Izimvo ekhohlo nasekunene kwezopolitiko. Zithini izimvo zopolitiko?

Ubomi ombuso kunye noluntu yedemokhrasi ehlabathini Western namhlanje isekelwe kwimigaqo silinene, nto leyo ebonisa ubukho iingongoma ezininzi iimbono ngemiba eyahlukeneyo elijongene nazo eli lizwe kunye noluntu ngokwalo (i ubuninzi izimvo kuthiwa igama elithi "ezininzi"). Kuyinto lo mahluko uluvo waxhokonxa qheke ibe centrists ekhohlo nasekunene, ngokunjalo. Le mimandla yamkelwe ngokubanzi ehlabathini. Njani umehluko phakathi kwabo? Lubonakala ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo ukuba babe izimvo ekunene, nabo bazibiza ngokuba "usishiyile"?

indlela Right yezopolitiko

Okokuqala kufuneka kuthiwe amagama ezinjalo ujonge iintshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye iingcamango. Imibono ekunene-iphiko luphawulwa ukugxeka le nguqulelo. amaqela ezinjalo bakhetha kwasala kwezoqoqosho ezikhoyo ulawulo kwezopolitiko. Ngelo xesha ezahlukeneyo ezikhethwa amaqela ezinjalo inokuba nomahluko, nayo leyo ixhomekeke nenkcubeko, kunye mmandla. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba okuqala Abezopolitiko Melika ni iimbono ekunene, wakhuthaza ulondolozo kwinkqubo ngamakhoboka, yaye kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye - nxamnye utshintsho lwempilo amahlwempu.

Ekhohlo zezopolitiko

Sinokuthi oku luhlobo uchasaniso ekunene. iimbono Leftist ezopolitiko - kuba igama adibeneyo iimbono kunye iintshukumo kucaca ukuba iinguqu kunye notshintsho enkulu abasakhasayo bolawulo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho ezikhoyo. Ezi ndawo ziquka olobusoshiyali, ubukomanisi, isiphithiphithi kunye idemokhrasi kwezentlalo. iphiko lasekhohlo ifuna ukulingana nobulungisa kubo bonke.

Imbali lahlule ngeembono zezopolitiko ukuvela kwamaqela

Kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe eFransi kwabakho bohlukene phakathi kwe begazi, ezazikade igunya ngoko yedwa enyanisweni, kunye noohlohlesakhe, ukuba sanele indima wayengaphakamanga nombolekisi. Izimvo ekhohlo nasekunene-iphiko yezopolitiko kwasekwa emva kokuba revolution epalamente. Ngephutha ukuze iphiko ilungelo iPalamente ahlala ekuthiwa-Feuillant ababefuna ukulondoloza nokomeleza ukumkani kunye mlawuli ilungiswe ngokusebenzisa-siseko. Xa iziko yaba Girondins - ". Ukugxadazela" oko kukuthi Kwicala ekhohlo wahlala Jacobin amasekela, abo abaxhasi utshintsho olukhulu kwaye ebalulekileyo, kwakunye nazo zonke iintlobo zeentshukumo kunye nezenzo yotshintsho olululo. Ngaloo ndlela, yaye yahlulwa emehlweni ngasekunene nangasekhohlo. Okokuqala kuba ingqiqo ethetha into inye zenxalenye "e" kunye "ngendeb 'kwaye yesibini kuthiwa radicals kunye progressives.

Njani ezi ngcamango imfiliba?

Izimvo ekhohlo nasekunene-iphiko kwezopolitiko ngokwenene eqhelekileyo kakhulu. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kumazwe awahlukeneyo ukuya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo absented iingcamango twatse yezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuba liberalism avele ngokucacileyo zicingeleka esalayo. Emva koko saqala ukuba ichazwa kwiziko kwezopolitiko yesicwangciso yokuhlangabezana norhwebo-okuthile phakathi zimo ezimbini.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, liberalism (okanye mandithi, neo-liberalism) - yenye yeendawo ezininzi 'endala, kunye nemibutho osikelelayo zingahlulwa njengamaqela lasekunene-iphiko. Abanye abahlalutyi ade uthambekele ukuthetha malunga inqubo njenge uhlobo olutsha yobuFasi. Nokuba ingongoma engaqhelekanga loo mbono kukho, kuba uyakwazi uyakhumbula i Chilean Pinochet-melo kunye kwiinkampu yayo zoxinaniso.

