Ukumkani yokuqala eRashiya - Ivan IV, uWele "esibi"

Ukumkani yokuqala eRashiya akazange azalwe e Moscow, ku Kolomna. Ngelo xesha, eMoscow esemncinane, naseRashiya encinane kakhulu. Noko ke, usana yakomkhulu ibhalwe ngokucacileyo kwaye ugcine uThixo. ebuntwaneni yakhe du ayizange yenzeke. Abagcini iminyaka emithathu wokumkani - neenkosana abazalwana Shuiskys - sidalwe kwibhotwe zolawulo ngokunxunguphala wonke ebusuku kwafuneka Ndiyabulela kuThixo ukuba uyaphila: hayi ityhefu, njengoko umama, hayi babulawa umzalwana omdala, musa ibole entolongweni, ezifana umalume wam, akahluphi wahlukunyezwa zingaphi uyise omalunga - Prince Vasily III.

Phantsi kweemeko ezingavumiyo kuqala Tsar eRashiya asindileyo! Yaye 16 ubudala, okubuhlungu engalindelekanga ukuba neminqweno kartel wayetshatile ukuba ubukumkani! Ngokuqinisekileyo, yithi-mbali, kucetyiswa clever Metropolitan Macarius. Kodwa ukuze kulunge ukuba waqonda ukuba ilizwe lidinga ngesandla esomeleleyo ukumisa livumela kwaye ukufaneleka ntsimi. Ngokoyisa lobuzwilakhe - umbhiyozo ukholo Orthodox, eMoscow - ozothatha kweConstantinople. Kakade ke, ingcamango kumtshato lwenqila owayegulela kwaye zicacile. Ukumkani yokuqala eRashiya kwaba yinyaniso; kunye izinduna rein, ndakumandisa nommandla wayo iminyaka engama-50 yolawulo - ikhulu ekhulwini imimandla karhulumente Russian wande, naseRashiya uye waba ngaphezu lonke Europe.

isihloko yasebukhosini

Isihloko Royal Ivan (i esibi) isetyenziswa yakhiwe wema izikhundla ngendlela ezahlukeneyo kwipolitiki zaseYurophu. Isihloko Grand liguqulelwe ngokuthi "nkosana" okanye "nkosana", yaye ke ukumkani - nguye uKhesare!

Emva kokuba ibekwa lezalamane lo kumkani unina iphumeze iinzuzo ezininzi, nto leyo wombhodamo esibonise uYohane oselula, imeko yokwenene malunga wobukumkani bakhe. Lobuzwilakhe - ezintsha, olunzima, naye uIvan ilawulwa ngaphezu ngempumelelo.

guqula

Ndiyamangala ukuba kutheni na ukumkani yokuqala eRashiya - Yohane The wesine? Kuphi lo mzobo? Kwaye sele kakhulu kamva Karamzin wabhala 'History of the State Russian' yakhe waza waqalisa Countdown Ivan Kalita. Kwaye xa ubomi ukumkani yokuqala eRashiya waza wabizwa - UYohane mna, idiploma ekuvunyweni etroneni yayigcinwe igolide ekhethekileyo ibhokisi-ityeya, waza wahlala ukumkani yokuqala eRashiya apha kule etroneni.

Ukumkani wacinga lonke karhulumente, luqhutywa iinguqu zasemaphandleni labial baguqula umkhosi, wathabatha Code omtsha uMthetho kunye Code of Service, obize le iNdibano yokuqala weLizwe waza wamisa umthetho sokuluvala ukungena abarhwebi zamaYuda. Kukho ingubo entsha iingalo kunye njengokhozi, njengoko Ivan Grozny - kumnombo ngqo Rurik. Kwaye nje kubo: kwicala likanina mkhulu yakhe encinci-nye - umama, umakhulu kunye ngagunya lam - kanye Sofya Paleolog, lo heiress le abalawuli Byzantine. Kukho omnye abe smart, abanekratshi, nzima. Nolunobundlongondlongo, kakhulu, kuba kwelinye. Kodwa, Kakade, ngelo xesha, nkqu kokusingqongileyo inkohlakalo iya kuba akunakwenzeka ukuba utshintshwano ukuba wenza ngokucacileyo ukumkani wayo yokuqala eRashiya. Ukuguqulwa umkhosi - amagama ambalwa, nokuba ingakanani na kubo! Wabonakala 25000th strelets umkhosi, leyo kwafuneka kuphela ukubaxhobisa musket, izando ngamakrele, kunye iinyembezi kwifama! Noko ke, ethathwa ngcembe uqoqosho yabatoli. Kwakungekho inombolo zokudubula hayi ngaphantsi kwe amawaka 2 imipu. Ivan abangcangcazelisi wada waba nabuganga ukutshintsha urhafiso yambombozela omkhulu Boyar Duma. Kakade ke, hayi nje abanumzana bamrokrela malunga mthetho amalungelo awo. Bona bawavuthululela ukumkani ukuya kangangokuba yanyanzela imbonakalo oprichnina. Le nonogada bakha umkhosi ukuya ku-6 lamawaka amadoda, zamadoda phantse iwaka ukholose izabelo ezikhethekileyo.

