Kuqoqosho Uzbekistan esithi: Impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo?

Uqoqosho yanamhlanje Uzbekistan ufikile kunye kwesindululo Uzbek nokumkani eyavelayo emva ekuweni eSoviet Union. Phakathi amalungu ico, eli lizwe yenye zokuqala singene kwisigaba lophuhliso loqoqosho. Ngo-2001, Uzbekistan wakwazi ukubuyisela amanqanaba yiSoviet kwimveliso ngokungqinelana izalathi-GDP. Injini lokukhula liye kwaye ihlala ezithunyelwa (uthelekisa izinto zasekhaya, sikwimo ekuma). Ngenxa yoko, ukukhula koqoqosho yabonakalisa izinga lokuphila eliphantsi.

uqoqosho yobukhosi

Ukuzinzisa imeko lizwe onamava ukuvela imo entsha, urhulumente Uzbekistan unyule ikhosi yokuvuselelwa ngcembe. Eyona njongo ephambili yale utshintsho kancinane ukusuka kuqoqosho ecwangcisiweyo eSoviet emarikeni mihla. ohlaziya zezakhiwo zibandakanya ekomelezeni ingqeqesho yentlawulo kunye namaxabiso aphezulu kwicandelo eneji, inguqu amashishini zangaphambili nemibutho yezolimo zibe iifama zabantu nganye, kwakunye kokukhatywa karhulumente adla.

Kwangaxeshanye, ngasese kwamashishini akazange abe yinxalenye. Ngenxa yoko, isiseko koqoqosho kwaba ngokupheleleyo ephikisanayo Uzbekistan. Olu phawu kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni eli kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho eemarike zithe phantsi kwaye khange yaphela unanamhla. Icandelo labucala kunye noshishino kuthintela ungenelelo karhulumente.

Banking and Finance

Ngowe-1994, uqoqosho Uzbekistan wafumana imali yayo kazwelonke - sum (isixa esilingana nekhulu tiyin). Kwisiqingatha sesibini 90 izinga lotshintshiselwano ithelekiswa nedola iye yahlala izinzile noko. Ekuqaleni kuka 2000, imali US ayenako. Xa utshintsho ixabiso kuye kwenzeka xa liphulo Central Bank of Uzbekistan. Isibakala sokuba isantya sonaniso uhlanga Central Asia ayikho simahla, kwaye kulawulwa ngamaqumrhu mali karhulumente. Ibhanki engundoqo kwafuneka ukuba athathe amanyathelo ezingathandwa ukuzisa ixabiso imali Uzbek nezibonisi real emarikeni. Emali - enye yeengxaki eziphambili noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Ukunciphisa izinga eliphezulu lokukhula kwamaxabiso kule urhulumente iminyaka eyi-25, siyaqhubeka ukuqhuba ngqongqo umgaqo-lawulo wemali kunye ngetyala.

Ngowe-2003 kuphela, iSebe uQoqosho Uzbekistan isaziso ekuqaleni convertibility simahla lwemali kazwelonke. Ukwenza iinguqu ezifunekayo ukuphumeza ubunye amazinga otshintshiselwano, apho nzima ukwehla ngoko. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa ngo-2003, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso yawa kwi-3%. Kwixesha elizayo, urhulumente waqhubeka ngokuthe kumanyaniswe lwemali Uzbekistan kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe.

Iibhanki sikhulu kweli lizwe ezintlanu - ukuba National Bank, Uzpromstroybank, Asaka Bank, Agrobank kunye Ipotekobank (onomanzi 62% kwindlela yogcino lonke eli lizwe). Ngo-2013, ikomkhulu iyonke imibutho yorhwebo samatyala lizwe yaba $ 3 billion.

Ngowe-1994, i-Stock Exchange "Tashkent" sadalwa, eyaba kwelinye lamaziko eziphambili ubomi yezimali zeli lizwe. Yaqala labathengisi, utyalo-mali kunye ne-inshorensi neenkampani eziphambili Uzbekistan. Ngelo istock exchange olwenziwe umnikelo sokuqala karhulumente kunye norhwebo zasesekondari izibambiso. Ngo-2012, eli qonga ukuze bazuze ngokuthengisa million 85 zeerandi.

lobudlelwano bangaphandle

Uqoqosho yanamhlanje Uzbekistan izama ukuba imarike nje kuphela, kodwa vula kwakhona kulo lonke ihlabathi. Owona isixhobo soku - inxaxheba lizwe kwicandelo ngamazwe yabasebenzi kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kule njengombuso ozimeleyo elitsha 90 singene iindidi imibutho aye anceda ukuseka uqhagamshelwano urhwebo namazwe ahlukeneyo. Lo ngumsebenzi wamaziko UN, apho iintlobo zamaziko kwezoqoqosho. republic Central Asia kwakhona uyasebenzisana kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi kunye International Finance Corporation.

