Magama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms: imizekelo. Archaisms kunye neologisms in Russian

ulwimi IsiRashiya isigama ngonaphakade-tshintsha: kwezinye iinguqulelo ngaphambili badla eqhelekileyo ngoku alufane lusetyenziswe, kunye nezinye, phezu koko, nalapha ngaphakatyhi asetyenziswa kuthi. Imizekelo yalo magama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms baninzi, nto leyo ibonisa ukuba uphuhliso lolwimi.

izenzakalo ezifanayo inxulumene ukuba utshintsho kuluntu: igama elitsha lwenzeka kunye ukuvela ayilogama litsha, kwaye ukuba abantu ababuyeli into ethile okanye nesenzeko, ayithethi ukusebenzisa igama esetyenziselwa lokukhetha kulo. Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela magama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms, imizekelo yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo, iintlobo kunye neempawu.

amagama akudala: definition

amagama akudala - enjalo ukuba yothuba elithile ixesha okanye isetyenziswe kunqabile kakhulu okanye isetyenziswe yonke (umzekelo, ngesandla sokunene, mntwana wam, eli oluBomvu, imilebe, Commissar).

Iphelelwe amagama - yinkqubo, ke ngoko, iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo inokuba kwizigaba ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo. Belingekawakhuphi evela ekusetyenzisweni esebenzayo, kodwa ezisetyenziswa alufane ngakumbi kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, igama ubizwa ngokuba "ulwimi endala".

Neologisms kunye archaisms zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. ZifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe kusetyenziswa, umzekelo, kuba nokuthiywa izinto ezinzulu, oko kukuthi, enze umsebenzi nominative (umzekelo, zenzululwazi kunye nemisebenzi historical). Xa imisebenzi fiction ajongene imixholo zembali, isigama loo lidlala indima nominative-zobugcisa - hayi nje kuphela isebenza ukuba afumane izinto ezithile, kodwa idala incasa ethile ngexesha.

Kwitekisi yoncwadi amagama lixesha zingasetyenziswa ukubonisa ixesha xa isenzo kuthatha indawo. Archaisms (kunye neologisms) zingasebenza injongo eyiyo yokubhala. amagama akudala ukunika kwisicatshulwa amisiweyo, njengoko indlela yokuthetha.

Neologisms: Ukuchongwa

Siya ekuphenduleni lo mbuzo oko neologisms, imizekelo uze uzame ukuba akhokele. Ezi ezintsha, bangekabi nsuku aqhelekileyo amagama. ukwakhiwa kwawo esoloko itshintsha, ezinye neologisms kuntshula ngolwimi Russian, ngoxa abanye - hayi. Ngoko, igama elithi "satellite" phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20 i neologism. Qho ngonyaka, i eendaba asetyenziswayo amashumi amawaka amagama amatsha magama, kodwa hayi bonke bephela ezisetyenziswa imihla ngemihla. Ezinye zisetyenziswa kanye kuphela intetho okanye umbhalo, kunye nabanye zifakiwe ngoobani kunye nolwimi, njengoko lisetyenziswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, wolahlekelwa ezintsha zabo. magama athile entsha, ngokusilela nokuba kungena kwingxowa-mali engundoqo lungelelanisa, ngoko nangoko bawa ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kwaye sele lixesha (nxi ezinjalo, umzekelo, ulwimi leminyaka post-revolution: enyanzelekileyo imfundo, zhendelegatka, delovod, kerenki).

Iindlela yamagama amatsha

magama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms ulwimi Russian - into ebangel 'umdla. Ingakumbi ndiyabawela ukwazi ukuba kukho izinto ezintsha. Baya kuthi ngeendlela ezininzi:

- ekumisweni neologism lungelelanisa (kwikota entsha) ukusuka ekhoyo kwi morphemes zolwimi kunye amagama iimodeli ezikhoyo: drywall, ukuqhuba, kukho ifayibha optical;

- ukuboleka igama angaphandle kunye nokusekwa koko ulwimi lwakhe entsha imifuziselo ekhoyo lokusekwa elithi: vuavanyisi, scan, ukuskena;

- ukuyilwa intsingiselo entsha lungelelanisa ye ixesha ezikhoyo ngolwimi (kule ntsingiselo yeli gama zibizwa ngokuba neologisms lwesemantiki), evela kuyo, kuquka umkhondo iintsingiselo zamagama ngolunye ulwimi: mouse - le isixhobo ulwazi ngegalelo computer, leyo; Winchester - kule divayisi ukugcina ulwazi kwikhompyutha, yaye umpu;

- ukuyilwa lwendibaniso ezithile esitalini ixabiso elitsha (kubandakanywa umkhondo): motherboard, a hard drive.

