Le fom lwegrama - lo ibinzana yangaphandle intsingiselo yentetho zolwimi. Iintlobo kunye neempawu ngeendlela zegrama

Onke la magama ngolwimi Russian kuxhomekeke phofu imithetho kunye iikhonsepthi ezinxulumene nayo. Elinye la magama likwimo ntetho. Ngamnye kuthi, ukuqala ukufunda ulwimi Russian, wajamelana wayesoloko kulawulo phantsi ingqalelo.

Kuba uhlobo ngokwegrama gama luphawulwa ubukho iinkcazelo ezininzi. Ingakumbi, le nkcazo ngokubanzi okanye kwezi mpawu zingasentla. Ukuqwalasela ingqiqo ngengqiqo exineneyo, umntu athi ukuba ifom lwegrama - ke nokonyulwa iifom igama okanye amagama iwonga, uhlobo lwayo. Kwathi ngelo xesha, nenye intsingiselo, uhlobo lwamagama kulwimi Russian - imeko yesazisi lungelelanisa amazwi afanayo.

Iifom iLizwi ziyahluka intsingiselo-ntetho (umatshini - umatshini, umakhulu - a umakhulu, njl ...). Noko ke, ukuba abayi kuqwalaselwa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo (amagama amatsha). Vice versa. Kukholelwa ukuba zakha enye paradigms omkhulu onamandla, eli edulusele kukuba imizekelo - kwenye imo igama umqondiso. Ubunye ngokusesikweni ithokheni kubo ubunye iziseko iifomu zawo igama inflectional. Nangona ku umkhuba, usenokudibana izinxaxhi ngohlobo "doublets 'phonetic kwaye morphological (overshoe - Isihlangu, funda - ukufunda). Kodwa ke kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iintsingiselo lungelelanisa nelulwimi musa zodwa geqe, kodwa rhoqo unabanye.

wenguqulo

Wenguqulo - inkqubo ebonisa ukutshintshwa lo gama linye phantsi kwempembelelo iindidi zegrama. Kukho iintlobo ezine eziphambili lo wesiqhelo:

• Morphological kunye inxalenye rhoqo, ekuthiwa ingcambu;
• lungelelanisa (Izikweko, izithethantonye, izichasi, njalo-njalo);
• gama-ukubunjwa - inkqubo yokutshata amagama avela zeendawana mnye;
• kwezivakalisi - iqela yoyilo ezahlukeneyo isakhiwo ebonisa ixabiso elitsha syntactic.

Izixhobo zolwimi

Kunye nefomu lwegrama - uhlobo izixhobo ulwimi ukunceda ukwakha intsingiselo yamagama. Izixhobo, ucinga njengomthuthi lentsingiselo lungabonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa kwiimo ezikhethekileyo: izimamva, affixes, emsileni, athi ukuphucuka, izimaphambili.

Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba lokukhetha uhlobo, ukufa, kwaye inani izibizo, izichazi nezihlomelo kunye nezimelabizo. Izimamva, ke, kujongwe ukuba zibonise uhlobo lwesenzi ngendlela elidlulileyo le participles kunye ento. Ugxininiso ibonisa isini, inani izibizo, iimo zezenzi iintlobo. Izalathandawo kufuneka ityumbe amatyala izibizo, izimelabizo kunye namanani.

Ukwahluka

Ukuba sithethe ngale fom zegrama ngengqiqo exineneyo, kulo mzekelo, umba inkulu Ukwahluka kwamagama. Xa oku, ngolwimi Russian lidla iqondwe njengoko umahluko ukwehluka la magama, kodwa kuphela xa iinkcukacha (nesiphelo, amagama athile, njalo njalo. N.). Umzekelo, iti - iti, ukuba - ukuba nje. Okanye amagama ezilala phezu semantically: amaqebengwana - amaqebengwana (ugxininiso ezahlukeneyo), zimali - zimali evenkileni - evenkileni.

unit intetho

Xa sidibanisa ingqiqo, ifomu lwegrama - ngumbutho lentsingiselo zegrama indlela yokuthetha yayo. Le fom lwegrama uyakwazi ukubonakalisa izinto ezininzi.

Indlela ukwakha indlu ngaphandle yezitena kunye namagama usenziwa. Baye nesakhiwo zabo phonetic kunye nentsingiselo-ntetho. ukuba kugqame ngendlela efanayo ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa kufuneka neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo.

intsingiselo ngokwegrama ilizwi - oko sizalwa onke amazwi ingqikelelo yeentsingiselo avareji ezingezo-ngqo lungelelanisa la mazwi. Oko kukuthi, loo nto yinto nje, ukuqonda ngokubanzi yamagama.

