Le cosmodrome inkulu Russian. spaceports Russian

spaceports Modern Russian na izinto zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezenzululwazi, ezoqoqosho, unxibelelwano yezentlalo yezopolitiko, yenkcubeko kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. ERashiya, kukho zombini kwamagqabi zokwakha ezikhoyo nangaphantsi. Apho yokuqalisa indawo Russian? Ngawaphi amagama ezinto kuvula ngoku?

Ziziphi spaceports eRashiya?

"Baikonur", "Plesetsk", "Kapustin Yar", "Cima", "Free" naphantsi "East" - a spaceports mihla Russian. Uluhlu into ahambelanayo, Kakade ke, zilungiswe - ngokuxhomekeke iziseko ziya kusiwa njani actuated kwi-sikhokelo yenkqubo indawo Russian. Kuyenzeka ukuba ngenxa kummandla omkhulu kwamaziko ezahlukeneyo isithuba, kwakunye ukuntsonkotha imisebenzi ekufuneka isonjululwe ngabo, luya kuvula kwamagqabi ezintsha, ukuvala ngoku naxa uthuthwa kwenye indawo. Kodwa lo mzuzu spaceports Russian njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, sikwazi ithathwe kwinkqubo esekwe ngokwaneleyo iinjongo yesicelo efanelekileyo. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele nkcukacha nganye ngokweenkcukacha.

"Baikonur" - le spaceport ephambili ngaphakathi kwiNkqubo Space Russian

"Baikonur" - le cosmodrome, leyo asisiso eRashiya Kazakhstan, i-Russian Federation kodwa phantse umsebenzisi kuphela. eziphambili abaqhubi Its - RSC "Energia", Central Design Bureau "Inkqubela", Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva Space Centre «South». "Baikonur" yakhiwa ngo-1955. Le into ethathwa ngurhulumente Russian kwiRiphabliki Kazakhstan rent iminyaka engama-50. Ixabiso le-spaceport imalunga 5 billion engange ngonyaka - .. 3.5 billion kukuthi, enyanisweni, iirenti, 1.5 billion -. Imali eyabelwe ukugcina ukusebenza kwezibonelelo RF le.

Baikonur, nangona zomthetho aliphi Kazakhstan, ngokwesiko kujongwa njengento spaceport Russian. Waziwa ngenxa yokuba yaphehlelelwa ukusuka kwi isathelayithi yokuqala komhlaba, kwisiphekepheke wokuqala andize, Hewana ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, imijukujelwa weave. Baikonur ngoku inkulu kuzo zonke izakhiwo lohlobo asetyenziswa kwishishini kwisithuba Russian. ummandla ogcweleyo - malunga 6717 square metres. km. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo eli Baikonur Russia - inkokeli lehlabathi inani ukuqalisa.

cosmodrome "Baikonur" Infrastructure

"Baikonur" Infrastructure zimelwe, ingakumbi izinto ezinjalo;

- 9 yokuqalisa izakhiwo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo;

- 15 izindululi ezilungiselelwe sungula enomjukujelwa, deducing ngeenqanawa isithuba kunye neesathelayithi;

- 4 izindululi zasetyenziswa ukuze kuqhutywe iimvavanyo ze mijukujelwa weave;

- 11 housings, eyenzelwe ufakelo nokuvavanywa kwezixhobo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo;

- Complex 34 aguqulelwe imijukujelwa prelaunch nemveliso nabo isithuba ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo;

- station 3, apho imijukujelwa gcwalisa kunye nezinye iziphekepheke fuels ezahlukeneyo;

- ibanga yokulinganisa;

- Ulwazi kunye Iziko Computing, apho ulawulo kunye nolawulo lamaphulo isithuba nokuhoywa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze data;

- indawo yemveliso ioksijini-nitrogen, bakwazi ukuvelisa malunga 300 iitoni yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo iimveliso cryogenic ngexesha lasemini;

- mn umthamo we-60 MW;

- 72 MW amandla uloliwe operable ukuya turbines gas;

- transformer kwizikhululo yezinto 600;

- unxibelelwano nodes kukho imali iiyunithi 92;

- zokuchopha - "kakhulu" kunye "wentlokoma";

- izibonelelo kaloliwe wendawo ubude lilonke malunga 470 km;

- ubude izibonelelo ngendlela malunga 1281 km;

- imigca amandla kwi-6610 km, uqhagamshelwano - ukuya 2784 km.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale cosmodrome sikhulu, i inxaxheba kwinkqubo kwisithuba Russian, iya kuvavanya ezi nkcukacha yezinye izakhiwo lohlobo ezisebenza eRashiya.

