Kwiminyaka. Ebuntwaneni, lokufikisa, ukwaluphala

Ngengqiqo ngokobugcisa elithi "uphuhliso" libhekisela utshintsho ethile emzimbeni womntu. Ukuba kwenzeka ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye ngenxa izakhono angaphakathi ephilayo, kwaye ngenxa yokusebenzisana nokusingqongileyo. Noko ke, amaqela yobudala ahlukeneyo ziphawulwe kuphela iimpawu eziphilayo. Ipesenti ethile ekuziphuhliseni benza kunye neziganeko zangaphandle kwenzeka umntu.

Ingaba kukho imigca ecacileyo yamaqela ubudala?

Periodization zamaqela yobudala ahlukeneyo abakacaci kwinzululwazi psychological eziqhitsini. Kodwa ukuba likhona, ngeke wazi ukuba nomthelela abantu iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, lokufikisa, ngokutsho kwezinye izazinzulu, luphele kwiminyaka 18-20. Noko ke, kumazwe ukuba kwiimeko ezinzima zoqoqosho nezentlalo, zinokuhlala ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emithathu okanye emine. Emva koko, sekunjalo phantse umntwana uya kunyanzeleka ukuba ukungena kubuntu obudala.

Ngendlela efanayo kusenokuba njalo, kwaye ubudala mdala emva kwexesha. Ngokwemveli, kukholelwa ukuba eli nyathelo awufumaneki phambi kweminyaka 60-65. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho umntu ngebhaxa ixesha elide ukuba enze umsebenzi onzima, ukungondleki, okanye ngokuxhomekeke kwezinye izinto ezinzima, kunokwenzeka ukuba phambili kwiminyaka kamva kunye 45 mdala iminyaka.

ngexesha ebuntwaneni

yobudala Early - eli xesha, ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza imisebenzi yokuthetha. Kuthatha indawo ngaxeshanye kunye ekukhuleni kwengqondo kunye nezentlalo. namandla omzimba nayo inyuke. Chubby nyaka emibini umntwana ubudala ukuya kwiminyaka emithandathu, ajike abe umfana neyi ngubani na co-ordination ngokukhawuleza. Ukwahlula ngamaqela ilandelayo abantwana: ubuntwana (unyaka omnye), lwabantwana abasaqalayo (iminyaka 1-3), ubuntwana (ukuya kwiminyaka esixhenxe), abafundi abancinane (ngaphantsi kweminyaka eli-10).

yobudala Early - eli xesha, uphuhliso ingqondo. Ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emihlanu yokucinga semvelo obeza umgangatho yomntwana (endowing izinto iimpawu izinto eziphilileyo), lo ngokwenza (nithi iinjongo neminqweno zabo zokwenene), egocentrism (buqonda ihlabathi ababona ngayo).

yokukhula

Izazinzulu ezininzi, yena ezithathwa nje ixesha, kuxhomekeke abazali, abo phakathi kobuntwana nobudala. izinto elivisayo zinxulumene kucwangciso wobomi wabo, kwisigaba uthando kunye nobuhlobo, intsebenziswano lwentlalo. Ngokuba nabo, baye imiba ebalulekileyo lwezoqoqosho nopolitiko. Njengoko kubonisiwe, zisancumisa yokufikisa kwixesha elide badla kumazwe ahambele phambili ngakumbi. Kwiinkulungwane 18-19, kwakunye kwinkulungwane yama-20 ngenxa yeemeko ezinzima zoqoqosho okanye iimfazwe elivisayo, babe ngabafakwa uviko, natyeka kamsinya yaba abadala.

yobudala Old - ebudaleni emva kwexesha

A isici esasenza (-kuthiwa neoplasm ngengqondo) wanikwa iminyaka umgangatho ezifana ubulumko. Ngamava ovela kumntu ixesha elide enolwazi, ulwazi atsalwa kubo bonke ubomi bakhe.

Kodwa ke, nangona kukho ubulumko, ubuchopho abaninzi abantu abadala uthambekele ukuya kwizigulo ngokwasengqondweni. ukusebenza kwengqondo Ukuphela lunokwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo: isifo i-Alzheimer, esixhalabisayo saka, ebuchotsheni ukunqongophala igazi. Noko ke, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba ukuguga komzimba - inkqubo eqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba babe badala. Umzekelo, umfazi emva 30 sele phawula imiqondiso ngokwaluphala: imibimbi ezincinane, nokuncipha amandla, iinwele Ukungaboni.