Le fom lwegrama - kukuthi, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe kancinane entla, ingqiqo ebanzi kwaye enzonzobila. umahluko categorical intetho ingohluka amatyala. Umzekelo, Madagascar, eMadagascar, Madagascar. Kwimeko ilandelayo uthathwa utshintsho kudidi kwexesha. Umzekelo, Makhe ndiye, bohamba, yiya. Ngaphezu koko, oko ngokutshintsha kohlobo lomntu. Umzekelo, oku iyachithakala, iyachithakala, lichithakale. Kwakhona ngolwimi Russian kukho utshintsho kuvumelekile na uhlobo ngokwegrama igama kudidi ukuthambekela. Umzekelo, umsebenzi, umsebenzi, akanamsebenzi.

intsingiselo yentetho amazwi unezinga ezahlukileyo yokukhupha amanzi. Umzekelo, izibizo ingahluka amatyala. Noko ke, nalapha kukho iimeko, njengoko ingeyiyo yonke njengesibizo uyakwazi ukutshintsha ifomu ukuhamba. Umzekelo, uyakwazi ukuthetha altruist - altruistka ebona - ebona, utitshala - utitshala, kumdlali - weqonga. Kodwa amazwi umlawuli, unjingalwazi, umbexeshi, imvumi zisoloko i (inkunzi) isini kuphela. Kulo declension meko ngaphandle ingqalelo na, njengabanye zelizwi.

Umxholo-ntetho

Le fom lwegrama - na eziziimpawu eli lizwi ezichazwe ngokungqongqo umxholo ntetho. Kuthetha ukuthini xa esitsho? Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "ebuyiselweyo" libhekisela isenzi kwixesha elidlulileyo, isiphumo malunga isibizo obudoda isinye. Intsingiselo yegama lidlule izixhobo ulwimi. Ukuze ubhale igama-form "kwefestile" kwi isinye negalelo, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa nesiphelo -s.

Ifomu ngokwegrama isenzi esithi "ipeyinti" langoku iguqulelwa ngendlela ukuvalwa y. Omnye umzekelo: isenzi 'imingcipheko "kunye yo ophela ibonisa isenzi imperfective ezibizo' imoto" kunye elingcono ophela ibonisa ukuba ilizwi ethile obhinqileyo, kwaye inombolo ekhethekileyo.

Amagama okubonisa izenzo

Ifom ngokwegrama yesenzi kulwimi Russian uphawuleka iindidi ezintandathu: ilizwi, isimo, inombolo, eladlulayo, umntu, uhlobo. Ukongeza, ulwimi olusetyenziswa iintlobo ezintathu kwezenzi mood:

• kubalulekile (adle, hamba, ulilahle), oko kukuthi, Ndiyathanda;
• sifo, lenza isenzo ngexesha langoku wavumela, njengoko kwixesha langoku kwaye kuhlelwa (Siya ukulungisa Uya kufika ziintatheli ngomso asifumananga mntu ..);
• esimo Libonisa ziphumo zinqwenelekayo, nto leyo kakhulu kunokwenzeka kwaye nengqiqo (Ukuba wamthiya. Wayemele wahlala ekhaya. Ndingathanda ukukholelwa).

Udidi izenzi wavakalisa izixhobo ezithile neelwimi. Umzekelo: "ukuva - bevayo wankcenkcesha - amanzi."

Isikhundla babe izenzi kuphela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Apha uhlobo ngokwegrama ilizwi, umzekelo, zezona ukupheliswa echazwe kakuhle. Kuba akukho njengendoda. Kuba umsebenzi ababhinqileyo, kunye neuter - kodwa kuyoze. Umzekelo, ukubaleka, baleka, baleka.

legumbi

Isiseko Iifom lwegrama zithathwa ukuba babe imiqondiso iilwimi ezifunekayo ukubonisa intsingiselo ngokwegrama ilizwi. Iifom ngokwegrama zahlulwe zibe derivational kunye inflectional. Iifom lungelelanisa kunye ntetho. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko akufuneki mazingabhidaniswa ngamazwi ezinxulumene iintlobo zegrama amagama. Ezi zinto ezahlukeneyo.

amagama anxulumene ukwabelana kumthombo omnye, kodwa kusekho amagama ezahlukeneyo! House, ikhaya, abangenamakhaya, ukonga imali. Ukuba sithethe malunga nendlela echanekileyo ngokwegrama elithi "ekhaya", kuyakuba njalo, umzekelo, ikhaya, ndlu ngasendlwini, izindlu.

