Alija Izetbegovic, uMongameli Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Biography

Alija Izetbegovic yenye yezo amanani zembali obemi ekuqaleni ekusekweni karhulumente. Nangona imbali yehlabathi yena, walityhutyha esi siganeko, kodwa kwangaxeshanye indima yayo iziganeko zommandla kunokuba antsonkothileyo. State of Bosnia and Herzegovina waba Izetbegovic okunga kuncinananga sikhona, kodwa sifuna ukufunda kunye neminye imiba yobomi kwale ndoda. Ngoko ke, makhe sijonge iinkcukacha biography of Alija Izetbegovic.

Imvelaphi sodidi Izetbegovic

Alija Izetbegovic Uyisemkhulu yayinguMsilamsi intshisakalo imvelaphi Slavic Izet-okubongoza Jahic, owayehlala e Belgrade, bakhonza njengoko Ottoman. Waya kuyo igama umongameli elizayo yeBosnia neHerzegovina. Kodwa emva kokuba Ottoman Kwanyanzeleka ukuqaphela geqe Serbia ngo-1868 ukuya barhoxe amajoni ayo, Izet Bey waba kunye nomfazi wakhe, Hanim Turk Sydykov, bafudukele Bosnia. Apha e Basanski Šamac baba nabantwana abahlanu, kuquka Mustafa, uyise Alija Izetbegovic.

Ngowe-1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina wegqitha njenge condominium kwi komphuta Rule yale Empire Austria-Hungarian, kodwa Izet-Bengqiba kunye nentsapho yakhe wagqiba ukuba kwezi ndawo. Ngowe-1908, Austria-Hungary ehlonyelwe loo mmandla ngokusisigxina. Ngelo xesha Izet-Bengqiba waqalisa udumo olukhulu phakathi basekuhlaleni, owathi, kanye njengoko wenzayo, kuba inxenye inkoliso Slavic Muslims. Oku kungqinwa yinto yokuba Izet Bey wonyulwa Usodolophu e Basanski Šamac.

Kungekudala waqalisa a maxesha ngokwanelisayo ezinzima. ngokuthanda Serbian, Gavrilo wayengazi ngowe-1914 wenza umthetho wogrogriso, ebabulalayo Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand aseSarajevo, eyona isixeko Bosnia kaThixo, ephethwe ngoko isithsaba Austria-Hungarian. Le nyaniso nimqumbisa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Izet-wathambisa kunceda ugcine amane nama abo batshutshiswa amabutho Austrian ngokunxulumene netyala.

Nyana Izet-Bengqiba kunye uyise ka mongameli elizayo Bosnia and Herzegovina Mustafa wafumana imfundo umgcini-zincwadi. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I ibe ngummi Austria-Hungary, wayesilwa umkhosi karhulumente. Kwicala Italian, Mustafa waye kakubi, evusa isimo kufuphi ukukhubazeka, apho abeza-10 leminyaka ubudala.

Kunjalo, Mustafa watshata intombazana egama Hiba, utshate ngaphambi kokuzalwa Aliya ukuba wazalelwa oonyana ababini kunye neentombi ezimbini.

Ukuzalwa nasekuqaleni iminyaka yobomi Alija Izetbegovic

Alija Izetbegovic wazalwa ngo-Agasti 1925 kwidolophu Bosnian ka Basanski Šamac. Emva izenzo zakhe Wazalelwa kwintsapho enkulu engalungileyo kakhulu. Uyise Mustafa eshumayela kurhwebo, kodwa emva kweminyaka emibini emva kokuba Alia ezelwe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba baxele ungonakala. Kunyaka olandelayo intsapho yakowabo yafudukela sixeko sikhulu kule ngingqi - Zakon.

Imeko yezopolitiko kweli lizwe

Nangona indawo yangoku Bosnia and Herzegovina yaba yinxalenye zobukumkani yamaSerb, Croats kwaye Slovenes, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngowe-1918 ngokudibana zobukumkani eSerbia nenxalenye Balkan ye ezigugileyo Austria-Hungarian uBukhosi, ezihlanganisa Bosnia. Le Union phantsi intonga kumkani yaseSerbia Aleksandra Karageorgievicha, owathi, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iphele ngokuqatha amalungelo abo.

Ukususela ngo-1921, uKumkani ngakumbi nangakumbi ababephethe ofisi de kwiminyaka emine emva kokuzalwa Alija Izetbegovic (1929) asenze ubhedu. Ngenxa yale revolution uAleksandr Karageorgievich wafumana amagunya ngoozwilakhe, kwaye urhulumente iye yamkela igama elitsha - uBukumkani lwaseYugoslavia. Emva koko kwavalwa onke amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nemibutho.

