Iziyobisi - yintoni na le nto? yokwahlukanisa abo ngamaqela

Pharmacology - isayensi lifunda imiphumo iziyobisi emzimbeni womntu, iindlela ukuvelisa amachiza amatsha. Naxa Greece yamandulo yaye e-Indiya, e eyetundra emphethweni kumazantsi eAfrika, abantu baye bazama ukufumana indlela eya kulwa esi sifo. Kwaba ngemvo phithi, iphupha imali nkalo.

isigama kwemithi

Imithi - ezi zizinto okanye izayamaniso awo asetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo okanye amanyathelo othintelo.

Ichiza - isiyobisi esele ilungele ukusetyenziswa.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amayeza. Oku kwenziwa kuba lula ukusetyenziswa kunye amathuba indlela ngamnye ukuya kunyango kwizigulane. Ukongeza, ngenxa iintlobo ukukhululwa maziyingenise iziyobisi emzimbeni ngeendlela ezininzi. Kulula ukusebenza nezigulane zingqondweni, kwakunye nabantu abaye bafumana ukonzakala kunye nokutsha.

Uluhlu A and B

Onke amayeza bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu:

- Uluhlu A (iityhefu);

- Uluhlu B (iindlela ezinamandla, kuquka analgesics);

- amayeza ezifumaneka ngaphandle kagqirha.

Iziyobisi yiklasi A no-B kufuna ingqalelo enkulu, ngoko ukuze nabo womnatha Pharmacy kufuna iresiphi okhethekileyo. Kwakhona, kufuneka ukwazi ukugcina amayeza phi, kanjani. Ekubeni ukuze kwehlisa imitha okanye ukuthenga iipropati ezongeziweyo ityhefu. Ezinye iindlela, ezifana morphine, kuxhomekeke ukuphendula engqongqo. Ngoko ke, isitsha nganye iya izokukugcinela ekupheleni kolo suku yomsebenzi kunye ungenelo olungqamelanayo kwi log. Nxiba kwirekhodi ethile amayeza ngaphezulu: antipsychotics, iziyobisi ngenxa zomzimba, okugonya.

zokupheka

Iresiphi - isibheno esibhaliweyo kugqirha okanye unale unale kunye isicelo sokuthengisa ichiza kwisigulana, ebonisa ifomu, idosi kunye nendlela namatyeli isicelo. umsebenzi engenanto ubulala ngoko nangoko zonyango, ezomthetho, kwaye yoxwebhu, ukuba amachiza kunikwa isigulane ngokwesiseko sokukhetha, okanye ngaphandle kwentlawulo.

Kukho umthetho olawula imithetho emisela amagqirha amakhono ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezikhundla zabo.

Drug - akukho nto kuphela ukuba ukuphelisa esi sifo okanye iimpawu zayo, kodwa ityhefu, ngoko ugqirha kufuneka ubonise kakuhle ukuba umthamo liyeza e obhobhozayo.

lidle

Xa uhlobo liyeza elicetyiswe Arabic neenyumerali ubungakanani ichiza ubunzima okanye umqulu iiyunithi kwinkqubo wokugqibela. grams Lonke ezahlulwe sisithuba ikoma, umzekelo, 1.0. Ukuba nokwakhiwa ichiza ziquka phantsi amathontsi, inani labo uchongwe yi Amanani baseRoma. Ezinye antibiotics zibalelwa kwiiyunithi ngamazwe (IU) okanye bemvelo (IU).

Imithi - izinto ezinokuba ekwimo eqinileyo, elulwelo okanye sukube. Ulwelo kunye neegesi kwi zokupheka ziboniswe ngeemililitha, kwimeko inhalation, ugqirha nga uqaphele idosi kuphela amayeza owomileyo.

Ekupheleni imithi ziyakusayinwa ngugqirha nokuprinta zobuqu. Ukongeza, i-data yokundwendwela ezichaziweyo yomguli, njenge gama, inishiyali, umhla wokuzalwa. Qiniseka ukuba ukubeka phantsi umhla amayeza kunye nexesha laso. Kukho iindlela ezizodwa ekubhaleni yimimiselo ezixhaswe amayeza, Narcotics, hypnotics, antipsychotics kunye neentlungu. uphawu sabo kuphela gqirha kodwa ugqirha oyintloko esibhedlele, kusiqinisekisa itywina lakhe, yaye iindawo eziphezulu ngeenxa zonke esibhedlele ngetywina.

