Iyunithi yeelwimi. Iilwimi zeelwimi zesiRashiya zi ... ulwimi lwesiRashiya

Ukufunda ulwimi lwesiRashiya luqala ngezinto eziphambili. Bakha isiseko sesakhiwo. Njengamacandelo, iilwimi zelwimi zaseRashiya zithethwa. Ezi ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yeelwimi apho ukwahlula ngaphakathi kwinqanaba labo akuvumelekanga. Emva koko, siya kuhlalutya iikhontrakthi ngokubanzi, kuchaza ukuhlelwa. Kwakhona kwinqaku iziganeko zezicwangciso zeelwimi ezisisiseko ziya kuhanjiswa.

"Ukunciphisa"

Ziziphi iziseko zesiRashiya? Kulo sakhiwo, kukho ukwahlula kwizinto eziphantsi kwezinga eliphantsi. Kukho into enjalo njengolu hlobo lokuncipha. Inquma ukuba ityunithi yolwimi linikezelwe. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, zonke izakhi zihlukaniswe zibe zilula kwaye zinzima. Iyokuqala iquka iiyunithi ezingabonakaliyo, njengeefonemes kunye ne-morphemes. Iqela lesibini libandakanya ezo zixhobo ezonakalisa izinto ezikwinqanaba eliphantsi. Iiyunithi eziphambili zeelwimi zidibaniswe zibe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwinkqubo.

Ukwahlula

Amacandelo eelwimi ezahlukeneyo aqokelelwe ngamaqela amabini. Iyokuqala inquma uhlobo lweengqungquthela zesandi. Kuloluhlu, kukho iintlobo zezinto eziphathekayo ezineempompoza. Ngokukodwa, baquka iiyunithi zolwimi njengephonem, igama, morpheme kunye nesigwebo. Kukho uhlobo oluphathekayo. Yimodeli ekwakheni ukudibanisa amagama kunye nezivakalisi, ezinexabiso lokusetyenziswa jikelele. Kukho into enjalo njengeeyunithi zentsingiselo. Abakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye neentlobo zezinto eziphathekayo, kuba ziyingxenye yazo ye-semantic. Ukongezelela, iiyunithi zezixhobo zolwimi ziyahlukana ngakumbi kwicala elilodwa kunye necala. Iyokuqala ayinayo ixabiso, inceda kuphela ukudala igobolondo yomsindo. Ezi zibandakanya, umzekelo, iifonimes kunye neelwimi. Kodwa izinto ezibambisanayo zichaphazelekayo, ngenxa yokuba zikwabekwa njengamaqumrhu aphezulu olwimi. Lawa ngamazwi nezivakalisi. Amanqanaba eziLwimi ziinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi okanye ziyintloko zazo.

Ulwimi lwesiRashiya

Ngenkcazo, le nkqubo iqoqo leengqungquthela ezifanisayo, ezenziwe kwakhona kwifom eveliweyo, ebonisa iingcamango neemvakalelo zomntu. Ukongeza, ziindlela zokunxibelelana kunye noqhagamshelwano. UNina Davidovna Arutiunova, isiLwimi saseSoviet nesiRashiya, uthathwa njengelona ngongoma obalulekileyo ekuveleni kwenkcubeko kunye noluntu. Kwinqanaba eliphantsi kweenkqubo zifowuni, ezivakalayo. Ezi ngasentla zi-morphemes, ezenziwe ngamacandelo endlu yangaphambili. Ukusuka kwi-morphemes ngamagama, apho, kwakhona, ukwakha izakhiwo zokwakha. Iyunithi yeelwimi ayibonakali nje kuphela kwindawo yayo kwinkqubo enzima. Kwakhona isebenza umsebenzi othile kwaye inezici zobunjani zesakhiwo. Sithatha ityunithi yolwimi, ephantsi kwinqanaba le-phoneme. Isandi ngokwawo asithwali nawuphi umthwalo we-semantic. Nangona kunjalo, yena, ukusebenzisana namanye amacandelo anesilinganiselo esifanayo kunye naye, unceda ukuhlukanisa abantu kunye namazwi. Iimpawu zefonetiki zi-syllables. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ukubaluleka kwabo akusoloko kuqinisekiswe ngokwaneleyo, ezinye izazinzulu zithatha ixesha elide ukuvuma ukuba isilalsi nayo iyunithi yolwimi.

Morpheme

I-Morphemes ithathwa njengamacandelo amancinci kulwimi, aphethe intsingiselo yesemantic. Inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yegama ingcambu. Emva koko, nguye obeka intsingiselo yamagama. Kodwa izihlomelo ezihlukeneyo, iingqungquthela kunye neziphelo kuphela zongeza inkcazo enikwe ngentsingiselo. Zonke i-morphemes zahlula ukuba zenze amagama (amagama-abenzi-magama), kunye nalawo adala iifomu zegama (zibizwa ngokuba yigrammatical). Ulwimi lwesiRashiya lucebile kwizakhiwo ezinjalo. Ngoko, igama elithi "obomvu" linamalungu amathathu e-morphemes. Iyokuqala ingcambu "ebomvu", ebeka umlinganiselo wento. Isilwanyana "-owat-" sibonisa ukuba lo mqondiso ubonakaliswe kumncinci. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukuphela kwe "th" kugqiba ubulili, inani kunye nenqaku lesibizo sesigqibo esivumelene nalo. Ngokuphuhliswa kwembali kunye nolwimi, ezinye i-morphemes zitshintshe kancane kancane. Amagama afana ne "porch", "ngomunwe" kunye "neengxowa-mali" zahlula ngokwahlukileyo zibe ngamaqela amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokugqithiseleyo kwexesha, ezi nkcukacha zidibene kwiingcambu ezifanayo. Ukongezelela, ezinye i-morphemes zisetyenzisiwe ngentsingiselo ekhoyo kumhla.