Imibutho emininzi zivule ofisi zabo ummeli e Tashkent. Yeyona UN, i-IMF, i-European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, iBhanki yeHlabathi, i-European Commission Union. Imbonakalo kunye namalunga zemimandla yabo. Inkoliso Uqoqosho Uzbekistan siqhagamsheleke kunye uqoqosho kwamanye amazwe e Central Asia, eRashiya, Turkey, Pakistan kunye Iran (kunye yokugqibela ngokukhethekileyo ngokusondeleyo ukuya uqoqosho Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan kunye Russian Federation). Zonke republic lubandakanyiwe 37 kumaziko zemali yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuze lula ukudalwa amashishini kunye nemali zangaphandle lula ubhaliso iinkampani abanqwenela ukutyala kuqoqosho Uzbekistan. Ingakumbi HIV yaba ukwamkelwa imithetho emitsha mvume ye kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa njengokuba ngaphambili, yaye ngoku amaqabane eziphambili Uzbekistan - ilizwe le ico.

ukutsala utyalo

Ngokutsho manani, uqoqosho Uzbekistan namhlanje, ngokuphathelele kutyalomali, namagumbi kakhulu kwindawo loshishino lwamandla (oyile lokulungisa, amashishini imichiza), ezothutho kunye nezolimo. Ngokwemveli, capital angaphandle ngqo kwi Tashkent kunye Ferghana iingingqi. Njengokuba sele sitshilo, imarike uqoqosho Uzbekistan iselelona ixhomekeke kakhulu kurhulumente. Ngoko ke, le projekthi inkulu utyalo-mali lwamazwe ukusebenza kweli lizwe kuphela phantsi kweliso kukarhulumente. Amaninzi, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa uQoqosho Uzbekistan kunye namanye amaziko anoxanduva ezikhethiweyo izinto hi-zobugcisa kunye mveliso, kwakunye nokubaluleka cross-yamacandelo. Zonke ezi amaphulo ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwicandelo labucala.

Utyalo-mali ijoliswe hayi iinkqubo elifutshane ngoku, yaye ixesha elide yaye kuyimfuneko ukuba ukujongana iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo ze projekthi. Ngokutsho imigaqo kunye nenkqubo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho karhulumente. capital Foreign lula iinguqu noshowo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini, ukukhawulezisa langoku technical re-izixhobo imveliso. uqoqosho Uzbekistan kufuneka namhlanje kunye notyalo-mali neeprojekti zokusingqongileyo. Ingxaki enkulu imeko kuLwandle Aral yatsha ngenxa yokusetyenziswa singacinganga kwemithombo yamanzi kwi leSoviet.

E Uzbekistan namhlanje yeyona meko kakhulu kutyalo-mali olukhoyo inkqubo kunye nezimbiwa. Imbonakalo kula ezintsha zobugcisa inceda ukwehlisa iindleko zezibonelelo, ethintela imveliso kwempahla kunye namaxabiso aphantsi kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. rating yanamhlanje kuqoqosho Uzbekistan i-ubukhulu becala nje eyenzeke ngayo loo kwamanye amazwe (umqhaphu, yemiqhaphu njalo njalo. D.). zibaluleke kakhulu kwithuba lotshintsho apho uhlala ngoku kwiriphabliki Central Asia Investments.

izinto zokwenza imveliso

uye wenza urhulumente ephambili mveliso e Central Asia kwiminyaka emininzi yophuhliso loqoqosho Uzbekistan kaThixo, siqinisekile lozinzo kule ngingqi. Eli lizwe eziliqela eziluncedo esingundoqo kubatyali-mali bamanye amazwe. Le uzinzo kwisikeyile esikhulu sezoqoqosho kwezopolitiko, neemfuneko ezifanelekileyo zemozulu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ezi fitsha kwakhona eziphambili kuphuhliso efanayo kwilizwe ngokubanzi.

Uqoqosho Uzbek ivela njenge 25 iminyaka kwisiseko lwalo resource kunye indawo buyingenelo geographical enkosi (Uzbekistan ise embindini yemarike inkulu yengingqi). yenzululwazi kunye ebalulekileyo lwabasebenzi kweli lizwe. Ukufikelela izinto ekrwada kwenza kube lula ukunciphisa iindleko zokwakha yokuthutha, ingakukhuthazi iindleko imveliso eyenziweyo.

