ehlabathini mandulo. Sikhoyo kwi kwintsimi Idolophu yezi Selcuk (Turkey). Ukwakhiwa yimbali nzima kabuhlungu.

kule ndawo, isakhiwo yokuqala zibalaseleyo elimiswe phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-6. BC. e., kwaye ngowama-356 bavutha Herostrat. Kungekudala, itempile yamandulo kwakhona ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngenkulungwane yesithathu, kwakhona umonakalo, eli xesha ngamaGoth. Kwinkulungwane 4. engcwele kuqala ivaliwe yaye emva koko zidilizwe ngokunxulumene uvumo unqulo entsha - Christianity kunye nokuthintelwa izithethe zobuhedeni kunye namahlelo. Singakhiwa kwisayithi ecawa yakhe, Noko ke, naye Azimanga elide.

Ngokutsho kwiintsomi, uArtemis ibalwe nodadewethu-Apolo. Wayebanyamekela zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni (izilwanyana, izityalo), abayinyamekelayo kubo nokukhusela. Musa ukushiya ingqalelo yakho, yena nabantu, unika ulonwabo emtshatweni yintsikelelo ekuzalweni yenzala. Ukunqulwa isithixokazi e-Efese ubekhona ukusuka kudaladala. Imbeko abemi balo babesakha itempile enkulu (ubude 105 m, ububanzi 52 m, ukuphakama kwiikholam 127 ezifakwe kwimiqolo esibhozo, lingana ne ukuya kwi-18 m). Uye wanikela imali kukumkani okwasungulwa. Ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa ixesha elide, kwaye ngeli xesha yatshintsha nabayili eziliqela. Itempile yakhiwe of emarmore emhlophe ecocekileyo, kunye nomfanekiso uthixokazi wenziwe lwendlovu negolide. Waye ishishini kunye zemali xekweni, kwi imisitho yenkolo eyodwa. Le itempile yamandulo elingelilo ngabasemagunyeni isixeko ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo zekholeji ababingeleli. Okwangoku, omnye kuphela umhlathi ngokutsha kunokubonwa kwisayithi lwetempile. In Miniaturk Park (saseTurkey), ungajonga kwi imodeli wetempile (ingasentla).

Classical period bokwakha

ixesha Classical, eyathatha ukususela 470 388 kwiminyaka. BC. e. - oku ke abenzi bemilingo likarhulumente, ixesha yedemokhrasi lift aphezulu. E Athens neengcibi kakuhle abazimisele lonke eGrisi. Iindlela zophuhliso lwemithombo zinxulunyaniswa nethunga igama nomkroli inkulu ihlabathi lamandulo - Phidias. A yezopolitiko abanegama Pericles sele kuchaziwe enkulu-isikali kunye nesicwangciso sophuhliso nenxa Acropolis. Zaba phantsi kolwalathiso Phidias kwisiqingatha sesibini BC kwinkulungwane 5. e. Yaba enye zakhiwo zibalaseleyo apho ukugqitywa kwakukho lomculo egqibeleleyo bokwakha, ikhokelwa ngu - iParthenon. Acropolis yase ihonjiswe nemali kunye eqingqiweyo inkosi kunye nabafundi bakhe.

Ngokubanzi, sokuyilwa kwethuba lakudala waqhubeka ngegqudu iitempile Doric isimbo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba lula ukwenza zixokozela kwi moya labalandeli. Ngokuthe ngcembe eyaziswa sezikusetyenziso Ionic kunye laseKorinte style. E Greece ngokwayo, neetempile zibe ezindilekileyo, ezintle kunye nokukhanya. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe olinganise kunye nezinto. Abakhi basebenzisa emarmore emhlophe, kulula processing entle. Enye ezikhumbuzo ongasoze ulityalwe maxesha ke endlwini Theseus, ibekwe eAthene. Lo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo indlela isimbo Doric yathamba ku zaseAttica.

Ngelo xesha esasiseSisili iyaqhubeka kulawula isimbo Doric, emangalisayo eyenziwe ngabantu.

iParthenon

Agora Rocky Hill imele 156 m ukuphakama kunye top tyaba, ukuba ubude malunga 300 m kunye ububanzi m 170 Apha liphuma engundoqo lesikhumbuzo zakudala bokwakha -. Magnificent iParthenon. Itempile lunikezelwa patroness yonke saseAttica, yaye eAthene ingakumbi intombi-Athena. Yakhiwa kwiminyaka 447-438. Callicrates umakhi projekthi, okudalwe yamandulo wezakhiwo Greek Iktinos kwaye ngokwenene ezihonjiswe phantsi kweliso nomkroli Phidias. Ngoku itempile ibhuqekile; ngenkuthalo phantsi ngokutsha.