I ndawonye kunye iiBolsheviks - oobani noobani ke?

Izimvo zopolitiko ekhohlo nasekunene-iphiko asoloko nzima kungekuphela nizahlule, kodwa ugalelwe kunye nabanye. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi mibono - ubukomanisi. Uninzi yamaBolshevik nowamaKomanisi amaqela beza enkundleni enkulu emva disengagement kulawulo lwentlalo, nto leyo eyabangela kubo.

I Democrats Social baba boqobo ekhohlo-iphiko, nto leyo efunekayo ekwandiseni labemi amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye nenkululeko, ukuphucula imeko yezoqoqosho nezentlalo lwabasebenzi nilungise iindlela zotshintsho elinoxolo ngcembe. Against konke oku, ngokubonakalayo balwa amaqela ngoko ekunene-iphiko. AmaKomanisi ummangalelwa Social Democrats wobu- yaqonda ukuba utshintsho ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kuluntu, apho kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwimbali weRashiya.

Sithetha izinto ngokobunyani bazo, imeko yezimali yabasebenzi nangoku iphuculwe. Nangona kunjalo, i esekwe eSoviet Union, nolawulo yezopolitiko kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo onke amalungelo wedemokhrasi kunye nenkululeko yabantu kunokuba ukwandisa njengoko kufuneka efanayo-iphiko ekhohlo Social Democrats. Phantsi Stalin, lo jikelele wathabatha nokugqama ulawulo owayenguzwilakhe ekunene. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ingxaki gqolo ukuhlelwa namaqela athile.

umahluko lwezenhlalo

Kungenxa entsimini kwabantu, unako ukufumana umahluko yokuqala. Leftists zezona amacandelo ezibizwa ngokuba ziwayo-kakhulu eyahlekileyo ye labemi - bahluphekayo, musa okunene ubunini. It is Marx wabo uKarl ebizwa bazakhe, yaye namhlanje kuthiwa wage-abasebenzi, okt abantu abahlala kuphela umvuzo.

Imibono ekunene-iphiko zazisoloko aba lunikezelwe kubantu abazimeleyo, ngubani ubomi esixekweni nakwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, kodwa eyalo okanye nangayiphi na indlela ngenxa yemveliso (, workshop iivenkile amashishini, njalo njalo), oko kukuthi, umsebenzi ngenkani kwabanye okanye yokuba self-baqeshwe.

Kakade ke, akukho nto kuthintela amaqela ekunene-nephiko wadibana ngentla sabasebenzi, kodwa hayi kwindawo yokuqala. Le umahluko umgca ungumqobo yokuqala esisiseko: kwelinye icala kukho i yoohlohlesakhe, amaqabane, amalungu imisebenzi silinene, abanini ngamashishini zorhwebo noshishino; kwelinye icala - abalimi amahlwempu, abalimi kunye nabasebenzi. Ngokwendalo, umda phakathi kwezi nkampu zimbini ifiphale ukutshabalala, esibonakala yi isiphango rhoqo izakhelo ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. Wena ke asingekhe silibale malunga neklasi notorious ophakathi, nto leyo urhulumente eliphakathi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, lo umda iye kwemiqathango ngakumbi.

umahluko Historical nefilosofi

Ukususela isiFrentshi Revolution washiya imbono lezopolitiko ukuba ijoliswe nkqubo ezinkulu kunye nenguquko. Yimeko yangoku uyohluka soze ukwanelisa abapolitiki hlobo, babesoloko bema utshintsho kunye uguquko. Ngoko ke, i ekhohlo wabonisa ukuzibophelela kunye nomnqweno inkqubela ekhawulezileyo. Imibono ekunene-iphiko Akanangxaki uphuhliso, bona bawubonakalalisayo imfuneko ukukhusela kunye nokubuyiselwa imilinganiselo yamandulo.

