Iindlela Modern bekhaliswa kukwaphulwa. izinto Chemical. Echaphazela izinto ze imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo

iindlela Modern nempukane esetyenziswa kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, ibe zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu: imichiza, bemvelo kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya. Bonke bamele ingozi enkulu ebomini, kungekuphela nje emkhosini kodwa abahlali.

lezixhobo zeekhemikhali

Okokuqala echaphazela iikhemikhali zinto wamnika ngokwayo ngayo ngo-1915, xa iikhompawundi ityhefu aye asetyenziswa umkhosi waseJamani kufuphi nesixeko saseBelgium Ypres. Ukususela omnye ukuhlasela abantu 6000 kwabulawa elinye 15,000 wenzakala. Ekubeni olu hlobo isixhobo waye waphucuka rhoqo. Ngokwemveli, ukuba wenziwe ngayo izinto eziyityhefu kunye neendlela zabo zonikezelo nokujoliswe kuko.

Isiseko izixhobo zeekhemikhali - iikhompawundi enetyhefu ityhefu. Bachaphazela abantu kunye nezilwanyana bosulelekile ndawo, umoya, amanzi, kunye nabanye kokusingqongileyo. Njengendlela yonikezelo kusetyenziswa imigodi kunye imijukujelwa, izigcayiseli, iziqhushumbisi, iziqhushumbisi.

Chemical izinto (imiba echaphazela) bubuxoki iimpawu zezinto ezinetyhefu ukuba ibe nefuthe elibi yotshaba. izixhobo ezinjalo asetyenziswa kuphela ngenxa yokwaphuka utshaba; kodwa ukuba izinga lokuphumelela yayo yokulwa. Ngenxa yoko, inokusetyenziswa ekuncedeni ukugqibezela lo msebenzi njengento adjuvant. izinto Secondary echaphazela izixhobo yamachiza imiphumo ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwayo. La kunganxulunyaniswa nokungcoliswa kokusingqongileyo, ukutya, izixhobo, iimpahla, njalo-njalo D..

ngokuthethwa

izinto eziyityhefu zineziphumo ezahlukileyo nokomzimba. Iziphumo izixhobo zeekhemikhali kunokubangela enokuphazamisa imithambo-luvo emzimbeni. Ezi mihlaba soman, isisi, njalo njalo. D. izinto zabo chemical (imiba echaphazela) yingozi emzimbeni womntu ngaloo ukukhubazeka, amahlaba kwezihlunu, kunye nokufa. Ezi ziphumo ziziphumo ukuphazamiseka luvo.

Chemical izinto (izinto ezichaphazela) lyumizita kunye lwemostade abe blister. Ukusuka kwezi zinto nabo ubunzima ngenxa yesisu, inkqubo yokuphefumla kunye namehlo. Isikhumba ngayo emva kweeyure ezimbalwa emva kokuba intsebenziswano kunye data izinto eziyityhefu ngokuqhelekileyo ebomvu, yaye kamva kuwo kuvela namadyungudyungu kunye nezilonda.

nezinye iimpawu ezininzi cyanogen chloride kunye hydrogen benqanda. Bengena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa isixokelelwano sokuphefumla okanye nesisu kunye nokutya tyhefu kunye namanzi. Ezi izinto ukuphelelwa kakhulu ngumphefumlo, unditsho, uphelelwa ngamandla, kunye noloyiko rhoqo. izinto Chemical (imiba echaphazela) of ezinye imichiza inokubangela imbonakalo nemibono, ukuphazamiseka uququzelelo kunye nokuphazamiseka engqondweni.

phytotoxins

Izixhobo ze olu hlobo ekwasetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa izityalo (ikakhulu cereals). Oku kwenziwa ukuze bazisunduze utshaba kwezixa ukutya. Ngoko ke phantsi ayisekelwanga kuphela ukutya, kodwa yomkhosi kunye noqoqosho olunokubakho kotshaba. izixhobo ezinjalo iikhemikhali kunye nezinto zalo ezichaphazela waba ihlabathi odumileyo emva ukusetyenziswa yi-US Army ngexesha Vietnam War.

Ngokuthe ngcembe kwabakho iqela lonke iityhefu - phytotoxins. eme phakathi phandle nemichiza asetyenziswa ukubulala ingca utyani, imifuno kunye nokutya okuziinkozo. Iziphumo isicelo sabo bafana imiphumo iingozi imichiza. Le sokhula yaziwa kakhulu - Agent Orange. kuqala kwakhe ihlolwe yaseBritani Malaya, ngoko ke amaMelika eVietnam. Igama waba kubhekiswa uphawu-orenji umbala imiphanda ezithe eziqulathwe wezenzi ezinetyhefu. Namhlanje phytotoxins - isixhobo ebalulekileyo imfazwe eziphilayo.