Ezingavumelekanga bhala Ester ku ezingalaliswayo zomzimba, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine kunye nezinye arhente soporific. Kumazwe amaninzi e-Latin amisele iiresiphi ngeengcebiso walunyukiswa ebhalwe kuphela ngolwimi Iyaqondakala loo kumguli. Kwamachiza kunye ityhefa semthethweni ugunyaziso ukuthengiswa kulinganiselwe ukuya kwiintsuku ezintlanu, utywala medical - ezilishumi, abanye zingathengwa zingadlulanga iinyanga ezimbini ukusukela kumhla imithi.

yokwahlukanisa jikelele

Kule imeko yangoku, apho kukho siyobisi engaqhelekanga, kucalulo kuyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo ukuze kukhokelwa ngeyantlukwano yabo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, sikhokelo ezininzi eqhelekileyo:

1. ukusetyenziswa therapeutic - ukwakha iqela amachiza asetyenziswa ukunyanga esi sifo.
2. inyathelo amayeza - isiphumo ukuba ichiza uvelisa emzimbeni.
3. isakhiwo Chemical.
4. isimiso Nosological. Iyafana ke unyango, kodwa umahluko kukuba kude mxinwa kakhulu.

Ukwahlukanisa kumaqela

Ekuqaleni amayeza, oogqirha baye bazama ukuba azihlele iziyobisi. Classification njengoko enjalo kweza ngenxa yemizamo ekhemisi kunye druggists, oluqulunqwe ngokusekelwe kwindawo isicelo. Wawuhlanganisa zigaba:

1. iziyobisi psychotropic nokwenza kwi-arhente luvo central (anxiolytics, antipsychotics, nadlamkisayo, lakhula, antiepileptics, anti-ukudumba).

2. Iziyobisi omele kwinkqubo peripheral luvo (ganglioplegic, anticholinergics)

3. intlungu.

4. imixube eziguqula ilizwi nemithambo.

5. umchamo kunye cholagogue.

6. Iziyobisi echaphazela amaziko secretion lwangaphakathi ukutya.

7. antibiotics kunye ebulala.

8. iziyobisi Anticancer.

9. Iindlela ngenxa uxilongo (idayi, agents koko, atom).

Oku ngokwahlukana efanayo kunceda oogqirha abatsha ukufunda okungakumbi iziyobisi ezikhoyo. Classification kumaqela kunceda ukuqonda ungaziva indlela yokuba kusenziwa umlinganiselo iziyobisi ukhumbule.

Ukuhlelwa lwesakhiwo kwemichiza

Lo msebenzi osemqoka kakhulu sokuhlelwa arhente kubola kunye elwa. Ukwahlula bactericidal kunye neziyobisi bacteriostatic. Ukuhlelwa nesakhiwo sofuzo ubandakanya zombini ezi maqela. Ubume eekhemikhali iziyobisi ibonisa indlela amanyathelo iziyobisi kunye negama layo.

1. Halides. Xa ezingundoqo zalo, abe element lwemichiza iqela halogen le: chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo. Umzekelo, antiformin, chloramine, pantotsid, iodoform kunye nabanye.
2. Iioksidenti. Asinto nzima ukuba baqashele ukuba indlela yabo yemisebenzi ijolise ukuyilwa isixa esikhulu mpilo. Ezi ziquka hydrogen peroxide, ziikristale gidroperit potassium permanganate.
3. Acid. Asetyenziswe ngayo amayeza kukuninzi. Eyona idumileyo - salicylic acid kunye boric.
4. Kwealkali: sodium borate, bikarmint, ammonia.
5. Aldehydes. Isiseko indlela amanyathelo - ukukwazi ukususa amanzi kwinyama, ngokuzenza zibe ngqongqo. Abameli - formalin Formidron, Lizoform, methenamine, urosal ethyl utywala.
6. Iityuwa zesinyithi enzima: chloride mercuric, imetyhuri, linamafutha aqholiweyo, calomel, lilitye lesafire, isilivere colloid, sulfate ubhedu, patch ekhokelayo, zinc oxide uncamathisele Lassara et al.
7. Phenols. Ngaba kucaphukisa cauterizing isiphumo. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo yabo - carbolic acid, Lysol.
8. Nedayi. Used in iinkqubo zokuxilonga njenge esahlala zasekuhlaleni kunye nearhente antibacterial. Ezi ziquka methylene blue, oluhlaza ezikrelekrele, fukortsin.
9. Tars nentlaka, umz, Wisniewski namafutha aqholiweyo, linamafutha aqholiweyo Wilkinson, ichthyol, iparafini, naphthalene, Soultz. Ukuphucula kwegazi yasekuhlaleni.

imithi solid

Ezi nemixube ke abameli zilandelayo: amacwecwe, iipilisi, Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yonke, njengezingxobo kunye granules kunye nezinye iziyobisi. Ukuzimisela kwefom release Akukho nzima, kuba kunokwenzeka ngeliso lenyama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na phambi kwenu.