"Kapustin Yar"

"Kapustin Yar" Abaphengululi abaninzi zikholisa ithathwa njengokuba phantsi yoqeqesho yasemkhosini. Kodwa ngeendlela ezininzi kulo ingaqatshelwa spaceport kunye, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ngenxa yokuba uvavanyo uqala of imijukujelwa ballistic eyenziwe kuyo - kunye ezase ukuba zixhonyiwe indawo evulekileyo. "Kapustin Yar" yakhiwa ngo-1946.

Le cosmodrome Russian ebekwe ubukhulu becala kummandla Astrakhan, kodwa ke ezinye iinkalo yinxalenye kwimimandla Atyrau, Kazakhstan kunye West Kazakhstan. ummandla ogcweleyo - malunga 650 square metres. km. Le launch na iziko yayo yolawulo - isixeko Znamensk. yaseFisantekraal ekufutshane zomkhosi kubekwe phezu kwalo.

"Sula"

Cosmodrome iingcali "Cima" ngokufuthi ingqalelo njenge ledatha starter - kodwa ngenxa imijukujelwa, kwakhona, yenzelwe zithembise nakancinane xa kufikelelwa indawo evulekileyo. Ngenkuthalo kusetyenziswa ukususela ngo-2006. Ifunyanwa le cosmodrome lutsha eRashiya, kummandla Yasnenskom iqhele kwingingqi Orenburg.

Umqhubi iphambili into kucingelwa ukuba abe corporation ngamazwe "Kosmotras". Kweziseko cosmodrome esisetyenziselwa ngokukuhlasela Earth orbit satellites ezininzi. Ngelo xesha ukusombulula iingxaki afanelekileyo ngokufuthi ngexabiso "Dnepr" kusetyenziswa imveliso Russian-Ukrainian.

"Plesetsk"

I yomntla cosmodrome Russia - "Plesetsk". Zimalunga nama-180 km ukusuka Arkhangelsk - ezantsi kwesixeko. indawo Property nama-176,2 yeehektare. Yena waqala ukusebenza ngowe-1966 njengokuba cosmodrome "Plesetsk" konyaka. Ekubeni kunokuba uqala enomjukujelwa ukubayinxalenye usapho P-7 kunye nabanye ezifanayo kwiiklasi wenziwe.

I yomntla cosmodrome Russia, njengoko kuqatshelwe abanye abahlaziyi, kukho ingxelo ngenani lilonke kwenziwa ngayo ukuqalisa emajukujukwini.

"Free"

Cosmodrome "Free" ise kwingingqi Amur. Utyando ukususela ngo-1996. Le launch Russian ine indawo 410 macala onke. km, kwaye izibonelelo ukuze uqalise imijukujelwa kunye abakumgangatho ophakathi ukukhanya. An into umdla kukuba ukwakhiwa i "Free" lwaqaliswa ngenxa yokuba emva ekuweni eSoviet Union le cosmodrome omkhulu eSoviet "Baikonur" kwaba ngaphandle kwe Russian Federation, nabathetheli yenkqubo isithuba Russian baye bagqiba ukuba urhulumente kufuneka injongo yaso kwindawo efanelekileyo. Xa practice, ngexesha cosmodrome lasempuma kakhulu Russia emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza abachaphazelekayo, ingakumbi, ukuze avavanye ukuqalisa of imijukujelwa ballistic - ezifana "Topol". Ngoku, phantse ayisetyenziswa ngenkuthalo, oku kungenxa yokuba kwiMpuma Ekude, yakha iziko elitsha - i cosmodrome "East". Cinga, nayo, ulwazi olusisiseko malunga naloo nto.

