Homo floresiensis (Homo floresiensis): Inkcazo

Ngo-2003, ihlabathi ekusasazeni iindaba ngexesha lokufunyanwa block eyenziwe zakudala kwi-Indonesian kwisiqithi Flores. Kwenye emiqolombeni zendalo, ekuthiwa Liang Bua, ogama mathambo hayi ngaphambili kwaziwa ukuba iintlobo nenomlanga inzululwazi abantu bamandulo, ine i yokukhula ngokungaqhelekanga ukuya manzi ngaphezu kwesinye, kwaye umthamo emangalisayo encinane ebuchotsheni. Olu hlobo entsha kuthiwa Homo floresiensis, okanye ngenye indlela - floresiensis abantu.

Ezafunyanwa lokuqala hambo

Le wafumanisa kwakhokelwa umsebenzi elide kunye onzima. Joint Indonesian-Australian hambo ikhokelwa ngu Mike Morwood kunye Panzhita Sudjono ekuqaleni ukuphumeza kukugrumba kwisiqithi Flores kwasekuqaleni 2001. Liang Bua umqolomba, ke andinyulanga ngengozi, njengoko Sudjono kunye ngaphambili wasebenza apho kunye nenye iqela izazinzulu, yaye inxalenye nakumphezulu maleko yenkcubeko yaba yi ngexesha avuleka.

Sele unyaka wokuqala echithwe kwi Flores, bazisa kakhulu obafunyanwa umdla. Sijule iileya ngakumbi yamandulo yodaka, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa inani elikhulu amathambo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, amawaka extinct eminyaka eyadlulayo. Phakathi kwezi iziqwenga amathambo kwafunyanwa Stegodon - izalamane ezikude Elephants mihla unyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba zalishumi elinambini lamawaka kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakunye edumileyo neempungutye Komodo - yezona namacikilishe ezikhoyo, efikelela kubude obuziimitha ezintathu.

Kuseyinto emqolombeni wahlala yamandulo

Ukongeza, kwathiwa kananjalo imiqondiso ecacileyo bahlale kwezi ndawo abantu bamandulo. Oku kungqinwa iintsalela izixhobo amatye akwi ngexesha Paleolithic, imvelaphi yayo elandwa kwiminyaka nesiqingatha sesigidi ubuncinane ezimbini. Kulo nyaka bazibhala ngawo ezandleni izazinzulu yaba yokuqala i abahlala emiqolombeni wamandulo Liang-Bois. Oku ngokucacileyo embindini, eyayiyinxalenye zengalo, kodwa incinane kakhulu kwaye Isimanga egosogoso.

ezifunyaniswe nangaphezulu, kunye nabo, bawazise neemfihlelo abaphandi ngo-2003. Okuninzi skeleton buso yafunyanwa ngoJanuwari behlelo umntu omdala neempuku ababhinqileyo, kodwa iyahluka imilinganiselo ngokuphawulekayo ezincinane. Ngokutsho kweengcali, iminyaka yakhe malunga elinesibhozo lamawaka iminyaka. Ukongezelela kwezinye amathambo ilifa izazinzulu iye yaba lukakayi kakhulu kakuhle abalondolozwa emqolombeni wahlala yamandulo. Nokuba sele Ekuqaleni, bonke wabetha umthamo omncinci lukakayi, yaye ke axhomekeke kulo kanye ebuchotsheni.

Ukusebenza ngezinto ezifumaneka

Ezinye neenzima namathambo kubangelwe kukuba, ngenxa ukufuma komhlaba anihlawulelwanga iifosili, kodwa evakalala ngokufanelekileyo kunye nemvakalo inokusityeda. kwafuneka ukuba silumke kunene. Ukugcina kwi ndawo sayilwa wakha amayeza okhethekileyo, olu sapho lwaluquka glue ngokukhawuleza-wokwaphusa kunye iinzipho. Asinto nzima ukuba baqashele ukuba ubuchwepheshe ngesele beze kunye naloo mfazi. Eneneni, Umsunguli le ndlela yaba Thomas Sutikina - ummeli weqela Indonesian zakudala.

A hypothesis ukuchaza iziphumo zokhuseleko

Uya kungcwatywa ngokungcwatywa umqolomba izithethe Liang-Bois eminyaka yenzekile, njengoko oko kungqinwa inani elikhulu amathambo abantu, imbola anegazi nokuxoka Zinokuxutywa izivatho ezenziwe amaqokobhe ulwandle kwafunyanwa khona. Noko ke, indoda encinane ngokucacileyo akazange abe inani labo. skeleton isimanga yagcinwa kakuhle ngayo. Ungaphulwa nkqu nokudityaniswa ezithile amathambo.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ngoko ukhuseleko ungachazwa yokuba eli oyidingayo ezibumnturha (igama lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela kusapho iinkawu enkulu, eziquka abantu) emva kokufa nakala wendele echibini encinane, okanye eludakeni. Oku wamsindisa kwizilwanyana zasendle ngokudla.