Namhlanje eli lizwe ifumene kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo 2.800. imithombo yezimbiwa isiseko kwiriphabliki uthelekelelwa 3.5 ezigidi zeerandi. Ngenxa yakhe, kwasekwa elandela iimpumelelo Uzbekistan kuqoqosho: indawo yesi 9 ehlabathini ekuveliseni ngegolide, 9 - uranium, 5 - cotton nefayibha.

energetics

isizwe Central Asia yenye amandla ezizimeleyo ezimbalwa ngokupheleleyo ehlabathini lonke. Uzbekistan Industries ngaphandle 100% oli ekrwada, petroleum, igesi yendalo, umbane kunye namalahle. iimfuno zoqoqosho ziya kuhlawulwa iminyaka ubuncinane enye 100. Kukho behlola 200 of igesi, neoli kunye condensate.

Uqoqosho weRiphabliki Uzbekistan isebenza ukususela kwinqanaba imbono ngamandla. Iquka kuphela nemfuno eyandayo, kodwa kwakhona ukubaluleka kwalo izihlandlo eziliqela zitshiphu nkqu bakumazwe asele eqhubele phambili. Ukongeza, kukho amathuba unlimited, esakhiwa ngo eminye imithombo yamandla (umoya, ilanga, njalo-njalo. D.).

Namhlanje e Uzbekistan uye izityalo amandla 45 ezingenisa 12,000 megawatts ngonyaka ngamnye. Esi sakhiwo ivelisa malunga nesiqingatha amandla inkqubo yamandla ngamazwe iphela Central Asia. Ngo-2012, izityalo amandla Uzbekistan yavelisa kilowatt-52 ezigidi.

ezolimo

Ezolimo umthengisi ebalulekileyo zempahla ekrwada imveliso mveliso. Enoba ngubani ngumphathiswa kuqoqosho Uzbekistan, icandelo lezolimo liye wayehlala ikratshi lizwe. Isiseko yezolimo - zemveliso bomqhaphu. Le mveliso zibaluleke kakhulu kwiimveliso. Umzekelo, 3.4 yezigidi iitoni umqhaphu lwaqokelelwa ngo-2010. Ezinye izinto kumazwe ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo Uzbekistan i-silika, iidiliya, iziqhamo, melon. Ukongeza, i isixa esikhulu iziqhamo obuthengisiweyo nemifuno (10 million tons kunyaka ngamnye).

Malunga ne-60% yabantu Uzbekistan kaThixo uhlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Kulo mba, icandelo lezolimo liqesha inani elikhulu labantu yokusebenza ye abakule kuqoqosho. iindawo ezinkulu esetyenziselwa izityalo, waqhubeka enkulu inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela. Evela kwi leSoviet. Eqonda ukubaluleka kwale iziseko, urhulumente ezimeleyo Uzbekistan rhoqo kuyihlaziya. Namhlanje indawo ukulima uthelekelelwa iihektare 4 million kweli lizwe (amazwe onkcenkceshelwayo besenza malunga nama-87%).

Ngokutsho manani enikwe yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, eli lizwe iifama ngaphezu kwama 80 amawaka. I-avareji indawo iyelenqe enjalo - 60 kwihektare nganye. uqoqosho kwezolimo rhoqo kukuxolelwa iirhafu kunye nemirhumo yogunyaziso ukuya zobuncwane. Malunga 10 amawaka kubo ligxininisa kwezolimo, iitapile kunye yemifuno, nezinye 22 000 - kule ukulima futhi lwediliya (unyaka lwahluma abamalunga nama-50 000 okulahlwayo iidiliya kunye neetoni 15,000 iziqhamo).

Ngokutsho isigqibo ongasekhoyo uMongameli Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan wahambisana International Fund for Agricultural Development. Kwimeko apho yeemeko ebezingaziwa, urhulumente angakwazi ukuphuma kuyo mboleko concessional ukuba uphuhliso kwicandelo lezolimo. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kweli candelo kuqoqosho Uzbek ukuya kumhla satyala malunga 700 yezigidi zeerandi phakathi mali kwamanye amazwe. Yeyona imali Asian Development Bank, iBhanki yeHlabathi Islamic Development Bank. Qho ngonyaka, ezolimo kwiriphabliki xa uvelisa, iindleko zizonke apho kuqikelelwa kwi-12 ezigidi soums. Ishishini chemical Uzbekistan zisiwa emarikeni ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-1 okulahlwayo izichumisi ezahlukeneyo.