"Eastern"

Le entsha kwaye cosmodrome kakhulu empumalanga Russian. Yena waqala ukwakha ngo-2010. uya emi kuyo, ngasendleleni, engekude "ezamahala", apho bekumele ukuba apheliswe ngenxa ufakelo kweziseko ezingundoqo sele kwi "empuma" kunye nokubunjwa ezilandelayo lokucwangcisela ukuya ezichaphazela kwesibonelelo entsha.

Oku kubalwa ukuba ulwakhiwo yasempuma cosmodrome Russian ithatha indawo ye malunga 1035 square metres. km. ukusungulwa kwalo yenzelwe ukujongana nemingeni engundoqo ilandelayo: ekufunyanweni spaceport Russia ngabantakwabo, naphaya ukuba usebenzise zonke iindidi imijukujelwa, ukwakha la ezongezelelweyo sophuhliso ngqongqo Russian imimandla Far Eastern. Lo mmandla inikwa ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo zikarhulumente iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho, kunye nokwakhiwa kweendawo sijongwa njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo la manyathelo.

"East" - cosmodrome Russian, nto leyo eye kwiqela lokulungileyo, ingakumbi ukuba i "Baikonur". Umzekelo, ukuba umkhondo enomjukujelwa, nto leyo iza kundululwa evela apha, ibekwe ngaphandle enabantu abaninzi iindawo Russian Federation, kwakunye noorhulumente basemzini - abo phezu kwamanzi cala. Ukongeza, into okuphawulekayo apho spaceport ise-Russia - oko kukuthi, kummandla izibonelelo zothutho kuphuhliswa-kakuhle. Oku kwenza i "East" ukusebenza ingakumbi iindleko-olusebenzayo. Noko ke, ezinye iingcali kwakhona bonisa inani lokusilela projekthi le into ahambelanayo kwenkqubo isithuba Russian. Okokuqala, kukho into yokuba "East" libekwe ku degrees 6 ngasentla i "Baikonur '- ngoko ke payload mass iyonke evela emajukujukwini, iziko isithuba Russian kuya kuba ngaphantsi kancinci.

Nini eqala nge "East"?

Xa cosmodrome yasempuma Russian iya kuvulwa, kwaye iqala ukusebenza?

Ekuqaleni bekucingelwa ukuba sungula yokuqala ngexabiso ukusuka into ehambelana iza kumiliselwa ekupheleni kuka-2015. Kodwa lo mzuzu wafudukela ngo-2016. Ke xa bekusungulwa isiphekepheke swi nge "East" - kuqala kuqhutywa ngo-2016. Abasebenzi cosmodrome omtsha eRashiya baya kuhlala Uglegorsk, nto leyo imi kummandla Amur - kufutshane kwesibonelelo sisephantsi kolwakhiwo. imizimba "Eastern" olawulo aya kuba kuloo mzi. Ngendlela, ezinye izibonelelo cosmodrome iya kuchat kwakhiwa ngaphandle kummandla Amur. Kuthathwa ukuba i "East" Kuya kuba kunokwenzeka ukuqalisa imijukujelwa phantse naluphi na uhlobo - ukukhanya, aphakathi kunye enzima - ezifana, umzekelo, "Angara", apho iimvavanyo nempumelelo lwenziwa eRashiya ngowe-2014.

isishwankathelo

Ngenxa yoko, sungula isithuba yanamhlanje eRashiya wayemela izibonelelo ezikhoyo 5 - phakathi kwabo kude kungathathwa "ezamahala", ngenxa yokuba zonke iziseko ukho kuyo, yaye omnye sisephantsi kolwakhiwo. Bona zibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo Russian Federation - kumazantsi inxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe, emantla, kwiMpuma Ekude. Le spaceport inkulu actuated kwinkqubo kwisithuba Russian, use Kazakhstan. Kungekudala uya yahlula imisebenzi yabo, nto leyo zibonakaliswa ekuphumezeni zonke bafuna-emva iintlobo uqala imijukujelwa ukusuka cosmodrome "East", oko kukuthi yakhiwa kummandla Amur.