Malimoyike utyekelo centrifugal, ukumkani ngokuya kwamisa amalungelo nenkululeko abemi. Urhulumente yayahlulwe kwizithili - Banovina, leyo ngokobume awuhambisani naloo mimandla emiselwe ngokwembali, wabahlula ziingceba. Injongo Aleksandra Karageorgievicha wayeza efela bonke abemi zamazwe ngamazwe kunye multi-yonqulo lizwe uhlanga olunye - i baseYugoslavia. Ukuphumeza oku, i kumkani akazange eya iindlela nokuba yengcinezelo, ngokwemvelo sabangela ingqumbo phakathi kwabantu ngokubanzi. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba ukubulawa uKumkani Croatian isizwe ngo-1934. Urhulumente omtsha lamkele umgaqo-nkqubo rapprochement kunye awodwa zwilakhe (Germany kunye Italy).

ulutsha

Kwakukule iingxwabangxwaba waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe zopolitiko uMongameli elizayo weRiphabliki Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ngexesha imisebenzi iqela sele usonjululwe. Nkqu kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, Alija Izetbegovic wajoyina umbutho "uphawu yonqulo-yezopolitiko Young amaSilamsi '. Kunyaka olandelayo, umkhosi ngamaNazi eJamani wahlasela yiYugoslavia. eneneni lizwe wathinjwa, kwaye asha zomzabalazo wenkululeko yabanqolobi ekhokelwa yi-wamaKomanisi Tito kunye Mihailovic monarchist. Bosnia yaba yinxalenye karhulumente omtsha lwaseCroatia, nto leyo yisathelayithi eJamani.

Ngaphandle koku, ngowe-1943, Alija Izetbegovic kokugqiba isikolo. Emva koko, wangena College of Division Agricultural. Ngeli xesha umsebenzi wakhe SS "division Islamic Hazhar '. Kodwa kungekudala imikhosi kaHitler bagxothwa kummandla yaseYugoslavia, kwaye lizwe kunye nenkxaso yiSoviet Union, beza amaKomanisi kumandla, ikhokelwa ngu Yosifom Broz Tito.

period ophikisana

Emva kokugqiba college Izetbegovic wayilwa sokungena emkhosini. Kukho a amatsha abaselula Muslim Baqala ubuxoki zonqulo ebanzi. Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba kwakunye inxaxheba esivale umlomo yobukomanisi "amaSilamsi Young" ngo-1946, waza wagwetywa iminyaka emithathu entolongweni.

Ngowe-1949, Izetbegovic wakhululwa. Ngowe-1956 bathweswa izidanga ekupheleni iprofayile obhalisiweyo, waphumelela kwiYunivesithi laseSarajevo. Kulo nyaka, unyana wakhe, kwazalwa Bakir Izetbegovic.

Emva kokuphumelela wayesebenza Izetbegovic isiluleko kwiinkampani zokuhamba ezininzi. Noko ke, akazange azilibale malunga imisebenzi yezopolitiko, inxaxheba ngokuthatha inxaxheba kukusebenza uhlobo lemibutho Muslim semi-ngokomthetho.

iincwadi

Ngowe-1970 wapapasha "Islamic Declaration". Kuyinto ngenxa kule ncwadi, ihlabathi liphela wayesazi ukuba ngubani Alija Izetbegovic. "I-Islamic Declaration" wabiza yokusekwa benkolo yamaSilamsi kwiiBalkans, ukuba nesibindi kakhulu zenene amaKomanisi. Nkqu Abaphengululi abaninzi namhlanje bakholelwa umsebenzi igcwele fundamentalism Islamic.

Ngowe-1983, Izetbegovic wagwetywa iminyaka eli-14 entolongweni ngenxa ezama ukuyenza umbutho "amaSilamsi Young". Nditsho ngokuba entolongweni, wakwazi ukubhala zize zilungenise ukuthanda kwincwadi yakhe nal yesibini - ". Islam phakathi East and West"

zejele ayikwazanga ukubamba ukusabela babecinga amanani ezifana Alija Izetbegovic. Iincwadi lo mzobo zezopolitiko ezithandwayo phakathi kwabantu yamaMuslim ngeentlanga weYugoslavia.

ixesha ukuba utshintsho

Noko ke, ekupheleni-imi- 80 lwekhulu XX kubomi yezopolitiko Yugoslavia, ngokunjalo onke amazwe kwenkampu yali, ukuba utshintsho olukhulu khona. Society uye waba democratized. Ngowe-1989, Izetbegovic wakhululwa ngaphambi kwexesha.