Into entle ukwenzela uphuhliso zolimo Uzbekistan ke kufuphi ezahlukeneyo iimarike. uqoqosho lwayo lubonakala ngokuba izibonelelo zezothutho eziphuhlileyo. Oku kuthi kunxulunyaniswe nenkqubo yonxibelelwano iyonke edibanisa yonke Eurasia. Umzekelo, iinkampani Slovak, apho imali e Uzbekistan, ukufikelela kwiimarike ezintlanu ezanda inkulu kwaye (ico).

yokusebenzela

republic Central Asia sihleli sisisibetho ebalulekileyo yabasebenzi. Uzbekistan - urhulumente beentlanga yayikho, nto leyo ekwahlukaneni kweendlela zorhwebo phakathi eMpuma naseNtshona. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kuba liziko ingqalelo zamaziko emfundo kunye nophando, kwakunye smithy abasebenzi abaneziqinisekiso kakhulu.

Namhlanje Uzbekistan kuqoqosho lwehlabathi isekelwe kumsebenzi kwabanezidanga abasuka kwiiyunivesithi 65 zelizwe (kwiindawo zoshishino kunye zobugcisa nobungcali gqitha). Ukususela ngo-1943, esebenza republic Academy of Sciences. It iqulathe ngamaziko ophando elinesibhozo. Eli ezintsha eziphambili amaziko kuphela lizwe, kodwa lonke kwingingqi Central Asia. Inani elikhulu yabasebenzi Uzbek inxaxheba kuqoqosho Russian. Ngokuba imisebenzi e-RF ulutsha esebenzayo uhamba ubukhulu becala.

amashishini athengisayo

Ukuze siqonde indlela kuqoqosho Uzbekistan iye yaphuhliswa kweli lizwe kule minyaka 25 ukuzimela, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokusondeleyo anxulunyaniswa neemarike eziliqela olutshintshatshintshayo - ico, South Asia, East ne-South-East Asia, kuMbindi Mpuma, Afghanistan, kunye Central kunye neMpuma Yurophu.

Integration hayi unika kuphela izinto eziluncedo, kodwa lwenza kwiriphabliki sesichengeni iintlekele lwangaphandle evela kwamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, kwintlekele yoqoqosho lwehlabathi ka-2008-2009. Oku kwabangela iindleko ezinkulu kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Ukumelana nale ngxaki, urhulumente wamkela inkqubo anti-ntlekele. Ekuhambeni iye yanda yotshintsho, kumashishini angundoqo ukuhlaziywa, kuncitshiswa iindleko ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, nokhuphiswano labavelisi, uphuhliso lwezibonelelo mihla, kakhulu yalomeleza amatyala kunye nokuthembeka iibhanki kunye nenkqubo-mali. Ngokutsho inkqubo, liqalise iiprojekthi ezingaphezulu kwama-300 ebalulekileyo, leyo baba malunga 43 ezigidi zeerandi.

Ukuze ukuseka ubuhlobo zoqoqosho kunye nehlabathi elingaphandle, kwiminyaka 90 eli lizwe ukwenza ukusuka ekuqaleni ngamaziko ambalwa. Kwindawo yokuqala yiyo Ministry of Relations Economic yangaPhandle, Service Customs, kunye National Bank for Foreign Affairs Economic. Ezi zithinteli zilawulwa yiKhabhinethi yabaPhathiswa Uzbekistan. Kwimeko ingakumbi ebalulekileyo amagumbi amaqabane emisiweyo commerce (kunye UK, US, Jamani kunye namanye amazwe). Namhlanje, ilungelo lokungena kwimarike angaphandle ngenkuthalo isetyenziswa malunga namawaka amabini amashishini amakhulu nakwiiriphabliki Central Asia (iinkampani, imibutho, njalo njalo. D.). Anokubanakho kothunyelo kumazwe angaphandle of Uzbekistan iye yaphuhliswa kunye yinkululeko ngokuthe ngcembe yokusebenzisana yoqoqosho lwehlabathi eli lizwe.

ishishini

Kule minyaka iyi-10 idlulileyo, amashishini abucala ukwandisa kakhulu igalelo labo kwi-GDP yase Uzbekistan (ukusuka kuma-30% ukuya kuma-50%). Ingakumbi okuphawuleka ishishini elincinci kwishishini lokwakha, ezolimo, icandelo leenkonzo zorhwebo. ukubaluleka kwayo iyaqhubeka ukukhula kushishino ukukhanya.

