Labantu Estonian komsindo yobuhlanga

Xa imo depopulation Estonia yi kwekhulu-ngekota. Ezinye bamanani ukuqikelela ekutshabalaleni elililo lwe lizwe, iminyaka emakhulu:, oku kuya kuqhubeka sizukulwana ngamnye Estonia inqabe ngaphezu ezidlulileyo. Le meko ophambene ayikho nako ukuze ziqhakrazise loo manani demographic konyaka. Okuhambisa HIV, kodwa iindleko zabasebenzi. Nangona abasemagunyeni baye baqinisekiswa i-European Union kwi iindwendwe wayo, kodwa uluntu Estonian ufuna ukukhula ngendleko abantu bomthonyama kwaye uncoma anelise basemzini. Estonia bayazi kakuhle yabamelwane - baseLatvia kwaye Lithuanians, ogama amanani kuyehla, kakhulu.

crisis demographic lweBaltic

Inani labemi yaseLithuania, Latvia kunye Estonia waqalisa ukuhla kunye eSoviet Union. Amabini anesihlanu eminyaka edlulileyo yokuba kwisithuba enye ye-European Union akazange igalelo ekukhuleni kwamanani abemi.

labemi Estonia ngowe-1991 lacuthwa ngama elinesihlanu pesenti, Latvia - amabini anesithandathu ekhulwini, Lithuania - imashumi mabini anamithathu per cent:

• Estonia, 1991 - 1561 nezigidi / 2016 - 1316 million;
• Latvia, 1991. - 2658 nezigidi / 2016 - 1900 million;
• Lithuania, 1991. - 3700 nezigidi / 2016 - 2800 million.

Ukuze siqonde indlela kukho kuyinto embi demographic, kufuneka ucinge amanyathelo ezimbini: Kunceda ntoni na yendalo okanye ilahleko kubemi, ie, Umlinganiselo ukuzalwa nokufa, kwakunye nomgangatho zemfuduko.

La manani for eLatvia, Lithuania kunye Estonia negative iminyaka emininzi. Libulala ngaphezu bezalwa, kwaye inani abemkileyo abaninzi ngakumbi angena lizwe.

Ukwehla yendalo kunye yokufudukela kwi aseBalti

Kuba leminyaka ikota, wakhokela wamanani-manani ezibonisa ukuhla labantu ngenxa yezi zizathu zendalo ngenxa yokuphuma kumazwe eBaltic. Abemi of Estonia yehlile ngenxa izinto zendalo alithoba amawaka, ngenxa yokufuduka - ikhulu elinamanci ezilishumi elinesihlanu lamawaka amadoda. labemi Latvia kaThixo sehle ngabantu phantse asixhenxe anamanci amawaka, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha waba abemi bathutha. Lithuania uphulukene ikota yenkulungwane, ikhulu elinamanci asibhozo-amathathu amawaka abantu ngenxa oonobangela zendalo, isiphumo zemfuduko - ukwehla babengamakhulu omathandathu, anamanci asixhenxe amawaka amadoda.

Izizathu ekunciphiseni yabemi Estonia

E Estonia, badla ukubona izizathu depopulation ayikho imiba yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko, kunye yimbali. Nzulu lokuzala wawa olwandulela zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kwaye kutsha nje kube akukwazeki ukuba ukwandisa ubomi. Esinye isizathu, ngokutsho iingcali, luhlala eSoviet Union. nokuphuma wokuthuthwa aye anda, ukukhula mechanical iyancumisa. Noko ke, ngo-1991 waza wafudukela Estonia kwi novalo, kunye namashumi omahlanu baqalisa baguge, kunye nabo bonke abafayo, yaba ngaphezu kwabo bakwaziyo kubeleka.

Izinga sokuzalwa lihlile ngakumbi ngenxa zengqondo eziguqukayo zeli ubudala xa ilixesha lokuba babe abazali. Ngaphambili, amabhinqa wazala ebeminyaka imashumi mabini namibini ezelwe, ukuba babe oomama namhlanje musa khawulezani phezulu, ukuzalwa komntwana wokuqala ithe yamiswa. abantu abaselula bafuna ukuba ngowokuqala ezinyaweni zenu, athenge indlu, imoto.

