Kolawulo Anti-lwentando yesininzi. Loozwilakhe kunye ngegqudu nkqubo: iimpawu eziphambili

Ulawulo lwezopolitiko karhulumente - yinto indlela yokulungiselela inkqubo lubonisa isimo sengqondo amagunya kunye nabameli yoluntu, inkululeko kwezentlalo kunye nobomi ezisemthethweni zeli lizwe.

Uninzi lwezi mihlaba ngenxa iimpawu ezithile yemveli, inkcubeko kunye neemeko engembali lokusekwa karhulumente. Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba naliphi na ilizwe wambumba politrezhim yayo ezizodwa kunye eyahlukileyo. Kunjalo, inxalenye enkulu iimpawu zabo ezifanayo zifumaneka kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

imithombo iincwadi Scientific bachaze iintlobo ezimbini izixhobo socio-ngokomthetho:

• kolawulo anti-yedemokhrasi;
• kolawulo lwentando yesininzi.

Iimpawu zoluntu oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi

Ezona mpawu ziphambili ukuba uphawu inkululeko:

• Ubukhulu izenzo mthetho;
• amandla yohlulwe ziintlobo;
• ubukho bezi amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye nakwintlalo abemi balo;
• ngamabhunga anyulwe;
• phambi phikisa uluvo onezigxina ezininzi.

iimpawu anti-idemokhrasi

Le fom anti-sorhulumente wedemokrasi wahlulwe kwi kolawulo loozwilakhe kunye ngegqudu. eziphambili iimpawu zayo:

• ulawulo umbutho omnye umntu;
• igunya uhlobo olunye kobunini;
• ukuphula wamalungelo kunye neenkululeko zoluntu kubomi yezopolitiko;
• iindlela ingcinezelo zonyanzelo yempembelelo;
• ikukunyasha yempembelelo ngamabhunga anyulwe;
• ukomelezwa ngamandla elawulayo;
• ukuthintelwa ubukho lwemibutho iqela eliphikisayo;
• isithintelo polipartiynosti kunye inomysliya;
• umnqweno karhulumente ukulungelelanisa zonke iinkalo zobomi ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu.

Imiqondiso yokuba ulawulo ngegqudu (ngegqudu) Kwakhona yokuba amandla buzinze ezandleni ngamnye okanye iqela, kodwa ngaphandle kwisigaba kwezopolitiko egcinwa iqondo isalamane wenkululeko. Ezo amalungelo zentlalo zomthetho kuyo nayiphi na imeko musa ukukhanyela iimpawu olu hlobo kurhulumente. Iimpawu kolawulo yileyo - luyomelezwa kweliso amagunya kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi yoluntu.

iimpawu zothelekiso

Iimpawu kolawulo anti-wentando

kubonakala isimo ngegqudu xa amandla buzinze ezandleni umntu omnye okanye iqela labantu. edibene amaninzi kunye ubuzwilakhe ngegqudu. isakhiwo Inkcaso ngeli xesha akwenzeki, kodwa intsimi kwezoqoqosho, ezifana zenkcubeko okanye zabucala ubomi, ukuzimela kunye kuhlala ethile ngokwengqiqo.

amandla Loozwilakhe iveliswa xa zonke iinkalo zobomi karhulumente alawulwa ngurhulumente ukuba ulawula amandla (abantu okanye amaqela abantu), apho kukho khona ebusweni yehlabathi enye bonke abemi beli lizwe. Ukungabikho nayiphi inomysliya wadala elinamandla igunya ezilawulayo, ukuxhatshazwa amapolisa, ngenkani. Ezo imithetho anti-lwentando yesininzi ezikhokelela ubuntu nje, nto leyo ithe gqolo ukuze zimlulamele kwimiba yonke yasekuhlaleni.

amandla yileyo

Totalitarianism - elibusayo korhulumente ebanzi, ungenelelo obungaphaya kubomi bemihla ngemihla oluntu, kuquka ubukho kwimeko nokunyanzelwa kwawo ulawulo kunye nolawulo. kanye umqondo kwavela eko ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa ezinye izazinzulu yezopolitiko bazama zahlule yali kunye nelizwe wedemokhrasi kwaye ukhangele sokuqondwa ngokucacileyo lorhulumente wenkqubo yobuSoshali.

