Izityalo ePhakamileyo: ibihlungu kunye nembewu

izityalo aphezulu - ezi ntlobo ukuba baye ichweba kwaye bebeziqhelanisa ezihlala yabo entsha. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-300,000. izityalo Higher ahluka ngamalungu kwezityalo, ezifana ingcambu kunye nesihluma, uze ube mnye photosynthesis zombala: chlorophylls kunye carotenoids.

izityalo Higher ngokuba becala kuba izinto inkqubo yezothutho enzima Unokulawula komphunga amanzi nge amagqabi. iiseli eziphezulu isityalo sibe kwithishyu. Sporophyte benamandla Umjikelo wobomi (ngaphandle bryophytes).

gametophyte Postpenno kuyehla kube iiseli ezimbalwa. OLawulo ngokwesondo ukuzala maqanda eziphilayo multicellular. Ekukhulelweni kunye neentlobo ingxaki liyayeka ukuba zixhomekeke emanzini. Elilodwa simenza umbungu multicellular.

zezityalo nezilwanyana Higher zenza isambuku biomass komhlaba - malunga ne-90%.

Systematics zezityalo eziphezulu

Kuba izityalo eziphezulu izityalo imbewu ibihlungu ngokunyuka.

ibihlungu ePhakamileyo: rinieobraznye (kuphela efosili) psilotoobraznye (ezigcinwe malunga 20 iintlobo), bryophytes (23-27 amawaka iintlobo), plaunoobraznye (malunga 1300 iintlobo), hvoscheobraznye (malunga nama-30 iintlobo), yefeni (malunga 12,000 iintlobo).

izityalo ephakamileyo uhlobo imbewu Botany zidityanisiwe igama eliqhelekileyo - ibihlungu aphezulu. Ezi ziquka zombini iintlobo ezikhoyo ngoku kunye extinct. umzimba ibihlungu ephakamileyo yahlulwe ngentla-emhlabeni kunye namalungu komhlaba, amalungu kwezityalo ziyaphuhliswa. Umjikelo wobomi ibandakanya alternation kwizizukulwana: i sporophyte kunye gametophyte. Sporophyte yenziwe kakuhle, waphila ixesha elide (ngaphandle bryophytes). It iphuhlisa ama multicellular, emva meiosis apho ezikhandelwa imbewu ezingenakususwa haploid. Batshatile ezineseli, ubungakanani elincinane, alaqhenqetha ikakhulu ngumoya kwaye sikhule gametophyte.

Ukuchumisa ibihlungu eziphezulu kwenzeka kuphela xa kukho amanzi. Ngokutsho lungiselelo amalungu asetyenziselwa ukujikwa bahlule izityalo ulala (apho bobabini indoda kunye neeseli obhinqileyo) kunye obufanayo (okanye iiseli okwendoda nokwenkazana).

Iingxabano inokuba nomahluko kunye nobukhulu efanayo. izityalo ibihlungu Higher ukuba babe mpikiswano efanayo, wabiza ravnosporovyh kunye nabo ngeengxoxo ezahlukeneyo - heterosporous. Kuxhomekeke kwisayizi bahlule microspores (ubukhulu amancinci) kunye megaspory (enkulu).

Kukholelwa ukuba izityalo imbewu kwavela ngqo ibihlungu, ingakumbi kumila.

izityalo imbewu ePhakamileyo: pinofity (gymnosperms) - malunga ne-800 iintlobo magnoliofity (angiosperms) - amawaka 300 iintlobo.

izityalo imbewu Higher ifikelele incopho yawo ngexesha Mesozoic, xa imozulu yaba ngokoma ngakumbi yaye kubanda, kwabakho utshintsho onyaka. Okwangoku, iintlobo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo angiosperms.

Izityalo Seed banamalungelo eziliqela phezu ibihlungu ephakamileyo. Ziqulethe amalungu ezifanayo: iingcambu, ukubaleka, imbewu. Isiqu unamandla kakhulu kunalowo luwela, njengoko sikhula iiseli kweenkuni. Ukuba oku kwindawo engundoqo ye iiseli amaplanga - efile.

izityalo zisuka zibe kuphela heterosporous. Gametophyte ku sporophyte phambili kwaye wondla ngeendleko zakhe.

Andise kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa iimbewu enziwa iimbumba multicellular, ezibandakanya ubonelelo kwezondlo. Ukuchumisa imbewu aphezulu olungaphambi uvuvuzelo - ukugqithiselwa iinkozo umungu nasekuthwaseni ZakwaLizwi beqanda. Uvuvuzelo lwenziwa yi umoya, amanzi, izilwanyana, nezinambuzane. Ukuchumisa liyayeka ukuba baxhomekeke kuphela phezu kwamanzi njengoko ibihlungu ephakamileyo. Kungenxa kwezityalo iiseli nomungu leyo iyantshula kwi ityhubhu umungu.