Ukhuseleko ekuhlaselweni khemikhali

Amaninzi, umchiza isixhobo mihla a ingxa- irula emoyeni. Eyona uphawu uhlaselo eso emnyama dissipated, luhlala ngokukhawuleza engqingqwa bebala okanye ezimhlophe. Ngoko yityhefu izinto emoyeni, yaye emva koko - ukuba ezinye yokusingqongileyo. amathontsi zabo ngokucacileyo ebonakalayo phezu kombekelelo wamatye, amagqabi kunye iindonga. Olunye uphawu lobukho izinto eziyityhefu - ukufa Mass ziintaka, namahlamvu ukubuna kunye neentyatyambo.

Ubungozi kakhulu kwezixhobo yemichiza mihla eqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, abahlali kunye nabezomkhosi kufuneka baphendule ingozi yosulelo ngokukhawuleza nangokulula. Kulo mzekelo, kusoloko kukho into ukoyika: naziphi na izinto ekonakaleni izixhobo zeekhemikhali kunokubangela izifo kakhulu nokufa.

Kwimeko apho kukho isigqumathelo alam igugile. Xa kuziwa izinto ukuba zibe nefuthe eluswini, ke kananjalo kungafuneka unxibe isuti ekhethekileyo ukuze akhuseleke. Nangona kunjalo, i yokuhlala ikhuselekileyo kukho indawo. Phambi kokuba ungene kuwo, abantu kufuneka bathathe off iingubo zakhe zangaphezulu, indlela ayisebenzisayo ukuzithethelela kwakhe. Xa yokusabela exhotyiswe ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yale njongo kukho kwevaranda. It is a umlinganiselo ngakumbi yokuphepha - ukuze uqiniseke ngokupheleleyo ukuba igumbi akayi kufumana izinto eziyityhefu.

Njengoko ngokunjalo izinto ezichaphazela ingozi kwemichiza, ingozi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza, silindele umntu ngalo lonke ithuba. Ezinye abafuna (umz izisele) asikuqinisekisi ukhuseleko nekhulu ekhulwini. iindawo ezinjalo bazilanda kwimeko obhulowu engamanzi kunye izinto eziyityhefu, kodwa azikwazi ukukhusela ngokuchasene igesi, umphunga, ulwelo emoyeni. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezithile, abantu basebenzisa iimaski, ngoxa kwi khusi.

Nganye imiba imichiza eyonakalisayo ukuphembelela umntu kuphela ukuba ukho kujoliswe usulelo. Shiya kusenokuba nzima kakhulu kwindawo eyingozi. izixhobo yemichiza izinto zayo ezichaphazela - intlama. Igesi, ulwelo kunye kufafazwa iziyobisi nga sigubungele iinkalo enkulu. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kuba ukufudusa abahlali, njengoko umthetho, uqeqesho ophezulu ezikumgangatho umbutho obalaseleyo karhulumente.

izikhali

Isiseko izixhobo eziphilayo (bacteriological) zingabameli zebhayoloji. Bona ezikhethiweyo iinjongo ngokukodwa emkhosini. Phantsi ngempembelelo eyonakalisayo izixhobo abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo begula kakhulu ugula. arhente eziphilayo olufunekayo ukuhlaselwa bacteriological, ukuba kwamagciwane. Ba izifo, okt. E. Zingeniseni izifo ezosulelayo. nezinye izinto zabo eyonakalisayo - iimveliso inkunkuma. Xa emzimbeni womntu, bevakalise netyhefu kakhulu ngenxa yokudla kwabo phezulu.

Kwezinye iinkcukacha izinto ezichaphazela izixhobo yemichiza eziphilayo kufuneka ukufana ethile. Umzekelo, oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwimeko yezityalo. Kwaye imichiza, nezamachiza izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukutshabalalisa izityalo yotshaba. Ukuze oku kwenziwe isicelo iintsholongwane kuphela, kodwa zinambuzane - izinambuzane ingozi okuziinkozo kunye nemifuno.

bacteria

Magciwane ezisetyenziswa izixhobo eziphilayo, ngokutsho iimpawu zabo, ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela. Ezi izifo isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, ubungakanani kunye nezinye iimpawu. Eyona ntsholongwane zixhaphakileyo. imiba jikelele ezichaphazela enyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye nezixhobo zebhayoloji zingqamene ngokupheleleyo ingozi ebangelwa zezi zidalwa. Eyona njongo ngokuchitha - ukutshabalalisa okanye buthathaka utshaba.