Ukuba le ngqikelelo kuyinyaniso, Homo floresiensis asinguye lowo iziphumo kuphela iye yagcinwa ngenxa yolo "ulondolozo". Bebonke isiphelo sinye kwabelwana uhlala ezifumaneka Ethiopia Afar Australopithecus abasusela kwiminyaka nezigidi ezithathu, wabutyhila e Kenya boy ithambo ababephila kwisiqingatha kwiminyaka million kamva.

ulwazi olongeziweyo malunga lokufumanisa

Kunyaka olandelayo, ngo-2004 umqolomba wamnika izazinzulu izinto ezintsha ngamathambo abantu ezincinane eyanceda ngokwaneleyo lokuphinda inkangeleko yabo ngakumbi ngokuchanileyo wabeka ukuthandana. Ukuba ekuqaleni kwakucingwa ukuba oku ezibumnturha oyidingayo, wahlala ezweni ukususela nge-12 ukuya 95 lamawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, uphando olubanzi isidumbu ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo radioisotope wanceda unciphise uluhlu umhla ze zinciphise ixesha layo yonke ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kwi-100 lamawaka. Years.

Akumangalisi, kwathiwa kananjalo izixhobo zamandulo kakhulu ezenziwe ngamatye. Oku kubonisa ukuba Homo floresiensis sele bakwazi ukumelana izinto zendalo ezikhoyo ezisetyenziswa ekuzingeleni kunye nolwakhiwo.

Iimbambano malunga igama lohlobo afumaneka

Xa izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba babona iintlobo ezintsha, abameli balo nangoko ngelika hobbits. Ngoko wabiza abalinganiswa intsomi misebenzi edume umbhali IsiNgesi John nguRehuweli Tolkien kaThixo "INkosi Imisesane." Ngokuhambelana kunye nale ndoda incinane mna kubizwa ngokuba Homo hobbitus.

Nangona kunjalo, inani wenzululwazi, ekwakukho phakathi kwabo a paleontologist eyaziwayo Australian Piter Braun, unawo nawaphi na amathandabuzo ukuba ngaba unako attribute kwi sodidi nesintu, oko kukuthi, kubo abantu. Isizathu sokuba ndingathandabuzi kwakukho iimpawu uphawu wayenazo oku ntlobo ngeefosili anqongophele. Ngokukodwa, yonke ukukhula udidekile ephantsi ngokungaqhelekanga kunye nomthamo ibonwe kwada ubuchopho - malunga izihlandlo ezithathu ezincinane ngaphezu umntu avareji. Mina, Brown wacebisa ukuba ngokufumana igama Sundantropus. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba iingxoxo ende, sahlala phezu Homo floresiensis ekhankanywe - floresiensis Homo.

Sensation ukujikeleza umhlaba

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi lokuqala ixesha malunga into emangalisayo eyenziwe kumqolomba Liang Bua, kwabonakala ngo-2004 kulindixesha Nature. Ngaphambi koko, oko phantse kuwo wonke lo nyaka kuyimfihlo, ekubeni imbonakalo yayo eendaba kunganqanda ukupapashwa kweli ncwadi kuphela zenzululwazi. Noko ke, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba imbonakalo floresiensis igumbi coffee Homo (Hobbit) uye waba ngomnye imixholo engundoqo amaphephandaba amawaka asixhenxe kunye neemagazini, kwaye malunga nekhulu lamawaka websites. Malunga kuye boniso ethandwayo olugunyaziswe umjelo umabonwakude ezaziwayo-kakuhle National Geographic naloo iyaqhutywa.

Ukuzama ukubeka ngqo irekhodi

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngeenxa zonke iintsalela afumaneka kwi kwisiqithi Flores, iintsuku zokuqala kwavusa imbambano phakathi izazinzulu. Ngaba kwabo igunya lokuba sithi phambi kwabo - a eziphili agqiba uhlobo lwabantu akazange ngaphambili ayaziwa kwinzululwazi, okanye ngaba isiphumo zotshintsho zophendlo lwezifo ukuba ngokwemigaqo ngenxa yezizathu okanye omnye abantu eqhelekileyo yokuqala, eyaziwa ngokuba Homo sapiens.

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, ingcali ephambili Indonesia i-entsimini paleoanthropology teuku uYakobi wathabatha bonke abafunyanwa amathambo iziko lophando e Jakarta wawamisa zaselebhu yakhe. Wakwazi ukwenza umbulelo qha buqu kunye Pandzhitom Sujan, yenye iinkokheli hambo. Le lesayensi elinde ziziphumo zophando, kodwa zingaphelanga iinyanga ezintathu nzulu esidumileyo cwaka.