Abemi of Estonia ngeminyaka

ukwanda Natural, ukwanda jikelele kwabemi kunye nokukhula yokufudukela e Estonia baqalisa ukuya kwi negative ukususela ngo-1991. Le unxulumano phakathi kwabantu yabemi Estonia:

• 1980 - 1.472.190 abantu;
• 1990 - 1.570.599 abantu;
• 1995 - 1.448.075 abantu;
• 2000 - 1.372.710 abantu; Ukukhula yendalo - -5 336 ukukhula iyonke - -7 116 nokuya - 1 830;
• 2013 - 1.320.174 abantu; Ukukhula yendalo - minus 1 713 ukukhula iyonke - -5 043 nokuya - 3 300;

Ngowe-2016, oko wazalwa ngaphezu elinesine lamawaka abantu Estonia, ufile - elinesihlanu nesiqingatha amawaka. ukunyuka Natural - minus elinesihlanu lamakhulu, iinkqubo yemfuduko - abantu ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini.

Ukutshintsha ukwakheka nobuhlanga Estonia

nokwakheka uhlanga of Estonia iminyaka engamashumi itshintshile. Kodwa hayi kakhulu. Ukuqwalasela oko yabemi Estonia, ukufumana le ngcaciso ilandelayo:

• 1989 Estonia:. 61,5%, 30.3% Russian, Ukrainian 3.1, 1.8 Belarusians eFinland 1.1;
• 2011 Estonia: 68.7%, 24.8% Russian, Ukrainian 1.7%, 1.0 Belarusians eFinland 0.6%.
• 2016 g:. Estonia 69%, 25% Russian, Ukrainian 1.7%, Byelorussians-1%, 0.6% eFinland.

Russian becala abahlala ikomkhulu Estonia - Tallinn. Kakhulu 'Russian "isixeko e Estonia - Narva, apho alithoba anesixhenxe ekhulwini uhlanga Russian.

isixeko Estonian ngokoMthetho labantu

Uluhlu imizi yabantu headed Tallinn - 440 702 umntu. Ngoko ungenza kwiindawo eziphezulu ezilishumi unabantu abaninzi kwiriphabliki (umntu):

1. Tartu - 97.322.
2. Narva - 58.375.
3. Pärnu - 39 784.
4. Kastla-Järve - 36 662
5. Viljandi - 17.549.
6. Maardu - 17.141.
7. Rakvere - 15.303.
8. Sillamae - 13.964.
9. Kuressaare - 13.000.
10. Johvi - 12.567.

Ngaphantsi xa bebonke e Püssi, kancinane ngaphezu kwewaka abantu; e Kallaste and Mõisaküla - abantu abasibhozo.

Indlela yokufudukela kuchaphazela Estonia sabantu

ukwanda Mechanical kukhokelela ekuncipheni sabantu. Ngeli xesha yiSoviet, amaqela amaninzi yobuhlanga ukuza Estonia, kuba apha wadalwa yi iSebe leMicimbi yangaPhandle, apho amaYuda, amaJamani yobuhlanga kunye eFinland ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo yimbali.

Ngaphezu koko, abantu Estonia ezihambayo kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuba eSoviet Union iwa, abantu abaninzi abafuni ukuhlala wahambela kwelinye. ukuthuthela enomfutho. Kodwa emva 2011 saqalisa inkqubo umva.

Namhlanje, inani labemi Estonian liqhubeka lincipha kunye nokuguga. ISebe of Statistics unika izibalo zilandelayo: ikota yenkulungwane, abantu lancipha amawaka 200 abantu, 2040 xa inani labemi baya kuwa ngomnye-10%.

nokuhlaliswa Balts

Kuba Baltic ingxaki enkulu kukuba le mfuduko abemi kwamanye amazwe. Kwaye washiywa Latvia, Lithuania kunye Estonia - abantu abaneminyaka eyi-18 no-30, 70% - abemi ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi elinamine ukuya amane.