Bacterium a imvelaphi yemifuno. Inkoliso yabo basemngciphekweni kakhulu ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kwelanga, izibulali kunye nokungazinzi elibukhali ukufuma. Kwangaxeshanye, iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunokuba izifo ibulale Iintsholongwane ezifana anthrax, uminxano, yesi sifo, isibetho, kholera, melioidosis, glanders kunye t. D. Ngaphezu koko, ezi Cya athanda amaqondo ngezantsi zero. Iintsholongwane zilungiselelwe izixhobo eziphilayo, bazibonise kwiimeko ngumntu. Ubugcisa babo obunemveliso mass zisetyenziswa, ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa amayeza, iivithamini kunye antibiotics.

Iintsholongwane, rickettsiae kunye nomngundo

Olunye uhlobo izixhobo zebhayoloji - iintsholongwane. Ezi iintsholongwane eziyingozi nga khona, nande ngaphakathi eziphilayo iiseli abanye. Bona ngokutya igazi emzimbeni yenkosi yakhe. Virus uzinzile malunga notshintsho obushushu. Bona arhente causative i izifo ngaphezu kwama-70, kuquka icesina emthubi, yingqakaqha, njl Ngoko ke, izinto ezichaphazela iikhemikhali kunye eziphilayo izixhobo eziyingozi ngokulinganayo - .. Baya kunokubangela uphazamiseko ozimiseleyo ukusebenza lomzimba kunye nokufa yexhoba.

Isikhundla oluphakathi phakathi iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya Rickettsia ukulidla. Balala izifo ezifana fever nezirhwexu, yesifo umkhuhlane kunye ezifana. D. Okubangel, rickettsia sisasazwa arthropods-bume yendalo. Iimeko ezichaphazela enyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye nezixhobo zebhayoloji yahlukile kuba zichasene kakhulu nemvelo. Imijukujelwa, imijukujelwa, iziqhushumbisi, ezase - bonke wadala ukwenza nemvelo yandile yalo kwintshabalalo.

Olunye uhlobo izixhobo zebhayoloji - obude. Kanye amagciwane, ukuba imvelaphi yemifuno. Ezi zinto ziphilayo zenza mbewu abanganyangekiyo desiccation kunye lomkhenkce.

Iintshukumo uhlaselwa ngamagciwane

Ukusebenza kwezixhobo zebhayoloji kuxhomekeke kukuba emva kokuba lokusekwa kwamagciwane eziko kuqhubeka ukusasaza ngeendleko zonke izigulane ezitsha. Ngoko ke, simele kuphela ukuqala lo bhubhani, kunye nophuhliso wayo ozakube usaqhutywa - ngumbandela kwexesha. Kakade ke, xa kwimeko ngamagciwane lineqela amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuthintela ukufa bonke abantu abatsha. isixhobo bacteriological uye ku- ezininzi, apho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo imichiza. Ukukhuselwa izinto eyonakalisayo, Noko ke, kunokuba nempumelelo kuphela xa ukuhlasela iimpawu ezazi ngokhona utshaba - uhlobo Cya kunye nobuthathaka babo.

Xa imfazwe iintsholongwane alaqhenqetha nje kuphela kweqokobhe, kodwa esebenzisa iimpuku kunye nezinambuzane - abathwali uninzi Iintsholongwane eziyingozi izifo ezibulalayo. Kwimeko emthethweni kunye arhente bemvelo kwisiza komsipha kukho ilifu uphawu inkungu okanye powder.

Kuba zokuzikhusela izixhobo zebhayoloji ngokuyintloko iimaski asebenzisa respirators. Ukuba mancinane kakhulu, esebenzisekayo nethembekileyo. Kwakhona kufuneka ukunxiba izixhobo zokhuseleko, yenzelwe ulusu. Ngokutsho imithetho yokhuselo yoluntu, abantu kufuneka ukuba ushiye izitrato ukuba bahlale ezindlini kunye iingcango neefestile zivaliwe. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuthintela ukungena arhente iintsholongwane nolusu, iimpahla, okanye isixokelelwano sokuphefumla.

Omzimba labantu ukuba ezinye iintlobo zezifo ngokuthi kubekho ekuthinteleni ngabom: .. Vaccination, ukusetyenziswa serum, njl Ingxenye ebalulekileyo zokuzikhusela izixhobo zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi nayiphi na imeko, sihlale ngqo neemfuno ucoceko kunye nezempilo ezinxulumene namanzi kunye nesondlo. Ukupheka kufuneka wenziwe kuphela kwiindawo uyazimela ugxininiso usulelo. Izitya akukho mfuneko kuphela ukuba ageze kunye nezisombululo ezikhethekileyo, kodwa, ngenxa impumelelo yayo, zinyangwe abilayo. Kwimeko lo bhubhane, ngaphezulu kunakuqala, kubalulekile ukuthintela ukusasazeka uphaphazele. wonke amandla abantu kufuneka ibhekiswe ekuthinteleni iziphumo ezibi ukusetyenziswa izikhali esiyingozi.

