IVolga: Population and Economy

IVolga - emlanjeni omkhulu Russian, yaba luphawu lwelizwe lethu. Malunga iingoma zakhe yabhalwa, iba umlinganiswa amabali, epics, amabali kunye nemisebenzi zoncwadi. Xa emehlweni nobuhle komhlaba, ndinibumbela kwemithambo eziphambili European Russia, umphefumlo yonke ngokuthanda uhlanga izele luvuyo noxolo. Inani labantu kummandla iVolga ubunjwe abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo ukuhlala ndawonye ukusebenza ngenxa yozuko ngingqi yabo yonke Russia.

lidala zizimvi

Russian iVolga yaba kwangoko: ukusuka kudaladala phezu kweendonga zayo ngokusekelwe kwimo yazo ethnicities zemfundo, ebe zomthonyama kummandla iVolga. Population baba Bulgars, Cumans, Mongols, Khazars, kunye nezinye abameli Asia. Abembi bezinto zakudala ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu iVolga impucuko eminyaka. Oku ndafumana indawo iingongoma ezinamandla lisendleleni eya ingxokolo West ezingenakubalwa le Astrakhan Khanate kunye Golden anayo. Isehlakalo ebalulekileyo yembali yaba lixesha Astrakhan kunye Kazan Khanate. labantu Russian ye iVolga baqala ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza nokwandiswa umda Russia. Imizi yokuqala lomlanjana baqalisa Samara, owasekwa ngo-1586, emva koko Tsaritsyn (1589) kunye Saratov (1590). Yaye ekubeni Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVI, waqalisa inkqubo kwamathanga zamazwe iVolga. Ziye ke wathanda autocrats Russian intlanzi ezininzi nezibonelelo zomhlaba, kwakunye ebaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele politiko, sisendaweni, uvumela ukulawula indlela urhwebo Asia-Europe.

indawo kwezolimo

De phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX emazweni iVolga kusebenza njengesiseko sokuphuhlisa kwicandelo lezolimo. Imihlaba Local ukuvumela ukuba kukhule isivuno esihle, ubutyebi iintlanzi waba mkhulu kakhulu, kwaye amahlathi webutho oluphakathi baye ubuncwane ngokwenene kubalimi, ukuba bangenise iimveliso zabo zonke iimbombo bukhosi. Le imiyezo waba umniki iinkampani inkulu urhwebo, kwaye nkqu etafileni yokumkani ngamaxesha onke. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVII kwabemi kummandla iVolga iye kwidama kwaye natyetyiswa nabafuduki evela eJamani, wamema uCatherine Omkhulu ukuphucula umfanekiso yamanani abantu ngohlangothi kunye eboleka ubugcisa ezolimo yaseYurophu. Ulimo phambi kokuba revolution yaqhubeka kuba mthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso nganye lemali lephondo. apha kakhulu kwaba hleborobstvo, kunye nemfuyo, yaye, ukongeza yonke, yaye zemigodi ityuwa. labantu Ukrainian yommandla iVolga waba kwezinye counties ukuya kwi-7% yetotali waza wanikela "Chumak" izinziswe apha, oko kukuthi umthengisi ngobuchule itheyibhile ityuwa, kubalulekile kwaye ezinqabileyo ngexesha le mveliso. Namhlanje, amagama Little Russian ivamile.

boom industrial

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha, abemi kunye noqoqosho kummandla iVolga ngokwemigaqo iinguqu ezinkulu ngenxa isantya baya- korhwebo revolution yezoshishino. lwakwakhiwa ubukhosi, ukuba kwakufuneka isamente, yaye kummandla Saratov kwakukho izinto ezinkulu imveliso. izityalo aphuhlileyo, kufuneka umatshini intsimbi - kunye namashishini zesixhobo imibhobho umatshini wakhukhumaliswa Tsaritsyn. IVolga ngokuya ebalulekileyo lukazwelonke channel zothutho - in Nizhny Novgorod Sormovo zalapho yakhiwe. Ngaphakathi isiqingatha okanye engamashumi amabini, amathuba woshishino mmandla liye landa amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu. Uluntu lwasemaphandleni kummandla iVolga bathontelana ukuya kuwo umzi, laqalisa wasemvelweni namuhla amazwe aphuhlileyo inkqubo kwabantu ezidolophini. Revolution kunye nengcitho imfazwe yamakhaya, kulandele indlala enkulu, umzimba osezantsi uphuhliso kwingingqi, kodwa hayi ixesha elide. IVolga engenzekayo phezulu kakhulu.

indlala

Imfazwe Civil ubunzima inginginya ukuya elunxwemeni. lunqabile labemi kunye noqoqosho ummandla iVolga ngenxa umlo kunye nomgaqo bazilindele Ukucelwa ukutya olwenziwe kwiBolsheviks kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ngowe-1921, kummandla yendlala, mandundu yimbalela, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwesivuno. amaxhoba bakhe abantu abazizigidi ezintlanu, ibhekisela onke amaqela asekuhlaleni kunye nobuzwe abahlala enyeleni. Inani labemi yommandla iVolga ngelo xesha abantu million 25. Ngaloo ndlela, nasendlaleni lee wabulala omnye abahlali ezintlanu kutshanje kummandla eliphambili bukhosi. lixhoba engangqalanga loo ntlekele nabalimi Ukrainian ize ke inyanzeleke ukuba i ezingcangcazelisayo ngokulinganayo isasazwa phantsi benze isiqabu yendlala. Towards kwizikhundla ukutya waya koololiwe, ezele Red Army wahlanganisa ukusuka kwimimandla echaphazelekayo. ULenin yafuna umnxeba kwi-Red Army Volzhan million.