Igama

Iyunithi yeelwimi ezizimeleyo ithathwa njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu. Inika amagama iimvakalelo, izinto, izenzo kunye neepropati, liyinxalenye yesigwebo. Olu hlobo lungaba nelinye igama. Amagama akhiwa yi mvulophu ephilileyo, oko kukuthi, uphawu lwefonetiki, uphawu lwe-morphological kunye neentsingiselo zalo (uphawu lwe-semantic). Kuzo zonke iilwimi kunamagama ambalwa anentsingiselo emininzi. Ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinjalo ulwimi lwesiRashiya luye lwaba. Ngoko, igama eliyaziwayo "itafile" lithetha nje into yangaphakathi ehambelana nefenitshala, kodwa kunye nemenyu yeesitya ezininzi, kunye nequmrhu lezonyango zentsebenzo.

Wonke amagama ahlukaniswe ngamaqela amaninzi ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ukusasazwa ngamagqabantshintshi amafomathi amaqela eengxenye zentetho. Izixhumanisi eziqulunqa zenza iindidi zamagama. Ngokwale miba iyahlula yaba ngamazwi, izichasiselo kunye namaqela athile. Imbali ibahlula kwiingqungquthela, i-neologisms kunye nembali. Ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga kwimihlaba yokusetyenziswa, amagama ahlukaniswe ngobugcisa, iigggon, iilwimi kunye nemigomo. Ukuqwalasela umsebenzi wezinto kwisakhiwo seelwimi, ii-unitological unit kunye nemigangatho yamagama kunye namagama atyunjwa. Eyokuqala, umzekelo, zibandakanya amagama anjengokuthi "indawo yokubilisa" kunye "nokwakhiwa kwiplagi." Umzekelo wamagama ahlanganisiweyo "Ulwandle Olumhlophe" kunye no "Ivan Vasilyevich."

Imifanekiso kunye nezivakalisi

Iyunithi yelwimi, eyakhiwa ngamagama, kuthiwa ibinzana. Olu luyilo oluqukethe ubuncinane ubuncinane bezinto, ezixhunywe ngenye yezindlela ezilandelayo: ukuhambelana, ukulawula, okanye ukutsalana. Ukongezelela, amagama kunye nemibonakaliso eyenziwe ngabo ziyinxalenye yezivakalisi. Kodwa ukudibanisa igama linyathelo elingaphantsi kwesigwebo. Kule meko, inqanaba le-syntactic kwinqanaba leelwimi lenziwe ngokuhlanganisa zonke izinto ezakhayo. Isibakala esibalulekileyo sesigwebo siyi-intonation. Ibonisa ukuphelela okanye ukungaphelelanga kokwakhiwa. Uyinika ifom yombuzo okanye umyalelo, kwaye uneza umbala ongokomzwelo ngesikhalazo.

"Emic" kunye "neendlela zokuziphatha" zeeyunithi zolwimi

Iinqununu zezixhobo zelwimi zinokuthi zikho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezihlukeneyo, okanye ngohlobo lwezinto ezingafaniyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-invariant. Ixesha langaphambili lichazwa ngokwemiqathango yokuziphatha, njenge-allophones, i-allomorphs, imvelaphi kunye neempawu. Ukubonakalisa okokugqibela, kukho iifonem kunye ne-morphemes. Ubumbano beentetho zenziwe ngeengqungquthela zeelwimi. Bangabandakanya amagama kunye nezivakalisi, amagama ahlanganisiweyo, i-morphemes kunye neefonem. La magama aqaliswa yiPike, isiLwimi saseMelika.

Iimpawu zeelwimi

Kukho izikhokelo ezininzi kwisayensi, nganye eyahlukileyo kwimibono eyahlukileyo kunye neenkcazo zeeyunithi zeelwimi. Nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokufikelela kuyo, kusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu zeeyunithi zolwimi. Umzekelo, i-phoneme yinkalo yezandi ezifanayo kwiifowuni. Ngelo xesha, ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba into ebalulekileyo yale micimbi kukuba ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukucacisa amagama kunye neefom zabo. I-Morphemes ibhekisela kwiinqununu zelwimi ezingafaniyo nokuzimela. Amagama, ngokuchaseneyo, azimeleyo. Ziyi-summary sentences. Zonke ezi mpawu ziqhelekileyo kungekhona nje kuphela kumaphuzu okujonga. Zilungele zonke iilwimi.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto zesakhiwo

Phakathi kweeyunithi zolwimi nentetho, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zobudlelwane. Uhlobo lo kuqala lubizwa ngokuthi yi-paradigmatic. Olu hlobo lubonisa umzekelo phakathi kweeyunithi ezikwinqanaba elinye. Ngobudlelwane be-syntagmatic, iinqununu zesigaba esifanayo zidibanisana kunye neenkqubo zentetho, okanye ifom yezinto eziphezulu. Ubudlelwane obunobuncwane bobuchule bunqunyanyiswa ngumlinganiselo wobunzima bomanyano, xa amazinga aphantsi engena phezulu.