KaPompeii: Ibali ukufa umzi iifoto. History of the bemba ePompeii. KaPompeii: Alternative History

Yintoni esiyaziyo kwisixeko samandulo ePompeii? Imbali isixelela ukuba xa lo mzi ochumayo baphulukana bonke abahlali ngesiquphe phantsi mlilo bavuswa mlilo. Enyanisweni, ibali ePompeii umdla kakhulu kwaye uzaliswe ezininzi iinkcukacha.

Isiseko of UPompey

KaPompeii - le yenye yeyona yamandulo yamaRoma dolophu kwiphondo Naples e Campania. Kwelinye icala Gulf Naples (eyayisaziwa ngokuba Kuman), kunye kwelinye - umlambo Sarn (kumaxesha amandulo).

Indlela busekelwe kaPompeii? Imbali umzi ithi ukuba yasekwa isizwe yamandulo Oski emva BC ngenkulungwane 7. Ezi zibakala kuqinisekisa ngamaqhekeza zetempile Apollo netempile Doric ogama lwezakhiwo ekwafanekisa ixesha xa zisekelwe kaPompeii. Yayisisixeko nje ekudibaneni kweendlela ezininzi - e Nola, Stabiae kunye Kuma.

War nokuzithoba

Kwinkulungwane 6 BC kaPompeii yoyiswa isizwe Etruscans, kunye nentwana kamva - amaGrike evela Cumae.

Kwiminyaka 343-290 BC aba Samnite War, apho isixeko njengehlakani eRoma. Isimo ofanayo kwimpompo ebudeni yeSibini Punic War, esenzeka kwiminyaka 218-201 BC.

Kodwa ngexesha Allied imfazwe UPompey inxenye iintshaba eRoma, yaye kwenzeka ukuze kamva waba eyayilithânga laseRoma, wadalwa yi noLukiyo Cornelius Sulla ngo-80 BC.

Akuzange ezama yakhe yokuqala ukoyisa Pompei. 89 BC Sulla wakhokela singqingiwe njalo ke isixeko ebudeni bemfazwe, kodwa wamelana waza andiswa i iinqaba abangama-12. Kodwa kungekudala isixeko yoyiswa kwaye yalungiswa ngokuthi Allied amagqala emfazwe ngu imiyalelo Sulla kaThixo.

Ukususela ngoko, kaPompeii waba zibuko ulwandle, ekuthe ubonelelo kwempahla e Rome, Italy kwiNdlela ka-Apiyo. Kwakhona, lo mzi waba neziko elibalulekileyo ukuvelisa iwayini kunye namafutha omnquma.

KaPompeii: kwimbali emzini ukuchuma

Yaba zokuhlala enamandla. Kweli xesha ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala kude kube ngumnyaka yokufa kwakhe kwatyatyamba kakhulu ngokucacileyo kaPompeii. Imbali umzi ithi ngaloo minyaka kwakhiwa zonke iintlobo ezisisiseko izakhiwo ezibe okufana elo xesha yesixeko wamaRoma: itempile kaZeyus, nebheyizile, iimpahla kwimarike nesigqubuthelo. Kakade ke, izakhiwo zenkcubeko zolawulo zakhiwa ePompeii.

Esi sixeko kwakukho iiholo ezimbini, enye yazo incinane, iye isetyenziswe njengento ngaphakathi Odeon. amphitheatre ifudusiwe (eyona wamandulo yonke imbali ezaziwayo), nto leyo eyenzelwe 20 amawaka ababukeli, neebhafu-3.

Esi sixeko ezihonjiswe eqingqiweyo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo ngemisebenzi yobugcisa, izitrato ezininzi ogangathiweyo. Kodwa ngeli thuba le ndlela (kwaba kufuphi umhla ukufa) ekupheleni kobomi kokuhlaliswa sePompeii, imbali mzi.

Kwakhona ibe eninzi izindlu ePompeii, iivenkile, ethe ogama lakhe behlonipha iziganeko ezithile, ubuntu okanye imisebenzi, umzekelo - Villa eemfihlelo, iNdlu i Faun, iNdlu Menander, yeNdlu epigrams.

Abanikazi nezindlu izityebi zinokuhonjiswa izindlu esekelwe zazo ezahlukeneyo kunye ebhanyabhanya.

