Le elikomkhulu Khazars, yakhiwa kwi emlonyeni iVolga - Itil. Ikomkhulu Khazar Khanate

I Khazars ayaziwa ukususela ngenkulungwane yesi-6, ngakumbi uhlaselo lwawo Georgia and Armenia. Wahlala phezu iVolga ukuya eCaucasus, ummandla Russia mihla kunye Ukraine.

Ukususela iincwadi zembali ikomkhulu Khazars, yakhiwa kwi emlonyeni iVolga - Itil, obe kwinkulungwane 8-10. Malunga kuyo imithombo ebhaliweyo, umzekelo, kuncwadi Arab-Persian kuphando ngeendawo.

Ababhali-mbali nangoku awuyazi ukuba yeyiphi iqela ukwabela ezi zizwe. Xa kwinguqulelo esisiseko ziyashukuxwa Turks, nangona kukho amacebiso ukuba Bulgars kwaye Caucasians Northern Caucasus. Khazar Khanate ufanelwe ingqalelo, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-10, yena unamandla okumdambisa ummandla Black osemantla Sea, yaye indawo enkulu eCrimea. Ngenxa ubukho Khazars ngokusondeleyo onxulumene kwimbali Kievan Rus.

Indawo ebalulekileyo ikomkhulu Khazar Khanate yakhiwa kwi emlonyeni iVolga - Itil. Ukuba lo mzi lunikezelwa zobugcisa.

indawo

Le dolophu ingabekwa emlonyeni koMlambo iVolga. Waye ke emi elunxwemeni loLwandle lweCaspian, leyo yindawo entle kakhulu wejografi. Oku ukuba umzi ukuba iziko loshishino lwe zamaXesha Aphakathi.

Indawo ngqo historians zakudala kwaye khange igqitywe. Oku kungenxa yokuba esi sixeko ishiywe ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ikomkhulu Khazars, yakhiwa kwi emlonyeni iVolga - Itil - ibekwe kweekhilomitha-15 ukusuka Astrakhan. Abanye zibonisa ukuba isixeko wema ukuya emantla (kufutshane Volgograd yanamhlanje).

Abembi bezinto zakudala eyaziwayo Samosdelka induli kuphela ise kwingingqi Astrakhan. Kuye kufundwe ukususela ngowe-1990 kwaye imihla emva 9-10 kwekhulu. Izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ikomkhulu yakhe Khazars. Kukho ingcamango yokuba lali yakuhlamba yi kuLwandle lweCaspian ngenxa yokonyuka amanzi.

Yintoni ukuchuma unobangela

Ikomkhulu Khazar Khanate kuyakhathaza ulwandle emlanjeni kumazibuko, kwakunye neziko elibalulekileyo lorhwebo. Kwakunxibelelene kwindawo ezifanelekileyo kuloo mzi, apho iindlela zorhwebo ezibalulekileyo ixesha.

Imimandla shopping iphambili kumaXesha Aphakathi:

• China-Europe. BaseYurophu bebesoloko nomdla kwizinto aseMpuma. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo bona apho babekulungele ukuhlawula ngegolide, kwaba isilika. Ukongezelela kwizibuko wakhe weza neziqholo, nobunewunewu. Ngenye indlela, le ndlela udla ngokubizwa ngokuba Enkulu Silk Road.

• Biarmia-Baghdad Caliphate. Lo mzila, abarhwebi Bananisa isilivere uboya.

• "Ukususela Vikings ukuya Khazars." Le ndlela ivuleleke Khazars amathuba orhwebo eNtshona Yurophu. Indlela kolona isixeko Regensburg, Prague, Krakow, Kiev.

Kukho ubungqina, kuba apho kwakusazeka ukuba uza abarhwebi Russian bakuhla iVolga e Itil.

Ntoni igama Itil

Le dolophu imi emlonyeni lomlambo, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba zamaTurkic Igama layo lithetha "umlambo". Kukho luguqulelo oluphambi inguqulelo ukusuka yesiHebhere igama elo elithetha "duty amasiko", nto leyo ngenene uza abadlulayo iinqanawa. Noko ke, ingqalelo ukwanda sele iguqulelwe ukusuka kulwimi Turkish.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba igama Itil wabonakala ngokunxulumene kwikomkhulu kuphela kwinkulungwane ye-10. Ngoko basemzini ziye zaba ngundaba-mlonyeni, nangona Khazars kusetyenziswa lonke ityala elinye igama, yaye siyazi ngayo igama njengomlambo, okanye elinye iindawo zesixeko.

isakhiwo capital

Izazinzulu bakwazi ukuyilandelela malunga imbonakalo mzi. Kukholelwa ukuba izilingo ezintathu ibekwe kumacala omabini ehlabathini. Ezi zindawo Koloni naseMpuma babohlulwe iVolga. Bawela phakathi kwabo ngesikhephe.

Ngakwintshona komlambo wahlala ukumkani okuyo kunye nomkhosi. Leyo ke inkoliso zokuhlala wabiza (ngakwintshona iVolga River) Itil. It babehlala kubantu-10 ukuya nge-16 amawaka. Inxalenye wasentshona eyayohlulwe elalini ludonga enqatyisiweyo, leyo iziphumo ezine ngohlobo kwesango. Ababini kubo baya kwizibuko, yaye ezinye ezimbini - kule emathafeni.

Kwinxalenye esempuma yomzi iziko yorhwebo kunye zilahlwe ekuwo neemarike, izitora, iibhate.

Therebetween (yezizathu kwi siqithi) kubekwe isahlulo sesithathu kunye ezinde for nabalawuli. Aba ngezitena elinyukayo. abemi abaqhelekileyo ayengavunyelwa ukuba kwakhiwe le nto, ngoko amakhaya abo waziva Iiyurt, neentente ngamaplanga. Abanye abantu babehlala dugouts.

abemi abaninzi beso sixeko

Ikomkhulu Khazar Khanate wayehluke abantu kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Apha ngoxolo ndawonye amaKristu, njengabangakholwayo, amaSilamsi, amaYuda. Uluntu yamaMuslim yabhalwa lamaKanan, amagcisa, unogada yokumkani. YamaJuda - evela abarhwebi, abahlali owabalekayo elubhacweni Byzantium. BeeNtlanga becala ke kwabona.

Zonke iimbambano phakathi kwabantu isigqibo umgwebi ezaziphethe igosa elikhethekileyo wokumkani. Kuba amaYuda, amaKristu yaye amaSilamsi ngabahluleli ezimbini ukuya iintlanga - omnye.

Le elikomkhulu Khazars, yakhiwa kwi emlonyeni iVolga - Itil - igumbi gunya kuphela ebusika. Ukususela ku-Apreli ukuya kuNovemba, abahlali kwihi iziza zabo ezinyanya komhlaba, kunye nomsebenzi abaziintsizana yasendle. Ehlabathini isixeko kwaku elalini umhlaba olimekayo, isivuno apho eyabekwa Itil kumhlaba kunye namanzi.

Ukufa umzi

Bayonakalisa elikomkhulu Khazars (Itil) waye kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-10. Esi siganeko unxulunyaniswa umthetheli Kievan Rus Svyatoslav Igorevich. Labantu abasindileyo lokufakwa mzi, ukuze athathe indawo yokusabela ngomhla iziqithi ogudle lomlambo.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-11 i Rus washiya komkhulu, yaye ndakwazi ukubuyela i Khazar kwinkundla yakomkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, lo mzi amelwe, ngokutsho al-Bīrūnī, amabhodlo. Imbali yawo ngakumbi ayaziwa.