Latvia kunye Lithuania, inkoliso wafudukela UK kunye yaseScandinavia. Inani elincinane izwe eUnited States, eRashiya kunye Canada. Estonia ikakhulu ekhethiweyo eFinland.

Njengoko isantya sokwehla labemi Latvia kunye Lithuania baphakathi ziinkokeli zaseYurophu. Ngowe-2016, Latvia wayeshiye abantu-8 000 ngaphezu kufika. Lithuania - ngabantu-30 000.

Refract obangela buhlungu kuphela Estonia. Ilizwe iqala ukukhula labemi olucothayo ngenxa yokufuduka. Kuba 2015-2016 biennium. Estonia ushiye abantu 19.000, kodwa emva okanye abeza ukuba baphile 24.500.

Kwimeko apho ukwanda kulindeleke ku thabatha labemi, akukho nto uhlala Balts njengoko ukwanda kwabantu nge-nkqubo nomtsalane yentlalo bokufika. Lithuania, umzekelo, inikeza indlela elula ukufumana imvume yokuhlala kwi-EU kunye neqondo eliphantsi yerhafu ngoosomashishini. Abafundi abavela kwamanye amazwe e-Estonia ukuze ahlale aze aphile kweli lizwe emva kokugqiba.

Kodwa isiphumo esingakumbi kumazwe eBaltic kulindeleke yamanyathelo ejoliswe ukunyusa izinga lokuzalwa.

Inkxaso Child e Estonia, Latvia ne Lithuania

E Estonia, Latvia kunye Lithuania, waququzelela ulawulo yabasebenzi simahla kwizibhedlele zikarhulumente, kwakunye ulwamkelo kwi ugqirha, iimvavanyo kunye ultrasounds. Kodwa nabani na ukuhlawula nchavelelo olongezelelweyo:

• igumbi langasese - ukusuka € 50 ukuya 80 ngosuku;
• ithuba lokukhetha ugqirha ethile - ukusuka 400 ukuya 600 €;
• indlela umntu ukuba ukuzala - ukususela-50 ukuya ku-1000 €.

Ixesha ikhefu kukhathalelo umntwana Estonia lesikolo lithatha iminyaka emithathu, e Lithuania - kwiminyaka emibini Latvia - kwiminyaka enye enesiqingatha.

vatswari va ngenye indlela yonke inzuzo lizwe.

A intlawulo yesixa kwi ukuzalwa komntwana e Lithuania lingaphezulu € 400; intlawulo ikhefu lokuya kubeleka kwi mali lwemivuzo ezine ngunina; Benefit uyihlo ilingana ikhefu unyaka omnye.

A intlawulo yesixa e Latvia - malunga 420 €. Ukuhlawulwa kwekhefu lokubeleka - 43% yomvuzo sikanina. Isibonelelo umntwana abakhathalele ukuya kwiminyaka emibini - 3300 €. wezibonelelo umntwana wokuqala - 11 €, kuhlawulwa qho ngenyanga ukuya ku elishumi elinesithandathu.

E Estonia, isamba semali intlawulo elingana 320 €. Ukuhlawulwa lokuya kubeleka ingqalelo inqanaba lomvuzo avareji. Isibonelelo up umntwana iminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu - 50 € ngenyanga nganye. Isixa lwabazali isibonelelo ukuya kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo kuxhomekeke kumvuzo lwabazali. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ilizwe ngoku iba i-European Union, imigangatho gqolo ukunyuka ophilileyo, umvuzo ukufukuka, kukho uncedo eziphathekayo nengxenye ezahlukeneyo yabemi.

Ukongeza, kukho iindidi ngeendidi iinkqubo zokuxhasa iintsapho kunye nabantwana abaninzi. Umzekelo, usapho Estonian kunye nabantwana abathathu kuphela izibonelelo umntwana efunyenwe euro ezingamakhulu amahlanu ngenyanga nganye. E Latvia isibonelelo kuba ngaphantsi asixhenxe euro.