abathathu kubo asebenza lishishini elincinci (okanye bona ngokwabo sisebenzisana nabo, okanye abaqeshwe ngabaqeshi ezinjalo) kuzo zonke abantu abane wasebenzisa Uzbekistan. La manani ziyanda kuphela. ngonyaka ngamnye, amashishini abucala kunika ilizwe imisebenzi nesiqingatha sesigidi (phantse isiqingatha kubo kwezolimo, 36% kwicandelo inkonzo,-20% kushishino). uphuhliso lwamashishini izinzile Uzbekistan komeleza ubume kwamandla eyinhloko yengingqi.

Emva kokuwa eSoviet Union phambi kokuba urhulumente waba kuyimfuneko ukudala inkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni yokusekwa kunye nokusebenza kumashishini amancinci abucala intle. Kamva, inkqubo yobhaliso yoshishino ngamnye lula kwaye isebenzisa kuphela. Ngaxeshanye kunye kwezi nguqulelo bathwalwa phandle, ezinxulumene ngokuhlahliswa (umthetho ikhowudi irhafu entsha).

Business kunye norhulumente

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kutshanje 2011 owamiswayo ukuba umongameli we-Central Asia Republic Islam Karimov "Unyaka zamashishini amancinane kwamashishini abucala." Ngumphathiswa kuqoqosho Uzbekistan (ngoku esi sithuba kuhlala Saidova Galina Karimovna) egameni lomntu lokuqala zingeniswe kurhulumente inkqubo amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukutsala utyalo-mali olutsha kunye ukuvela zemisebenzi emitsha. Ingakumbi, le mali ukunika imigca ngamnye adunyiswe iiprojekthi ubalaseleyo kunye namanyathelo amashishini amancinane kweli lizwe.

Inkqubo eyahlukileyo osebenza kwicandelo ezoshishino kwezolimo. State co-ngemali izindlu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni Uzbekistan. Kakade yedwa lo ziseko ngumhlaba otyebileyo kuphuhliso loshishino ngakumbi. Ukukhulisa urhwebo, icandelo leenkonzo, ishishini losapho. Ababoleka, abalimi bafumana impatho engcono ukuba ukuboleka imali eyaneleyo ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi zabucala.

Ngokutsho ngurhulumente "Inkqubo uphuhliso lweendawo zasemaphandleni" iinkampani zasemaphandleni zokwakha encinane. Malunga eliwaka mveliso ezinjalo banikela imisebenzi amane amawaka kubasebenzi zokwakha abanezakhono. Kuba Uzbekistan, kwakunye nayiphi na ilizwe akutshintsho, kubalulekile ukwenza ekhuphisanayo kuzo zonke iindawo, ukuze siqhubeke ukuthengisa ngokwalo ulawule ngokwabo.

ishishini Small kuchaphazela umsebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa nangenxa abanye imeko zentlalo zikarhulumente. Kuphela Ukuphuhliswa kwezorhwebo yenza isebenze kakuhle kwezibonelelo lamandla oluntu. Kukhuthaza well-being ukuzithemba kuluntu kwixesha elizayo kwaye ebalulekileyo lokuqhuba amandla nokukhokela lizwe eya inkqubela.

Impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo?

Enye ubuthathaka ezingundoqo kuqoqosho lanamhlanje Uzbekistan i ukuxhomekeka ongenisa okuziinkozo. imveliso yasekhaya sikhawulelana kuphela-ikota enye neemfuno ezipheleleyo le resource. Ngokwemo, uqoqosho kwiriphabliki lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: elezolimo linegalelo-17% of GDP, icandelo inkonzo - 50%, ushishino - 25%.

Imeko e Uzbekistan eziqhelekileyo phesheya kunye noluntu jikelele kunokuba phezulu. Eli lizwe isithuba ulwazi ezivaliweyo. Le bokuqonda yenkqubo yoqoqosho ezaziwa ucoco enzima ulwazi karhulumente. Ngokubanzi, uhlobo ngegqudu karhulumente ku Uzbekistan kubonakala kuqoqosho ngokwayo. Kuyinto impikiswano, ukuba nje ngokuba, kwelinye icala, njengoko emarikeni, ize kwelinye icala, uvakalelwa yengcinezelo amagunya izama ukulawula ishishini ibalulekileyo.