Ebudaleni ikwandim, kukho utshintsho ezibalulekileyo zombini kwinqanaba bokuphila, yaye ubomi entlalo yomntu ngamnye. Kuqala kwinto zonke, iphenjelelwa kakhulu umhlala-phantsi. Le ukutshintsha kwemeko; kunye notshintsho ebomini lwesiqhelo. Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ixesha yabantu usoloko wakhiwe. Umhlala rhoqo kuba sengathi ukuba "abekho kulo mdlalo."

Classification aphumela: yabantwana yasekuqaleni

wengqondo owaziwayo E. aphumela wakhetha awona maqela alandelayo kunye nezigaba zabo zophuhliso. Isigaba sokuqala - ebuntwaneni. Ngeli xesha, umba eziphambili ekufuneka isonjululwe indoda encinane, libhekisela trust okanye ukungathembani kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Usana bazigqibele ngokwayo ukuba ihlabathi yindawo ekhuselekileyo, ukanti isisongelo. Isiphumo Ukugqitywa ngempumelelo kwale nqanaba na umgangatho ophezulu nemfezeko kunye novuyo.

Inqanaba lesibini iquka kweminyaka eli omnye ukuya kwemithathu. Ngeli xesha, umntwana kuya ukuzimela. Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-3 ka uya baziva ukuzimela kwawo, njengoko nokufunda ukuhamba. Ngelo xesha linye kubo kuyimfuneko ukugcina abathembayo. Eyona ndima ephambili apha ngoku udlalwa nge ngabazali. iimfuno zawo, kwelinye icala, ukunceda ukuba wenze oko. Xa umntwana ukoyisa zizimvo entshabalalo, izithintelo yabazali kuza ukusebenza. Kwelinye icala, ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukubona shame. Ngapha koko, kwanokuba ngaba ukubukela omdala ngokumgweba, uziva mkhulu ngoko indawo ukwenza okubi. Ihlabathi esiphila njengoko uqala ukubona ngaphakathi kuye.

Eqongeni ukusuka kwiminyaka-4 ukuya ku-6, umntwana kufuneka ukhethe phakathi iindlela ezimbini - isiquphe kwaye uzive unetyala. Ikhulela njengephupha, oko ngenkuthalo qulunqa umdlalo, zonke ngakumbi kuba.

School esakhula ngu aphumela

Ukususela kwiminyaka 6 ukuya 11 umntwana kufuneka ibe ingqiqo nobuchule. Ukuba ayiwenzi, ngoko indawo yayo ithathwe bazive bephantsi. Le nkqubo kungenxa yokuba eli thuba xesha umntwana iinkosi amaxabiso zenkcubeko. Abantwana nesisaqalayo ukulunakana ngokwazo kunye nabantu abadala, abo bamele umsebenzi othile.

Inqanaba abaneminyaka 11 ukuya ku-20, ngokutsho Erikson, kubalulekile kuphuhliso ngempumelelo yomntu ngamnye. Kweli nqanaba, umntwana okanye oselula umntu uqokelela ngokwakhe ulwazi kangangoko. Ukhangela phezu ngokwakhe njengomfundi, umhlobo, umntwana kubazali bakhe, ezemidlalo njalo njalo. Ukuba eli nyathelo yimpumelelo, kwixesha elizayo loo mntu isikhundla isitali ebomini, uMenzi ukukwazi ukumelana neengxaki.

omdala aphumela

Ukususela kwiminyaka 21 ukuya 25, abantu abatsha baqala ukusombulula ingxaki ekhulayo abadala. Angazeki, behlela usana, nokwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo.

La maqela ubudala phakathi kwabo iinxalenye ebomini, apho kukho uphuhliso lobuqu. Okulandelayo iza isigaba elide, elide kwi aphumela, ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-25 ukuya kuma-60. Ngeli xesha, le ngxaki iphambili ebomini bomntu elingakhuliyo, ukungakwazi yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa ukuba ayiphumeleli, ngoko ke ufumana umvuzo ophezulu - imvakalelo olomeleleyo self-nesazisi.

Kule minyaka, kukho utshintsho athe anxulunyaniswa self-determination kunye nobomi zobuqu. Amadoda nabafazi kweli nqanaba eyimfuneko kwintlekele yobudala ephakathi. Woman emva 30 ufikelela kwincopho nezesondo zabo.

Ubudala iminyaka 60 kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiminyaka sele ababephila ngayo ngaphambili. yobudala Old i uxolo, ukuba ubomi bakhe umntu iphumeze ofunekayo, owayehlala isidima sakhe. Kungenjalo, kuya kuba soyise ukubandezeleka.