Inyikima ePompeii - intwasahlobo ekupheleni

emzini kwaye esihle ePompeii wayekhona. Ibali lokufa kwakhe uyoyikeka. Yaye isixhobo nempukane yaba mlilo ntshava.

I intwasahlobo lokuqala intlekele ezayo yaba inyikima, leyo yenzekile Februwari 5, 63 BC.

Seneca kwenye yemisebenzi yakhe wabonisa ukuba ekubeni eli phulo kwakukho ummandla seismically esebenzayo, inyikima asinto ingaqhelekanga kuye. Kunye nenyikima kwenzeka kwixa elidlulileyo, kodwa amandla wabo ezincinane kakhulu, abahlali nje ndikuqhelile kubo. Kodwa ke eli xesha, nolindelo ziye ngaphaya zonke izinto ezilindelweyo.

Emva koko, kwiidolophu ezintathu - iPompeii, neHerculaneum nelase - ezichatshazelwe kakhulu izakhiwo. Le ntshabalalo lokuba kule minyaka ili-16, indlu ukuba angachacha ngokupheleleyo. Yonke iminyaka 16 kwimo esebenzayo, ngokutsha, ukulungiswa izithambiso. Kwakhona kwizicwangciso kwaba ukwakha izakhiwo ezininzi ezitsha, umzekelo, amagama esembindini ukuba kwada kwayimini ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo sePompeii ayiphumelelanga.

Ukufa UPompey. Ngolunye usuku

Abahlali wazama ukubuyisela kaPompeii. Imbali ngokutshatyalaliswa kwesixeko ibonisa ukuba ntlekele yaqala ngo-79 BC, ngexesha lasemini, ngoAgasti 24 yaye yathatha iintsuku-2. Dubulo njengokuba kude ngoko LITHILE mlilo yonke into. Ke phantsi mlilo ngokubulala kaPompeii nje kuphela kodwa imizi emithathu - Stabiae, neHerculaneum Oplonti.

Usuku phezu mlilo ubonakala ilifu ash kunye umphunga, kodwa akukho ingqalelo ekhethekileyo akuhlawulwa. Kungekudala emva koko, kwabakho ilifu layigubungela isibhakabhaka phezu kwesixeko kunye nasezitalatweni baqalisa ukuhlala ash kukubola.

UJohn waqhubeka, bazabalazela komhlaba. Ngokuthe ngcembe, bona ziyanyuswa kangangokuba yabhukuqa ukuba lweenqwelo zokulwa, izindlu ukuwa kokugqiba izinto. Bekunye ash uze zezulu aqala ukudilika rocks.

Streets kunye nezindlu isixeko wazaliswa ukomiwa imisi sulphurous, abantu abaninzi nje suffocated emakhayeni abo.

Abantu abaninzi baye bazama ukushiya umzi izinto zexabiso, kunye nabanye abangakwazanga ukuba ushiye ipropati yabo, batshabalala kumabhodlo kumakhaya abo. Products mlilo dubulo Wawafumana abantu nakwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ngaphandle komzi. Sekunjalo, inkoliso yabantu yakwazi ukushiya kaPompeii. Imbali kungqina oko.

Ukufa UPompey. ngosuku ezimbini

Ngosuku olulandelayo, umoya esixekweni sele kushushu, nje kwenzeka intaba mlilo owatshabalalisa udaka zonke izinto eziphilileyo, zonke izakhiwo kunye impahla yabantu. Emva kokuba dubulo yaba eninzi ash ema lonke umzi, ububanzi uthuthu maleko ifikelela iimitha ezi-3.

Emva kokuba ngozi kwi ndawo kwafika uthumo olukhethekileyo, esasisithi i "ukufa" yesixeko kwaye oko Awunakugcinwa kwakhona. Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba yintoni okuseleyo izitrato yangaphambili umzi lo, nohlangatyezwa abantu abazama ukufumana izinto zabo.

wambulala kunye ePompeii kwesinye isixeko. Kodwa bafumana ke kuphela ngenxa kwafunyanwa saseHerculaneum. Esi sixeko yesibini, nayo ingabekwa emazantsi ntshava, wafa kungekhona mlilo nothuthu. Emva kokuba kukujaduka mlilo, kwakunye namaxhoba aloo mzi, waye legqunyiwe ngomaleko imitha ezintathu-yeliwa nothuthu eyayijinga threateningly efana udaka ukuba ungaya nangaliphi na ixesha.