Elokugqiba, qiniseka ukuba onaso. Yena ngempela ngokukodwa kwimeko ukusasazeka kwezifo: ikholera, isibetho, njl imo onesifo efunekayo ukuze bodwa ogqibeleleyo kuqhambuke izifo labantu ezingqonge ... Xa imida yendawo ezizodwa njengoko ukhuselo ekhethekileyo yaye umisela ofisi ye-ngqwayi. iipatroli Kwenziwa, intshukumo ilawulwe, undibambezele violators ulawulo. Ingakumbi ukhuseleko ngenyameko iyafuneka ezibhedlele, kumaziko esosulelayo kunye kwimida.

Abantu abaye bazifumane ngaphakathi kummandla yesifo, balelwa ukushiya imida yayo, kwakunye ngaphandle izilwanyana zabo kunye nempahla. zokungena kuhlangana sisenokuba kukuphela yintloko Civil lezoKhuselo. ezilawulwa ngokungqongqo zento nokuwela kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Eneneni, akuvumelekanga. Ngaphandle zingenziwa kuphela zothutho ngololiwe. Kwimimandla ekwanti kuxhomekeke kweentsholongwane rhoqo. Abanesifo lungasuswa kuphela emva kokuba pathogen abulawe ngokupheleleyo.

izixhobo zenyukliya

izixhobo zenyukliya ukuvela phakathi kwinkulungwane XX, ngexesha Second World War. Ngokweempawu kunye namandla awo luyingozi kakhulu. Empini yokugcina yanamhlanje uvumela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya emoyeni, phezu kwamanzi, phantsi kwamanzi, phezu komhlaba naphantsi komhlaba. Udubulo kulo siyakwazi ukutshabalalisa abantu konakalise izixhobo, ukutshabalalisa izakhiwo kunye nemizi yonke.

Isiphumo yokuqala ukusetyenziswa zikhali - igagasi kukothuka. Le yeyona nto enamandla ekuqaliseni izixhobo ezinjalo. Le okubulala evela ngesantya omkhulu kuwo onke amacala. Ukuba nombindi dubulo uya kuba yindoda, uya kusala ngaphandle ithuba yokusinda. Le wokhuselo kuphela nxamnye izixhobo zenyukliya ikhusi ekhethekileyo kunye yokusabela.

I-dubulo ngumthombo wokukhanya, equka reyi infrared kunye eyingozi. It isebenziseka imizuzwana 15 kwaye ngeli xesha ibangela ukutsha ulusu kakhulu kunye nomonakalo amehlo engakhuselekanga. Khusela kumaza ukukhanya abatshayayo okanye iimpahla ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe ngezinto zomelele.

imisebe

Ionizing radiation - kakhulu ixesha elide kakhulu yaye ixesha elide iziphumo isixhobo yenyukliya. It is a yokumpompoza neutron kunye gamma, leyo ukugqobhoza kokusingqongileyo emva kwemizuzwana 12 emva kokuba dubulo. Imitha luchaphazela zonke izinto eziphilayo. Xa abantu kunye nezilwanyana yenza isifo radiation - sisifo esibi ukuba ekugqibeleni utshabalalise umzimba ngaphakathi nasekufeni.

A ilifu a Inyukliya ngumthombo imisebe. indawo yayo usasazo ukwandisa amakhulu kunye amawaka eekhilomitha. Emva ukuqhagamshelana kunye izinto radioactive kwimimandla bako kuvela izilonda asekuhlaleni kwesikhumba. iikhompawundi eyingozi kwakhona ukungena emzimbeni. Ukukhusela kusulelo isebenzisa indawo ezizodwa kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela zobuqu.

Xa unxulumano kunye nokusingqongileyo imitha evela kwindawo uqhushumbo, oko kudala ukubetha ngamandla kagesi. It umonakalo intambo kunye neengcingo imigca, kwakunye imo nezixhobo, kuquka iinkqubo alam, unxibelelwano kunye nolawulo. Imiba echaphazela izixhobo zenyukliya nemichiza kwahluka yingozi kakhulu ubomi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo kuyathintelwa, okanye akuvumelekanga kwiindibano ezahlukeneyo ngamazwe kunye nezivumelwano.