Ukuntsonkotha ifomu

Iifom zegrama ayashiyana entsonkothileyo elula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iifom ngokwegrama Sidalwe ngoncedo iimpawu yeelwimi - affixes neziphelo. Okanye uzinzile xa embodiments ezithile izixhobo ulwimi phinda. Umzekelo, isinciphiso eboniswe izimamva -tuples, -ek, -ochek. Umzekelo, imbiza, nyana, abazukulwana, intyatyambo.

Indalo kunye nenguqu amagama - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye polysyllabic. Paradigms amagama athile ingqalelo ezintsonkothileyo. Iifom ezifana zegrama, njengoko ekufundeni ulwimi, kwaye practice, eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, nenguqulelo case lesibizo - a ngokuncedisana lwetyala wordforms zombini iintlobo isinye nesininzi. Zalisa wenguqulo iqulathe paradigms hayi ngaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu labucala.

Kubhaliwe kwathiwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunokuba weva

Kubalulekile ukwazi ezinye iinkalo iintlobo zegrama. Le leta "g" kuvakala ngathi "B" kwi iziphelo isiduna neuter iziphawuli genitive kunye nezimelabizo. Umzekelo, bam, okuneziqholo, womelele, ukuzila. Okanye - ezihanjiswayo namhlanje. Kwincoko yesiqhelo, ezinye neenyumerali kugqame njengokuba eyahlukileyo kunokuba kubhaliweyo. Umzekelo, iwaka (tyscha), amathandathu (Shays), amahlanu (Pace).

Kukho kwakhona kwiimo ezikhethekileyo amagama aqala ezimbini, dvug- okanye ezimbini. Simele sikhumbule ukuba ubhale indlela: a elineentloko ezimbini, ezimbini-nombala couplet, oneminyaka emibini, umqulu ezimbini-,-humped ezimbini, imiqulu emibini,-sasekhohlo ezimbini, dvugrivennik. Kwakhona simele sikhumbule indlela echanileyo yokubiza amagama afana ihlawulwe, ihlawulwe, ihlawulwe. Kwaye hayi uplOchenny, zaplOchenny, oplOchenny.

ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo

In Russian, thaca ezi ndidi zilandelayo kwiifom zegrama:

• Syntax. ifomu igama yobeko kwasekwa kumaxesha amandulo. Lubonakala yi akukho namnye, kodwa ngeendlela ezininzi wesiseko ilizwi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iintlobo ngeentlobo izandi kunye nopelo. Ngokufuthi, uhlobo zokwenziwa of amagama asetyenziswa ngendlela obugcisa, njengoko kuthathwa kwimibongo ngakumbi, kunye ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Ngaphantsi isoloko isetyenziswa ngolwimi lwezenzululwazi. Ngamanye amaxesha ngokuguqula zonke nemithetho yolwimi Russian igama ukufumana ifom syntactic dissonant okanye ulwimi-karhulumente okanye ifunyanwe ngokugqithiseleyo amagama elide.
• Morphological. Le nto ke nohlulwe iintlobo lungelelanisa kwaye zegrama inflectional.

Iimpawu iindidi zegrama ixhomekeke ngqo kwi indlela inento enye inxalenye yokuthetha. Umzekelo, eli nani na bokuhlala kuphela ukutshintsha amatyala. degree othelekiso zizichazi, izihlomelo, kunye amagama athetha urhulumente. Zenzi obekwayo phantse zonke iindidi. Izimelabizo - isini kuphela, inombolo kunye icala.

gabalala

Ngokutsho imithetho ulwimi lwethu ngendlela entsonkothileyo, isakhiwo ngokwegrama yokuthetha isekelwe, ubukhulu becala, xa imithetho ethile kunye nemithetho nokusekwa kunye nenguqu kwamagama. Ukuze ukwazi imithetho, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukufunda morphology, oko kukuthi yonke into enxulumene ilizwi paradigmatic abstract ukwazi intsingiselo yamagama. Ilizwi - lusisisekelo esisiseko yegrama. Luhlanganisa isixa odiyo, intsingiselo lungelelanisa neyodwa ntetho esesikweni. Ifom-ntetho - ukuba ezinye, njengokuba ulwimi lwezandla, okuhlanganisa icala eziphathekayo akwaziqonda abstract. Ifom lwesemantiki kuphuma intsingiselo yentetho.