Kwaye ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba dubulo waya imvula zemvula ukuba yimoto ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze ash ukusuka kumathambeka mlilo ikholam amanzi kunye eluthulini kunye ngamatye hit ngqo kwi saseHerculaneum. Ubunzulu flow yayiziimitha-15, ngoko ke sixeko angcwatywa ephila ngaphantsi njengomlambo evela ntshava.

KaPompeii eziye zafunyanwa

Imbali kunye namabali malunga to- konyaka, kudala isuka kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kodwa emva kweenkulungwane abambalwa, abantu baye balahlekelwa ingcinga apho kwisixeko ePompeii ixhoba. Imbali kokutshatyalaliswa kulo mzi ngcembe waqala ukuphelelwa ubungqina. Abantu baphila ubomi babo. Kwiimeko apho iintsalela izakhiwo bamandulo kukho abantu, ezifana amaqula ukumba, akukho mntu babengayiqondi ukuba amaqhekeza kwisixeko samandulo ePompeii. Imbali kwimingxuma baqalisa kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-18 yaye enxulumene ngokungangqalanga enegama Maria Amalia Christina.

Yena ke intombi uKumkani Saxony, Augustus III, bayishiya le Dresden kweyadi emva yomtshato noCharles Bourbon. UCharles ukumkani Sicilies ezimbini.

Ukumkanikazi ngoku wayethandana art kunye ngomdla omkhulu bahlolisise iiholo yasebhotwe, iipaki kunye nezinye izinto zawo. Kwaye ngenye imini, esondela ingqalelo eqingqiweyo, ezo ngaphambili kwafunyanwa phambi kokuba ukujaduka yokugqibela mlilo ntshava. Ezinye zezi eqingqiweyo afunyanwa ngengozi, kunye nabanye - kunye ukufakwa General d`Elbefa. Koroleva UMariya wachukumiseka gqitha ubuhle eqingqiweyo, nto leyo wacela umfazi ukufumana ezintsha ezifana kuye.

ixesha lokugqibela ngexesha ntshava kwaduma ngo 1737. Ngeli siganeko, indawo ephezulu labhabha emoyeni, ithambeka wahlala ubuntu. Ekubeni mlilo kunye neminyaka enesiqingatha akazange abonise umsebenzi, ukumkani wavuma ukuba ubukeke eqingqiweyo. Yaye ukusuka kuloo ndawo apho kanye wagqiba ayegqogqa jikelele.

Ukufuna Amanqaku

Zokumba abapase ubunzima obukhulu, ekubeni yayiyimini kuyimfuneko ukutshabalalisa amafutha (imitha 15) inwebu mlilo lukhuni. Ukuze benze oku, ukumkani wasebenzisa umpu okhethekileyo, wompu, amandla abasebenzi. Ekugqibeleni, abasebenzi Bakhubeka into ebuntsimbi emigodini ngumntu. Ngoko ziqwenga ezinkulu ezintathu amahashe zobhedu ubungakanani onzima zifunyenweyo.

Emva koko, kwagqitywa kwelokuba afune uncedo yincutshe. Kuba lo wamenyelwa Marquis Marcello Venuti, ngubani na umgcini Library yasebukhosini. Kuye kwafunyaniswa nangakumbi eqingqiweyo ezintathu emarmore emhlophe ye ngamaRoma kwesinxibo, ihashe ezinamathele zobhedu neentsika ipeyintwe.

Ukufunyanwa saseHerculaneum

Ngelo xesha kwacaca ukuba kuya kuba nangakumbi. Esi sibini yasebukhosini kufika kwindawo 22 Disemba 1738, ukuhlola leri wafumanisa umbhalo othi ukuba noRufo ezithile ngeendleko zakhe wamisa yemiboniso Theatrum Herculanense. Iingcali baqhubeka zombiwe, kuba babesazi ukuba yeqonga imela phambi komzi. Kukho amanqaku amaninzi ukuba amanzi wazisa udonga lwe yeqonga. Ngoko ke yafunyanwa kwisixeko saseHerculaneum. Ngenxa eso sigqibo siye sakwazi ukuba aququzelele imyuziyam, uNomsa ongambethe ngelo xesha.