Ngemithambo Ekuhambeni igazi, xa ufunda malunga sentuthumbo nokubulawa esilawula kunye nokulatyuza isandla ukumkani. Kodwa hayi kuphela uIvan i esibi, nanamhlanje, ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba oprichnina ayikho ngengozi kwaye ukusuka ekuqaleni. Izinduna kwafuneka ukuba silawule! Ukongeza, kuse ezinambuzaneni evela West njengomwexuki kangangokuba yashukumisa iziseko ukholo Orthodox, ukuba itrone ziyadilika kunye uhleli phezu kwayo, ukumkani onke karhulumente Russian. ubudlelwane edidayo isusela lobuzwilakhe kunye nabefundisi. Phambi eyimfihlakalo ikholwa ukumkani ehluthwe kumazwe eMonastri kwaye phantsi nabefundisi zocindezelo. Metropolitan akuvumelekile ukuba ukungena kushishino kunye oprichnina zemshchina. Ngelo xesha ukumkani oprichnina Ivan waba umphathi, ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi emishini, nkqu choir bacula.

Novgorod and Kazan

Phambi kunyaka 1570 oprichnina umkhosi omtsha wafudukela iphulo lokulwa Novgorod esolwa ngenjongo ukuzisa eRashiya kukumkani Polish. Owu, ubuqaqawuli nonogada babedla. Kwango iphanga kubulawa yaseTver, Klin, Torzhok kunye abaseleyo izixeko ezamahala, kamva wabatshabalalisa i Pskov kunye Novgorod. Kwaye yaseTver Malyuta Skuratov wakrwitshwa Metropolitan uPhilip iintsikelelo ukwala eli phulo wamagazi. Kuyo kukumkani ingcambu watshabalalisa zithandwa wengingqi kunye oomabhalane, sinokuthi ekujoliswe kuzo, kunye nabafazi babo, abantwana kunye nendlu. Le ukuphanga yathatha iminyaka de liwela Russia iCrimea Khan Giray Divlet. Nantso ke apho bonisa ukususa umkhosi oprichnina abaselula! Kodwa ke umkhosi yayiphuma kuThixo imfazwe leyo nje hayi. Nonogada ubhuqiweyo, ivila. Kunye Tartars - oku hayi izinduna kunye abantwana babo ukulwa. yalahleka imfazwe.

Kwaye ngoko nomsindo Ivan! Ilitha wafudukela Kazan evela Novgorod. Kwaza ngukumkani indlu Giray. Wabubhangisa Oprichnina nokumkani wada wamalela igama lakhe, wabulawa abanginizayo ezininzi villains, abathathu baya Kazan. Ixesha lesithathu Kazan wanikezela ngokwengqiqo, yaye emva komzuzwana yaba kakhulu isixeko Russian. Kwakhona ukusuka eMoscow ukuya Kazan kuwo wonke umhlaba yokubhalela Russian inqaba. Kuye ke wavuthululwa nguSirayeli kunye Astrakhan Khanate, ukujoyina amazwe Russian. ICrimea Khan, kakhulu, ekugqibeleni perepalo: kangakanani unako sohlwayo yokuphangwa eRashiya aqhumise isixeko yalo entle? Ngowe-1572, umkhosi 120,000th iCrimea sichithakele umkhosi 20000th Russian.

Ukwanda kwiindawo wemfazwe amazwe

apho ke uhlasele kakhulu ke balwa amandla amajoni Novgorod, yaye lenza uxolo kusilungele, nge-40 iminyaka. Izimisele ukumkani Rus eBaltic wokuqala alwa Livonians, nezibonda, Lithuanian, namadlelo amaxesha okukhulu Novgorod, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (phezulu omnye ukumkani omkhulu First - Peter) ayiphumelelanga ezi nzame. Kodwa amazwe uyoyika ayingomdlalo. Nokuba kusekwa ubudlelwane kunye norhwebo kunye eNgilani. Wathi ke ukumkani ukucinga aseSiberia Land, unexplored. Kodwa lumka. Kaloku, ukuba Ermak Timofeevich kunye Cossacks wakhe ikwazile okoyisa umkhosi Khan Kuchum de ngokomyalelo kakumkani ukubuyela Perm zokhuseleko, Russia oko ibangelwa eSiberia. Kwaye emva kwesiqingatha senkulungwane ye Russian weza Pacific Ocean.

ubuntu

Ukumkani yokuqala eRussia nje ukumkani yokuqala kodwa umntu wokuqala nobukrelekrele, erudition nemfundo.

Malunga kwithala Ivana Groznogo nangoku musa kuthotha legend. Theology wayesazi kwi pundits. Yena wabeka isiseko nomthetho. Yena waba yimbangi stichera entle ezininzi kunye nonobumba (a yimbongi!). I wayalela abefundisi ukuba ukuvula isikolo lonke ukufundisa abantwana ukufunda, ukubhala. Yena yamkele polyphonic iimvumi wavula uhlobo somculo kwi Alexander zokuhlala. Waye, neciko obalaseleyo. A umatshini wokushicilela? Kwaye St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo kwi Red Square? Lo umbuzo malunga Ukumiselwa kwe Ivan. Kodwa bakulibale kuphangwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokubulawa, ihlazo kunye nokubulawa nje oprichnina kunye nabalandeli abefundisi Orthodox? Emva kokuphela oprichnina, njengoko enjalo, hayi ngaphezulu, nje ngandlel waziwa. King yaguquka, enxibe imixokelelwane, wamtyakatya ngokwakhe. izixa Huge lwemali wanikela kukhunjulwa libandla imiphefumlo yabo babebulewe ngenxa impilo hlaza. Wafa Schemamonk.