Archaisms kunye historicism

Phakathi isigama archaisms wogutyulo ekwanti kunye historicism. magama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms, imizekelo apho ezidweliswe kweli nqaku, yiba neembila zithutha ngenye indlela.

Inika ukusebenzisa kwabo ngentetho, hayi "iminyaka": ekuthiwa kubalulekile, imiba ebalulekileyo kunye magama Ubudala kangangeenkulungwane, ngoxa abanye archaizing kakhulu ngokukhawuleza, siyayeka ukusebenzisa njengokuba izinto ngokwabo, iinkcukacha wabhekisela amazwi shwaka. Umzekelo, inkqubo yemfundo kwilizwe lethu itshintshile, kwaye ke ngoko intetho bemkile, amagama afana lady opholileyo, Institute for Noble eziNtombini, yesikole, realist (kwi intsingiselo "Umfundi wesikolo samabanga").

Le mbono "historicism"

amagama Abasebenzi azisekho amagama, izinto ezinzulu intetho ebizwa historicism. Yonke imiqathango ngasentla zibhekisela kuwo. La magama zithathe kulwimi lwethu, indawo ekhethekileyo, ekubeni imiqondiso kuphela izinto eziphelelwe lixesha. Xa historicism, ke ngoko, akukho ntonye. Xa imisebenzi yobugcisa, iincwadi zembali, baya entla sebenzisa elidlulileyo ebantwini, njengoko kwenza isongo kwakhona we ixesha elithile. La mazwi ukunika iimpawu ukuthembeka ngembali nenkcazelo odlulileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, historicism - amazwi sikhululwe thina ukuba isetyenziswe ngenxa yokuba kuma kuba isenzeko zinyamalele zinto: ingubo, Bursa, posadnik. Zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo echaza elidlulileyo (zombini zobugcisa yezenzululwazi).

Le mbono "archaism"

Archaisms - amagama baye bawela kratya nje kuba wabhekisela, ekhoyo namhlanje nesenzeko, izinto kunye iingqiqo kukho amagama amatsha. Ukwahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kubo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo inkalo yegama kuphelelwe umhla:

- lungelelanisa, ukuba ilizwi iphelelwe lixesha kwaye akukho elide usebenzisa isakhiwo isandi-ileta, kunye nexabiso elichazwa ngoku wabhekisela unit entsha entetho;

- yesemantiki - kwimeko apho ilizwi sikhona, kodwa siye siphelelwa ixabiso okanye ngaphezulu kubo ( "isisu strip") kulwimi mihla;

- phonetic - Ukuba utshintsha imilo isandi gama, kubonakala ubhala ( "iminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo");

- gama-ukubunjwa - xa lixesha ngokwayo isakhiwo derivational igama ( "ivuza ityhefu");

- igrama - ukuba aphume ukusebenzisa iindlela ezithile zegrama.

Archaisms nantoni akuguquki ukusuka historicism akukho ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba yokugqibela - la amagama kwezinye izifundo abadala, owokuqala - amagama amakhulu amagama ngezimanga eziqhelekileyo ukuba nazo apha kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

iintlobo archaisms

Phakathi archaisms ungahlula amaqela athile amagama. Ezinye zazo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ntonye zawo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo iimpawu ezithile isandi, imixube isandi nepolnoglasnymi (abaselula - ubudala, igolide - igolide, isixeko - isichotho Beach - Breg, Ingekalili - Vrana, igama lesibini ngababini data kuvakala lwakudala). La magama abizwa ngokuba archaisms eziphelelwe phonetic. Ezi ziquka amagama afana klob (iklabhu kwi isigama namhlanje) kwababaliweyo (number), Stora (umkhusane), goshpital (isibhedlele) kunye namanye amagama lixesha kunye namabinzana ngolwimi Russian, leyo inokufunyanwa ababhali kunye iimbongi ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ukusuka 'ezinamandla' zabo, badla zahluke ngesandi esinye kuphela, ubuncinane - ezimbalwa kubo ngoku lixesha okanye aksenti.

Njengoko ubona kulo mizekelo, isigama wogutyulo na iqondo ezahlukeneyo akudala yayo: amanye amagama nangoku asetyenziswe intetho, ezifana iimbongi, kunye nabanye aziwa kuthi kuphela imisebenzi iincwadi kwinkulungwane edluleyo. Kukho abo namhlanje lowo ulibele.

A phenomenon umdla kakhulu - le archaism yeentsingiselo ezithile zelizwi.

Isiphumo layo ukuvela intsingiselo, okanye lwesemantiki, archaisms, oko kukuthi amagama asetyenziswa ngendlela ugugile, engaqhelekanga kuthi. ulwazi lwabo kunceda ukuqonda ulwimi lokwenyaniso iincwadi yamandulo.