Kwihlazo lo lesayensi

Ekugqibeleni oogxa bakhe umonde wabaleka, baza bafuna ukuba uYakobi wamnika ukufikelela kumabhodlo bonke izazinzulu ayeke le ulawulo yokwenza isebenza kuphela yena kunye nabancedisi bakhe. Ngenxa yoko, amathambo wabuyela Jakarta, kodwa hayi ngokupheleleyo yaye inxalenye yonakele. Waziqhekeza ngehlazo enkulu, njengoko ngoxa Homo floresiensis kodwa wabonakala kumaphepha phambi kumaphephandaba, kwaye ityala ifumene ngokubanzi emaphepheni.

Umphumo waba umlomo abasemagunyeni Indonesian ukuqhubeka kwimingxuma kumqolomba Liang-Bois. Ngesi sihlandlo, kumajelo eendaba ngamazwe angaphandle iingcebiso ukuba ukwala bokwamkelwa yindawo izazinzulu kufunyanwa hominid oyidingayo, ngenxa yokoyika kwabo ngenxa igama kaYakobi, lowo ingqalelo ikratshi yesayensi yesizwe.

Isibakala ukuba kukho iqela azinikele izityholo ukuba iintsalela lilungu uhlobo olutsha engaziwa, kwakunye koqhubekeko umsebenzi nako ukuzisa ubungqina ukuba ukuphikisa umbono wakhe, yaye ngaloo ndlela ukudelela igunya nenzululwazi Indonesian, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni mithi. Qalisa isifundo kwenzeka kuphela ngo-2007.

ukuqhubekeka

Emva kweziganeko ezichazwe ngasentla ulwazi ixesha elide ngenkqubela yokwemba ayikho ukungena kumajelo eendaba, yaye kuphela ngo-2015 oko kwazeka ukuba uhambo entsha ngamazwe isebenzela kwisiqithi Flores. Eli xesha, yena uphonononga emqolombeni bafumanisa ngaphambili nokuxhuma sicatshulwa komhlaba kunye Liang-Bois. Kuthathwa ukuba kufuneka ibe iidiphozithi zokuqala. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, abantu bamandulo beli emqolombeni iza kusetyenziswa njengendawo yokugcina kunye iindlela zokuphuma kunokwenzeka xa kukho ingozi esingenakubonwa kwangaphambili.

Ezinye zangaphandle umahluko Homo floresiensis

Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, linophawu enkulu floresiensis kwabantu ubukhulu encinane ekukhuleni kwayo ngamandla kunye cranium, nayo ezahlukeneyo zabo. kubume evela lowo bobabo Homo sapiens. Umzekelo, kwi Buze ukhakhayi offline chin. Ngokubanzi, imilo kunye olinganise amathambo, kwakunye iinxalenye zayo ngamnye ukuvumela ukwenza umniniyo iintlobo esezantsi yomntu nobu-, ezifana Australopithecus.

Kungekudala emva kokuba iincwadi ezinxulumene kwafunyanwa floresiensis yabantu, iinzame zenziwa lokuphinda inkangeleko yayo. Bona zazinyaswa abaninzi yala magcisa aphambili abakroli abenza umsebenzi kwinkalo yokufundwa. Kuvuselelwa lokuqala bobabo kuPetros Shutenu, ukwenza umzobo esekelwe isifundo ngenyameko amathambo ngamnye.

Ke kwalandela umsebenzi wakhe-ntathu of nomkroli Elizabet Deyne yaziswa. Yena kokwabo uthotho lamaqhosha kwi bonisa ngo-2007 e-Paris Museum of Man kwaye ngokutsha yokuzivelela oko ntoni hominid badala abaziwayo kwiifom inzululwazi abantu banamhlanje.

Ngo-2012, inyathelo elitsha labanjiswa kweli cala. UGqr Syuzen Heyz evela Australia, usebenzisa isicelo njengonyango lwasenkundleni iindlela, ukubuyisela ubuso flo kaThixo - ligama elinikiweyo nemazi, apho amathambo akhe yafunyanwa kumqolomba Liang-Bois. Elandelwa liqela abaphandi ukusuka eNew York wenza uhlalutyo zihlabane ye computer intamo. Isigqibo jikelele ukuba kukho inani lwamabala floresiensis abantu abasondeleyo Homo sapiens, yaye ngoko, hypothesis lotshintsho lwezidumbu, nto leyo eyaba unobangela ngenkangeleko yakhe engaqhelekanga, kufuneka kuthathwe ngokuthi yangoonomgogwana bezizwe.