Nangona lizwe wasebenza nolawulo lobuKomanisi, kodwa ngelo xesha ukuba inkqubo lentlaninge. Oku wavumela Izetbegovic kakhulu kunyaka olandelayo emva kokukhululwa kwakhe, ukuba alungiselele ukuba mbutho mtsha wokulwa, ezifumene igama "Democratic Action Party." Phambili kulo mbutho, waba lilungu uze ngusihlalo we-Ofisi kaMongameli of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ngelo xesha kwakukho inxalenye lwaseYugoslavia. Enyanisweni, Izetbegovic waba yintloko kwiriphabliki waseYugoslavia.

impi

Ekuqaleni-imi- 90 ka Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bih), kwakunye nezinye republic ye disintegrating Yugoslavia, saba abakwindawo imfazwe wamagazi. Ngowe-1991 le republic ekhokelwa Izetbegovic, lowo wathatha phezu njengomongameli, ukuzimela. Oku ephikisana iimfuno iCroatia Serbia, Bih wayeceba ukuba ukwahlula phakathi kwabo.

War wazuza isikali buhlungu. Ekuhambeni yayo, Izetbegovic naloo wabanjwa, kwaye eneneni wayithimba ngumkhosi yesiYugoslav, kodwa kamva wakhululwa kutshintshiselwano ephumile simahla waseSarajevo.

Ngowe-1995, amaSilamsi Bosnian, emanyene imikhosi Croatian babulala ukoyiswa enkulu namaSerb.

Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, le isiVumelwano Dayton satyikitywa kunye US yolamlo esebenzayo phakathi kweenkokeli yeBosnia, Serbia kunye iCroatia, nto leyo eneneni bagqiba imfazwe Bosnian.

I Bosnia entsha and Herzegovina

It Dayton wabeka isiseko inkqubo yezopolitiko mihla yeBosnia neHerzegovina. Le meko iye yaba de facto dlalo eyenziwa Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and District Brcko.

Ukususela ngo-1996, Bosnia and Herzegovina waba yiRhiphabhlikhi yasepalamente kunye uyekwa kwisikhundla sikaMongameli. Urhulumente updated Alija Izetbegovic, wonyuselwa ukuba ilungu Elawulayo, ukuba kuyo de 2000.

ukufa

Alija Izetbegovic wafa ngo-Oktobha 2003 ikomkhulu Bosnia and Herzegovina eneminyaka engama-78. Ukufa kubangelwa ziingxaki ezinzima. Yena wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni e Sarajevo "Kovači".

Ngo-2006, i-Lingcwaba umongameli wokuqala Bosnia and Herzegovina yasha yi abonakalisi beprophathi.

usapho

Alija Izetbegovic wayetshate nomfazi ogama Khalid. Kanye wonke Muslim Orthodox, yena yabanjwa nasethunzi umyeni wakhe, hayi ukuphila ubomi yoluntu.

Ngowe-1956, aseSarajevo emtshatweni wabo kokuba azalwe i kuphela komntwana - nyana Bakir. Ukususela ngo-2010 Bakir Izetbegović kukuthi, njengokuba ngaphambili, uyise, ilungu le-Elawulayo amaSilamsi yeBosnia. Uphethe intombi Jasmina, ezingadibenanga umzukulwana Alia Izetbegovic.

uphononongo olupheleleyo

Njengoko ubona, Alija Izetbegovic kwakunzima impikiswano nani kwezopolitiko, kodwa ke, wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo hayi kuphela kwimbali mmandla, kodwa kwimbali elimiweyo liphela. Kwelinye icala, oko ngexesha yeHlabathi yesiBini yasebenzisana nemibutho ngokungenalusini karhulumente, waza waba eyaziwa ngokuba ze Islamic yayo imisebenzi erhangqwe kwi fundamentalism. Kwakhona, ubukhulu becala endaweni yayo, Noko ke, njengezinye amanani zopolitiko eninzi xesha, neyenza wegazi imfazwe Bosnian.

Kwelinye icala, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yemigudu bakhe beza alumeke urhulumente oselula ozimeleyo - Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ukongeza, ukukwazi ukuthethana yaba umgangatho ebangele ukuba sekuphelisweni Dayton Izivumelwano yaye ngaloo ndlela iphele imfazwe.