Iimpawu umbuso yileyo

1. Ubukho nje elinye, ezininzi, nto leyo ikhokelwe uzakhele (emehlweni abantu), inkokheli, yaye ukongezelela kule - begazi ngqo iqela urhulumente izinto kwesakhiwo. Ngamanye amazwi, oku kubizwa ngokuba "ngurhulumente wesithathu." Apho ongaphambili kwi leri oluneqela Uhleli-ofisi engundoqo zombutho iqela, kwaye urhulumente yindlela Intshayelelo ubomi iqonga kwenkqubo yileyo.

2. lonke kunye lokubanga igunya. Oko kukuthi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-eziphathekayo, imibono yenkolo olumisiweyo, yezopolitiko (ukuthobela nokunyaniseka iqela yileyo) eze ngaphambili aze abe esisiseko. Ayeya ezilahlekileyo phakathi kwiindawo karhulumente kunye nawabucala yale lawulo (nelizwe team). yonke indlela yokuphila yabantu ufakwa ummiselo, kungakhathaliseki, ngobuntu (private) okanye yoluntu anayo. Abasemagunyeni kuwo onke amanqanaba eyenziwe kukhal indlela nolwazi non-data channels ezivaliweyo.

3. A amandla ideology enye esemthethweni ukuba ngokusebenzisa amajelo eendaba, inkqubo yokufunda, iindlela ubuxoki ebekwe kwi labemi njengoko lichaneke kuphela, ndlela leyinene yokucinga. Apha kugxininiswa ayikho kuloo mntu, yaye "yecawa 'amaxabiso (ubuzwe, ubuhlanga kunye njalo njalo. D.). Icandelo ngokomoya yoluntu luphawulwa zobandlululo nenkani inomysliyu "inodeystviyu", ngokommiselo kwe "Lowo kuthi -. Okanye nxamnye nathi"

4. zilawule ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni, isimo umbuso bobukho, apho isiseko imithetho eziphambili esilawulwa kulandelayo: "kuvunyelwa kuphela oko kohlwaywa ngabasemagunyeni, yonke enye into kuyathintelwa." Ngokuba impumelelo sakhe ghettos kunye kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, ezisebenzisa nzima, ubundlobongela ngokuchasene abantu, ingcinezelo ya yasekuhlaleni ukuxhathisa, ukutshatyalaliswa inyambalala yabantu abamsulwa.

Loo ngoozwilakhe indlela zolawulo kwakhona zibandakanyiwe yobukomanisi neenkqubo ngokungenalusini karhulumente anti-lwentando yesininzi.

authoritarianism

An state ngegqudu - lizwe a nge ndlela yobomi, nto leyo luphawulwa kolawulo bumisela umntu ongatshatanga method ulawulo ngesandla. Oku 'ukuhlehla' phakathi kulawulo yileyo nedemokrasi, kwinqanaba lenguqu phakathi kwabo.

ulawulo ngegqudu kuba sekusondele ukuba imigca zopolitiko owayenguzwilakhe ulawulo, nakuyo wedemokhrasi - kwezoqoqosho, oko kukuthi, abantu abangenalo amalungelo ezopolitiko, eyaziyo, ukuzala Economics.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale ulawulo