Ahlelwe kubo iiBolsheviks balwa yindlala, ahluthe impahla ibandla, zimenze inqambi itempile. uncedo olukhulu ezinikezelwa yimibutho amazwe. Ngo-1921, indlala iye ngaphantsi etsolo, kodwa imiphumo yaso ngayo ixesha elide.

phakathi izimpi

Kweli xesha interwar, ezolimo ezinemiphetho ephuhliswe ngokwesicwangciso inkosi evunyiweyo. Ngexesha izicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-zakhiwa isityalo amandla, wakha amashishini mboni ukukhanya. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi umkhwa wolawulo tsarist (ezinye mveliso koko wabeka ukusebenza unanamhla). ingqalelo kakhulu zahlawula ukukhulisa amaziko emfundo kwi kotoryhy ekulungiseleleni kwamajoni ezintsha uyazazi. Iimpawu yabemi kummandla iVolga azinakho ukutyeshelwa - kukho imfuneko kwi marks -nkqubo kazwelonke, nto leyo endinga indlela ekhethekileyo kwimeko nganye. Ngokomzekelo, imisebenzi enjalo kungabangela nokusekwa republic ye iVolga amaJamani, obe ukususela 1923 ukuya 1941.

Isantya yanda uphuhliso kummandla ngexesha lemfazwe. Kwingingqi iVolga babalekiswa, abaninzi iinkalo zemveliso, nabananisi lwamaNazi kwikhompyutha. Uninzi lwezi nkampani baye bahlala apha, yaye emva uloyiso.

Development zilamkele iikhemikhali kunye petroleum mveliso.

uphuhliso Industrial and nabasebenzi

kwi iVolga mveliso imigudu yaba neziphumo. Izithuthi ezilishumi kuveliswa kweli lizwe, asixhenxe zaveliswa ngasechwebeni omkhulu Russian River (Ulyanovsk kunye Tolyatti). Okuninzi imicimbi uNothozamile neelori, kodwa zonke seshumi - naye kancinane. Kwisixeko Engels (kummandla Saratov) onendawo sebhasi Plant enamandla. Le ngingqi lonke uluhlu yamashishini, ukuvelisa iimveliso ultra-ngqo Instrumentation (kuquka wokhuselo). Aircraft kunye noshishino Isixhobo umatshini nakho kakhulu. Inani labantu kummandla iVolga - njengomthombo ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, ukulungiswa aqukiweyo kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo amaninzi. Kwiinkalo ezininzi mmandla icompetition kwiindawo ezifana eziphuhlileyo mveliso njengoko Urals and Central.

namhlanje

ummandla iVolga namhlanje - inxalenye enkulu yommandla Russia (ngaphezu kwe-6% of kwindawo yayo yonke), olubandakanya ndawo, ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe ngokwamaqela amathathu:

1. Verhnevolzhskie: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo, Kostroma kunye Yaroslavl;.
2. PHAKATHI: Samara kunye Ulyanovsk, kwakunye Republic of Chuvashia, Tatarstan kunye Mari El.
3. Nizhnevolzhkie: Samara, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd kunye Saratov kunye Republic of Kalmykia kunye Tatarstan.

Bayinxalenye ezimbini izithili federal (iVolga kunye Southern).

17 million BaseRashiya abahlala kuloo mmandla.

Ukuxinana yabemi yommandla iVolga na owahlukeneyo kakhulu, kuba kathathu ngaphezulu kwe-avareji kazwelonke (abemi 31 / macala Km..), Kodwa incinci kakhulu Republic of Kalmykia -. Abantu 4.3 kuphela / macala Km. km.

kuqamba sikaZwelonke ngqo: akukho kuphila-16% of AmaTatar, 5% Mordovtsev kunye Chuvash, izipho kunye nezinye iintlanga, kodwa inkoliso yabo bonke Russian - ukuya kutsho kuma-70%.

Kwingingqi iVolga imizi 90, ezintathu kuzo - "omnye million" (Samara, Kazan kunye Volgograd). Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo siya kuba kunye Saratov.

ukuba ukukhula kwamanani oluntu iphawulwa lizinga eliphezulu, kodwa ubukhulu becala oku ngenxa yenani elikhulu abafakwa. Edge kulungileyo ngokwenene, yena kwangaphambili amathuba okulungileyo, nize apha yokuhlala isigxina ngokuzithandela.