Iipilisi zazifunyanwa ngokubumba ngumgubo equlathe esisebenza kunye encedisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kwenziwa phantsi koxinzelelo.

Dragees - ibekwe maleko izinto ezisebenzayo kunye excipients, guyz lukhuni ngeenxa zonke granules.

Amakha engenamsebenzi eziliqela. Bayakwazi basele, afefe kubo amanxeba, yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano saline kunye ukuhlatywa intramuscularly okanye yegazi. Ukwahlula amakha undosed kwaye umthamo nto leyo, kukho alula nanzima.

Ezi njengezingxobo ezi gelatin iqokobhe equlathe engamanzi, granular, angumgubo okanye iyeza pasty.

Granules bafumana bavame kumalungiselelo ngamayeza babe indlela ngamasuntswana amancinci (ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha ndlela).

iifom ulwelo

Ngale ndlela lunghiselela kulungiselelwa ziquka izisombululo, kwaye novogalenovyh nemixube galenic, amakhoboka, collodion, kunye nezinye embodiments lulwelo kunye nezo okuqinileyo.

Izisombululo kwasekwa emva ukuxuba ichiza kwaye kuphela, ezifana namanzi okanye utywala.

amalungiselelo Galenic kwenziwa kuphela zezityalo izicatshulwa ezifunyenwe yi ukufudumeza.

Infusions kunye decoctions zilungiselelwa ukusuka izityalo ezomileyo. Nganye kwezi imiqondiso yeresiphi, kubandakanywa imali wesinyibilikisi ukuba kusetyenziswa wemithi.

Nokubandakanywa kunye Isicatshulwa - phezu koko, engamanzi utywala-equlethe. Iiplastiki zombini acocekileyo kunye spirtovodnymi okanye spirtoefirnymi. imixube Novogalenovyh ziyahluka galenic eqhelekileyo, iqondo eliphezulu kungengokwentlambululo yendawo izinto ekrwada kunye imveliso ogqityiweyo.

kwiimo ezikhethekileyo zamachiza

Umoya ezi ulwelo olunamafutha ukuba deodorising kunye iipropati kubola. Collodion - nesisombululo neselulosi nitrate notywala kunye kaEtere zidibene omnye ukuya kwezintandathu. Kuphela ngaphandle. Izithambiso ilifa ukungaguquguquki semifluid kwaye ziqulathe zezityalo izicatshulwa, ugalelwe isiseko, ezifana glycerol, njengomthwebeba, iparafini, njl Lemonades kunye isiraphu zilungiselelwe ukuba ziqinisekise ukuba aba bantwana lula ukuba uthathe amayeza. Inceda akukho umgudu okhethekileyo nomdla isigulane entsha ngexesha unyango.

izisombululo abawaziyo zolwelo noneoli alungele ngenaliti. Angaba elula njengokuba nzima. Xa emisela njalo zibonisa ithamo lwesiyobisi ivolyum igutyana mnye, ngokunjalo nezindululo, apho kufuneka banikwe ichiza.

iimilo ezithambileyo

Ukuba kusetyenziswa njengesiseko olunamafutha okanye iziyobisi fat-ezifana ukuba amachiza ethambileyo. Inkcazelo, ngezigaba, inkqubo yokuvelisa add - yonke le mibuzo ngokugqibeleleyo eziqhelekileyo ukuya ekhemisi kunye noosokhemesti, ugqirha udinga ukwazi kuphela pamo kunye iziboniso.

Ngenxa yoko, i-mafutha kufuneka ubuncinane amabini anesihlanu ekhulwini mba owomileyo. Ukuvumelana ezizio kuphunyezwa ngokuxuba emigutyeni ngamanqatha zezilwanyana, amafutha, amafutha, petrolatum okanye polyethylene ethers. Indlela efanayo isicelo pastas, kodwa kufuneka babe viscous ngakumbi. Liniments, phezu koko, kufuneka ulwelo ngakumbi, naphambi nokusetyenziswa kokuba kufuneka yazanyazanyiswa ngumgubo yokuhlala ngokulinganayo kusiwa isinyibilikisi. Amakhandlela okanye suppositories eqinile, kodwa xa tapeworm ngokukhawuleza anyibilike uze ube lulwelo. Zezibhaxu kwakhona okuqinileyo bushushu, kodwa bangcungcutheke baze babambelele eluswini, ekusekeni close contact.

Imithi - izinto yi advantageously imvelaphi izityalo, nto leyo unenzondelelo unyango imichiza okanye ngokwasemzimbeni emzimbeni yomguli ngcono kunabo ukugaya.