Ngenxa yoko, umntu bagcine ungquzulwano ndlela ezimbini elichasayo - amalungu mbutho nocwangco abaxhasi conservatism. Ngokuqhelekileyo, asinakukwazi silibale malunga utshintsho nobunzima ezikhanyayo. Kwezopolitiko, abameli zamaqela lasekhohlo ukubona indlela eyaqala utshintsho, ukukwazi ukufumana kude elidlulileyo, ukutshintsha konke oko unako. Ngokwenene khangela amandla njengendlela ukugcina ekuqhubekekeni kuyimfuneko.

Nto layiva kakuhle, kunokwenzeka kwakhona ukuze ubone ezinye iiyantlukwano ngokunxulumene yokwenene kwaphela. Leftists kuvame ukubonisa olungaka onamandla onke uhlobo nepaki kunye yimibono, lo gama iqela zabo - zinjalo nangokungenamathandabuzo pragmatists. Noko ke, abalandeli ekunene-iphiko notorious kwakhona kuba yempambano ngehlombe, nangona yingozi kakhulu.

kwezepolitiki

Ekhohlo-iphiko abezopolitiko kudala wavakalisa ngokwawo abavikeli iimfuno zabantu kunye nabameli kuphela kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, amaqela kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nabalimi. Ngokwenene, nangona ngokucacileyo akholiswe nendelo yabo bantu, ukuba amarhamente ukunqulwa welizwe loonyana babantu, intloko karhulumente, ingcamango ukunyaniseka uhlanga. Ekugqibeleni, akumangalisi zibizwa ngokuba ababethethela iingcamango kazwelonke (bona badla sinotyekelo ubuzwe, authoritarianism kunye xenophobia), kwaye iqela lezopolitiko - iingcamango weRiphabliki. Ukuziqhelisa, omabini amaqela inokufana ingongoma yedemokhrasi lwembono, kwaye sebenzisa iindlela ezicacileyo owayenguzwilakhe impembelelo.

ifomu kakhulu Rightism ingabizwa esembindini kakhulu karhulumente yileyo (umzekelo, Wesithathu), kunye leftism - anarchism ongalawulekiyo ukuba ufuna ezingatshabalalisa nokuba ngowuphi na ungenagunya nakanye.

iimahluko

Ekhohlo-iphiko izimvo zopolitiko luphawulwa kuphika yongxowankulu. zenethiwekhi zabo banyanzelwa ukuba niyanyamezela, okwangoku bandithembe ngakumbi urhulumente ngaphezu emarikeni. Kuhulumeni, ukuba ndibulisa ngomdla, nangenxa uthengiso Bukela okufanayo ngokuzisola zinzulu.

Abo osopolitiki baneembono ekunene, cinga ukuba imarike ngumba ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kukarhulumente kunye noqoqosho jikelele ehlabathini lonke. Kakade ke, ongxowankulu ifumaneka kwi-bume ngehlombe, zaza zafa zonke iintlobo kubantu babucala - kunye ukugxeka kunye yokungenzi. Oku kuthintela ubuzwe ukuba igqwetha lejaji lukarhulumente eyomeleleyo kunye nokomelezwa kwicandelo likarhulumente kumacandelo ahlukeneyo kwezoqoqosho, kodwa indoda iimbono leftist ezi Libertarian (lweli emarikeni free kangangoko kunokwenzeka). Noko ke, iingongoma eziphambili ngokubanzi lecebo: ingcamango siqinile ukuba ekhohlo, kwaye imarike free - ngasekunene; isicwangciso - ekhohlo kwaye ukhuphiswano kunye ukhuphiswano - ekunene.

Umahluko emibonweni zokuziphatha

I ekhohlo ne ekunene-iphiko izimvo zopolitiko kwahluka kwakhona kwi umbono lo emibuzo kazwelonke. Eyokuqala wakhuthaza anthropocentrism yemveli nobuntu. Ngeli lixa ndivakalise ingcamango efanelekileyo eqhelekileyo, eya kulawula ubuntu ngamnye. Oku kulapho kulala iingcambu kwamalungelo ezingundoqo unqulo uninzi kunye akekho ngasekhohlo. Omnye umahluko kukubaluleka ubuzwe ukuba yokuqala imfuneko Ukusebenzisana kunye cosmopolitanism ndawo owesibini.