IParthenon - yinto itempile yamandulo, nto leyo peripetr Doric iziqalelo ze isimbo Ionic. Sikhoyo amanyathelo amathathu marble kwi kunye kubude malunga 1.5 m ngeenxa zonke etempileni engqongwe ipaseji :. 8 imiqolo kwi olungaphambili kwesakhiwo 17 kwicala ngalinye.

Izinto apho sakhelwe ingcwele - naziiperile pentiliysky. Wokwakha bomile, okt. E. Olwenziwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubuhlobo ngodaka okanye isamente.

Temple kaZeyus

Temple of Olympian kaZeyus wayengomnye kakhulu iziqu eGrisi yamandulo. Esi sakhiwo, nto leyo umzekelo yokwenene umyalelo Doric, kakhulu, iba nexesha zoqobo. Temple wabeka ngexesha 52 Imidlalo yeOlimpiki, kodwa wokwakha wagqitywa phakathi kweminyaka 472-456. BC. e. Zonke Phidias efanayo.

Yena a periptera classic enezintlu ezi-13 kunye nesakhiwo 6 - kuba ububanzi balo. Temple elakhiwe lekalika coquina zisiwe Poros. isakhiwo okuphakama kwawo 22 m, nobubanzi - 27 m, nobude -. 64 m Ulwazi malunga imbonakalo waba ezifumaneka 1875 kumbiwa olwenziwa phantsi kolwalathiso zakudala waseJamani E. Curtius. Ngaphakathi itempile kwindawo enye yezinto ezisixhenxe ezimangalisayo ehlabathini yamandulo - wadala yi Phidias hrisoelefantinnaya oqingqiweyo kaZeyus, ukuphakama ezigqithileyo kwi-10 m.

Temple kaZeyus, kunye nabanye abaninzi e Olympia yatshatyalaliswa ngokuyalelwa loMlawuli uTheodosius II, njengobungqina unqulo lobuhedeni kunye nezithethe. Iintsalela lokusinda zaye ekugqibeleni wafihlwa ingqushu yenyikima 522 no 551 BC. e. ziqwenga ogrunjiweyo ngetempile zigcinwa ikakhulu kwi Archaeological Museum of Olympia, ezinye - kwi-Paris Louvre.

Niyitempile kaThixo lomlilo Hephaestus

itempile yamandulo ixesha zoqobo, elingcwele Hephaestus, begcinelwe kuthelekiswa namanye kakuhle. Kuye kwakhiwa mhlawumbi kwixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka 449 no 415. BC. e. Sanctuary imele zokwakha Doric. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo malunga wezakhiwo watshabalala, mhlawumbi, ibe wezakhiwo efanayo wayenza ukwakhiwa kwetempile yaseHeres kwi Agora e Cape Sounion, kunye Nemesis e Ramnunte.

Isakhiwo ayizange itshabalale ngexesha ukuyilwa ubuKristu. Ngaphezu koko, itempile usetyenziswa lamaRoma Orthodox. St. George ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-17 ukuya 1834. Emva koko, wawongwa ubume yamagugu esizwe.

lamaHellenist

Kweli xesha ukusuka kwiminyaka 338 ukuya 180. BC. e. izakhiwo Greek kuyaqala ukuphulukana esimsulwa uphawu incasa. Yena uphantsi kweempembelelo ubuhule kunye nobungangamsha, wayofika Greece ukusuka eMpuma. Abakroli, ngabapeyinti kunye nabayili bezakhiwo bakhathazekile ngakumbi isakhiwo ngempumelelo, ubungangamsha bayo. Lusuka yonke predilection ukuba isimbo laseKorinte. Sakhiwe ubume eluntwini isakhiwo - izindlu, amabhotwe, etc ...

Eyaziwa iitempile Greece Hellenic ixesha eyahlulelwe ezinamaphiko Athena (in Tegea) Zeus (e Nemea). Kukho izakhiwo ezininzi grand kwaye Noluyolo kweli xesha eAsia Minor. Ngokukodwa, itempile enkulu eMileto F. Didimskogo (ingasentla).

Emphaya yamaRoma period

Ukudala A Empire Enkulu kuyiphelisa le yakudala idemokhrasi Greek. Ngexesha kwimizobo yamaGrike Greek wegqitha kwisigaba sayo sokugqibela nophuhliso. Ukuza phantsi kwegunya waseRoma, Greece waphulukana ubukhulu yalo yangaphambili, waza washiywa phantse ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi bokwakha. Nangona kunjalo, la magcisa bahlanganisana kwisixeko obungunaphakade, bazisa isithethe ubuchule bakhe negalelo muhle nakubugcisa baseRoma. Ngeli xesha (iminyaka 180-90. BC. E.) zobugcisa zamaGrike phantse zidibana kunye baseRoma.