Olu hlobo wolawulo anti-lwentando yesininzi urhulumente ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Enamandla angapheli, kungekhona phantsi kolawulo embindini ezandleni umntu omnye okanye iqela labantu. Oku kube uZwilakhe, le uhulumeni yomkhosi njalo njalo.
2. Ifuthe elinokwenzeka kunye neyona okucinezeleka kwi amandla. Le indlela akakwazi ukusebenzisa iintshukumo ezinkulu ingcinezelo yaye babe ingqalelo eyaneleyo yesininzi sabantu. Noko ke, urhulumente awunako ukuthatha nawaphi na amanyathelo ngokunxulumene abemi balo ukuba sizenze zithobele.
3. Le lokubanga amandla nobuchule yezopolitiko ubomi, singavumeli ubukho lwemibutho inkcaso, yedwa, elizimeleyo nantoni na, imisebenzi zomthetho eluntwini. Loo imeko aluchaphazeli ngobukho i esingenakubalwa imibutho Party kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi kunye neminye imibutho, kodwa umsebenzi wabo kuxhomekeke ngokungqongqo ukulawula kwaye kulawulwa ziziphathamandla.
4. Nokuhlaziya kwamajoni kweenkokeli yeyokuzingca wemvula, kunokuba ukhuphiswano kwixesha pre-konyulo, ukunqongophala iindlela zomthetho ukuze ekuqhubekekeni kunye nokudluliselwa ngamandla. imithetho enjalo anti-lwentando yesininzi zidla ngokusebenzisa babhukuqwa usebenzisa imikhosi exhobileyo ukohlwaywa.
5. Abasemagunyeni abenza kuphela ekuboneleleni ukhuseleko lobuqu, ezentlalo, nangona bekwazi ukuphembelela ephambili yophuhliso loqoqosho, ukuba enze i-nkqubo esebenzayo yasekuhlaleni, ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa isakhiwo yommiselo yayo market lakhe.

iifitsha ezichazwe ngasentla ukunika izizathu yokuzilungiselela ukuba ulawulo - ". kuvunyelwe zonke ngaphandle kwezopolitiko" indlela karhulumente kunye moralism ezineziphene

iintlobo Eminye kolawulo zezopolitiko

Xa inkqubo ngamakhoboka ntlobo zilandelayo karhulumente:

• olungumbandezeli;
• kaThixo;
• monarchical;
• ahlukile;
• lwentando yesininzi.

Inkqubo feudal, yena, nohlulwe:

• militarist-ngamapolisa;
• wedemokhrasi;
• kanobhala-wobukhosi;
• absolutist;
• absolutism "awaqondayo".

izixhobo yamaphephandaba, ngokulandelelana, yahlulelwe kwii:

• wedemokhrasi;
• zwilakhe;
• wamajoni kunye namapolisa;
• Bonapartist.

Ukuhlelwa kolawulo yezopolitiko SA Komarov

imo SA Komarov wohlula amandla abantu ukuba:

• inceku;
• wobukhosi;
• impahla;
• idemokhrasi Socialist.

kolawulo Antidemocratic zihlukaniswe kwezi nkqubo:

• yileyo;
• zwilakhe;
• yedwa.

Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, yahlulelwe kwii ngamnye (despotism, ubundlobongela, imo amandla ngamnye) kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi (i oligarchy kunye basebukhosini).

kolawulo yezopolitiko langoku ixesha

Ngelo langoku nqanaba kukholelwa ukuba idemokhrasi - imowudi eziphuhlileyo, ngokungafaniyo nayiphi ongenalawulo lwentando yesininzi. Le nto ilungile ngokupheleleyo. ubungqina Historical bubonisa ukuba uthi loozwilakhe (a inxalenye ethile) kakhulu ngempumelelo ayisekho kwaye enze imisebenzi yawo, umzekelo kwi-Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. Ukongeza koku, Totalitarianism becala akwazi ukulungiselela bonke abantu ngurhulumente ukwenzela ukuba kulungiswe (hayi ngaphantsi ezibalulekileyo nzima) iingxaki ezithile zikarhulumente.

Umzekelo, eSoviet Union ikwazile ukuwina ngamajoni nxamnye iJamani yamaNazi, nangona yileyo Germany ekuqaleni ngamajoni ligqithe kakhulu amagunya ayo amandla umkhosi lwangaphakathi. Kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, ngale ndlela lwezentlalo esemthethweni sele idale ukukhula koqoqosho irekhodi USSR. Nokuba oku kuye kwaphunyezwa iindleko omkhulu. Ngenxa yoko, yileyo kunye iindlela anegunya luphawulwa njengoko kumacala entle okanye embi.