Kodwa impompo yi kubunzulu nzulu kwe saseHerculaneum. Wathi ukumkani, kokudlan'indlebe intloko yeyunithi yayo zobugcisa, wagqiba kwelokuba elinye yeenowuthsi yokomba elinikiweyo izazinzulu iindawo isixeko kaPompeii on. Imbali i kubhiyozelwa zonke iziganeko izandla izazinzulu.

Kwimingxuma sePompeii

Ngoko ke, ukufuna UPompey waqala-Aprili 1, 1748. Emva kweentsuku ezi-5, oko ndiyifumene idrarhima yokuqala umzobo oseludongeni, yaye ngoAprili 19 - isidumbu, ukusuka apho ezandleni ekhutshwa ezimbalwa ngqekembe zesiliva. Yaba kumbindi wesixeko sePompeii. Ngelishwa, bengakuqondi ukubaluleka kwezinto ezafunyanwa, iingcali babevakalelwa kukuba imfuneko ukukhangela kwenye, yaye bayizalisa le ndawo.

A amphitheatre encinane wafunyanwa kamva kwaye villa, leyo kamva ekuthiwa House of uCicero. Iindonga ongengowale ndalo zaye kakuhle beqabe kwaye ezihonjiswe esekelwe. Yonke imisebenzi yobugcisa yasuswa kwaye zagutyungelwa nangoko kunye david umva.

Emva koko, iminyaka 4 imbali bemba ePompeii zayekwa, ingqalelo yasiwa saseHerculaneum, apho indlu yelayibrari "Villa Dei Papiri" wafunyanwa.

Ngowe-1754, iingcali ziye ndabuyela kwimingxuma sePompeii, emazantsi, apho wafumana udonga wamandulo kunye iintsalela kumangcwaba ezininzi. Ukususela ngoko, isixeko ePompeii zamaqula bathatha esebenzayo.

KaPompeii: enye i ngembali yesixeko

Namhlanje kusekho inkolelo ukuba unyaka ka ukufa UPompey - eleza esekelwe kwileta ka nguPliny Younger, lowo kuthiwa uchaza kukujaduka mlilo, UTacitus. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba kutheni, kwezi leta, uPliny ayithethi ukhankanye amagama imizi sePompeii okanye neHerculaneum, okanye kukuba yiloo apho wayehlala umalume uPliny Elder, owafa ePompeii.

Ezinye izazinzulu aphikise inyaniso yokuba kwenzeke ingozi ngu 79 BC, ngenxa yokuba ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo unako ulwazi ukufumana mlilo malunga 11 ezenzeka kwixesha ukususela 202 BC kwiminyaka 1140 (emva kweso siganeko, abatshabalalisa kaPompeii). Kwaye ke dubulo elandelayo imihla ukususela kunyaka 1631 kuphela, emva koko i-mlilo wahlala esebenzayo de 1944. Njengoko sibona, izibakala zibonisa ukuba mlilo, esele sisebenza ngenkuthalo, walala iminyaka 500.

KaPompeii kutshanje

Imbali umdla kakhulu umzi namhlanje imbali neHerculaneum kaPompeii. Amafoto, ividiyo kunye iintlobo zezixhobo zophando inokufumaneka kwithala leencwadi okanye Internet. A lot of mbali usazama ukusombulula iqhina esixeko samandulo, ukuba ukuhlola inkcubeko yayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Amagcisa amaninzi, xa Vol. H., Ke K. Bryullov, phakathi kwezinye of kuboniswe Escape evela ePompeii imisebenzi yakhe. Eli bali kukuba ngo-1828 K. Bryullov watyelela iziza zakudala yaye emva koko benza imizobo. Kweli xesha ukusuka kwiminyaka 1830 ukuya ku-1833, wadala wobugcisa lomsebenzi wakhe.

Namhlanje, isixeko saphila kangangoko kunokwenzeka, yenye ezinqabileyo edume inkcubeko (kunye eColosseum, okanye Venice). City Kungenjalo ogrunjiweyo ngokupheleleyo, kodwa izakhiwo ezininzi ziyafumaneka ukuze zihlolwe. Endleleni unako ukuhamba kwaye ubuhle oko kukuthi iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2000!