Kolwahlulo ngokobuhlanga: ukuba lo mbono namhlanje?

EUnited States, kude kube ngoku, kwakukho ukwahlulwa yabantu abamhlophe, abantsundu kunye namaNdiya, ebizwa njalo-kolwahlulo ngokobuhlanga. Kwinkcazelo yale meko kungcono kutyhilwa ngokusebenzisa izinto zayo yomthetho echanileyo.

imbali icala

Ukwahlukaniswa emthethweni yaqala ngo 1865 emva kokuyekiswa ngokusesikweni ebukhobokeni eMelika. IZilungiso odumileyo 13 lithintela yobukhoboka ngexesha elifanayo lwenza ubukho kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo Negro, iivenkile, kunye neeyunithi emkhosini.

In the United States ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX uthotho imithetho ukungahlali kwabantu Japanese uhlanga, ezifana "uMthetho ngaphandle Asia" wayenza nzima ukufumana US lobumi kubo yamkelwa.

ukuhlukana Household

Ezindaweni apho indlela yobomi akatshintshanga eminyaka, abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo babe selilos ngokwesithethe kwiindawo ezikude enye kwenye. Ngoko ke, kuninzi imizi ekuqaleni kwavela ukuhlukana indlu. Yintoni le ndlela Makhe ngumzekelo New York, apho kuyo yonke imbali ikhona wabumba Negro ekwanti, IsiTshayina, iindawo Japanese.

yocalulo Household ngeendlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, imfundo ehlukeneyo yabamnyama kunye abamhlophe eUnited States iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Ukuchithwa lokuqala zomthetho kwi ukwahlukaniswa ezikolweni ekwavunyelwana eziliqela US ithi, kuphela ngowe-1954, yaye lwalo yobomi bakhe sikhatshwe inkcaso esebenzayo yabantu abamhlophe.

phenomenon ugly buye umlomo imitshato elingumxube 'emhlophe "yaye" obugolide ". Abantwana imitshato ezo kwakuhlekiswa kakhulu yaye uxhatshazwa. Ngokufuthi abafuni ukuthatha kuqeqesho kunye nezikolo Negro, kunye nezikolo abamhlophe.

AMatyala Army ...

Isiseko esisemthethweni yocalulo kwi US Army kwinqanaba yowiso babekwa 1792. malunga athathwe Act umisela ukuba bakhonze nje kuphela "ezamahala eyomeleleyo eyindoda emhlophe." Kuphela ngo-1863 oko kwamiselwa inkqubo esesikweni yokugaya abamnyama. Kwaye, Negros bakhonza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, apho nkqu izikhundla ezininzi igosa kuhlale abamhlophe. Bona lokungabanjululwa xa wabele ezintlwini igosa non-wamthuma, kwakunye nokunikwa iimbasa kunye namanqaku agqamileyo.

Ukuya ku-imi- 50 kwinkulungwane XX imeko umkhosi zahlala zilolo hlobo zazilulo. yomgudu Ndahluleleni kweenkonzo, ukuvalwa inxaxheba kwemfazwe, ucalucalulo ekukhutshweni izihloko - konke oku ukuhlukana yomkhosi. Ukuba lo kuthiwa siseko gqolo kutshayelwa, kuye kwacaca mhlophe kuphela emva kokuba ulwamkelo 1964 Rights Civil Act.

imeko yangoku bemicimbi

iingxaki yokwahlulwa namhlanje kuhlala kakhulu efanelekileyo. Ingxelo ye Professor kwiYunivesithi Harvard , uGary Orfilda 2006 kuqatshelwe ukuba phantse yonke imisebenzi yoluntu American, enkosi leyo sasitshayelwe yocalulo ziye yalahleka kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Ntoni oku kuthetha kule meko zigqubayo, kulula ukuyiqonda, ukuhlola imaphu, nto leyo siboniswe ezithile ngokwezinga ngokobuhlanga eUnited States kuxhomekeka kwindawo ahlala kuyo.

Yadibanisa ngolu ngenxa data yokundwendwela le kubahlali eziliqela elinesibini ithi, ezi mephu zinika lumelo olubonakalayo kubukho enkulu ukuhlukana yabathengi. Ngokukodwa, abantu abantsundu ngebala esezidolophini Detroit, St. Louis, kaXhosa iyaqhubeka ukuze kulungiswe ngokwahlukeneyo emhlophe.

Kukho imbono malunga, ekuthe ngenxa United States ngokucacileyo intsingiselo jikelele ukuba uhlanganiso efanayo yabemi. Kule minyaka iyi-10 idlulileyo, kolwahlulo ngokobuhlanga liye lehla kuzo zonke izixeko US ezinkulu.

Kukholelwa ukuba unyulo ngenxa isithuba US Mongameli Baraka Obamy African-American kuvunyelwa ukunciphisa into eziintloni ezifana yocalulo. Lo mkhwa eluntwini American phantse isitampu phandle, yaxela kukho iingcali zoqoqosho ingxelo Edvarda Glauzera evela kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard kunye Iakova Vigdora of University Duke.

Kolu phando lwabo, oko uthi ngo-2010, "ghettos abamnyama" omiweyo%-20 kuphela abamnyama yabantu of America, ngoxa eli nani kufikelelwe-50% ngo-1960. Nangona kunjalo, izinga ukuhlangana kwizixeko US ezinkulu unangoku efanayo, kunye nabantu e Atlanta, Houston, Dallas noludibeneyo ngaphezu eNew York. Zemizi-13 kunye nani liphezulu labantu abamnyama of New York ubonisa umnqweno ubuncinane kuhlanganiso "color". Nangona yonke ekhoyo inkqubo ukunyaniseka, oko kuya kuhlala imizi eyahlukanisiweyo kwi US.