Njani neologisms

Sele waphendula umbuzo malunga neologisms, imizekelo apho ezicatshulwe apha ngasentla. Ngoku sifumanisa indlela zivela kulwimi Russian. Yintoni eza ngokukhawuleza: archaisms kunye neologisms? Kodwa nantsi eyona nyaniso.

Izinga imbonakalo lamanqanaba ezinjalo ezahlukahlukeneyo lwesigama, amagama lixesha kunye neologisms, nemizekelo apho ecetywayo kweli nqaku. Okukhulu ngakumbi yaye ngokukhawuleza inkqubo wemvula ulwimi olutsha kuqamba lungelelanisa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, malunga ne-15-20 iminyaka, baye utshintsho olukhulu kwimbali yelizwe lethu, apho kubonakala ngqo ngobume isigama Russian apho. Xa neologisms ebonakala ngeli xesha, kuquka imfundo enjalo, enaningamkelanga khona ngaphambili, hayi kuphela ngolwimi boncwadi, kodwa kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo ukusetyenziswa kwayo (iziyelelane sobummandla kunye nezentlalo, izimbo functional). Kuphela ngokutsha kwi isigama kubandakanywa amagama afana Agrobank (okt bank komhlaba), corporatization (inguqu ibe yinkampani joint-stock lwamashishini kurhulumente kunikezelo kunye nokuthengiswa esitokisini ezahlukeneyo), idilesi (abhekiswe iqela elithile labantu), antirynochnik (okt utshintsho omnye umdlali kuqoqosho emarikeni), kwakunye emali (inflation, yokuwa yezoqoqosho ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukusongela) kunye nabanye.

iintlobo neologisms

Njengoko ubona, amagama lixesha uthelekiswa neologisms. units Isigama esitsha formedness yalo nokuba elilodwa (lesseeship, anti-kwiStalinism, audiotape, ATM, lemigulukudu) okanye amagama ambaxa (UFO - UFO, indlala umgca - kwinqanaba elithile ntle yabantu, ngokubonelela imali amancinane kwempahla eziphathekayo esisiseko).

neologisms ezinjalo zithathwa ngokulandelelana. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe apha ibinzana usandul asakhulayo intlanganisela okuzinzileyo amagama, umzekelo: ukwenza umatshini wokushicilela (oko kukuthi, qala ukushicilelwa eyongezelelweyo imali yamaphepha, nto leyo ezinokunikezelwa imveliso yempahla), usixhome noodles kwi ezindlebeni (elithetha "ukwazisa othile impazamo" ) kunye nabanye.

neologisms lungelelanisa kunye phraseological na maqhalo, imiqathango ezimbaxa kunye namagama.

amaqela ezine neologisms

Njengoko ubona, imisebenzi yamagama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms ezahlukileyo. Ngomhla indima yokuqala senditshilo. Onke amagama amatsha kwi injongo zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela ezine eziphambili.

Eyokuqala kwezi iquka amagama lwengqiqo izinto, nto leyo ekuqaleni ebomini abantu ayisekho: revivalists - abalandeli iintshukumo pseudo-ubuzwe Russian, efuna ukuba ndibuye ndiphilise isibonelelo wayo - izibonelelo ezithile, emele uhlobo inkxaso eyongezelelweyo mali ngeenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nabanye.

Iqela lesibini neologisms wadala ukuchaza izenzakalo sele uthatha indawo ebomini yoluntu, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, ezifana yembono, izihionipho zabo: vozvraschenets - wabuya ngokuzithandela ekuthinjweni kwilizwe lawo, ezingezizo ezenkundla - engaphandle inkqubo, uLenin, umyalelo kwaye ingenalo novelwano et al.

Iqela lesithathu ibandakanya isalatha ubunyani, ebomini ayisekho ntoni, kodwa kunokwenzeka kwi neminqweno eqikelelwayo kuphuhliso ngakumbi zobugcisa kunye nenzululwazi: isiphekepheke, ubusika enyukliya, i desktop.

Eyesine yokugqibela iqela lwezinto lungelelanisa, phinda amagama kunye nentsingiselo ethile lungelelanisa. Ezi ziquka Indawo YobuzweKCharselect (full) ntonye, twatse ngebala kunye nexabiso zesimbo: enentsingiselo - weighted, statist - statists, zembali - sibi, phantse luthobela wobukhoboka - ngokuqiniseka.

Mezhstilevaya kunye eziziimpawu njengohlobo ezithile zentetho, neologisms

Neologisms ukuze zisetyenziswe endle ikakhulu mezhstilevaya, esetyenziswa kuzo zonke iindlela zentetho (Intergirl, umfanekiso, kunjalo, iyogurt, nenkundla, silinene-wentando yesininzi, ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, inter-bank). Noko ke, kukho inxalenye ethile yesimbo lwabo abayinqobo ethile: publicistic (etenxileyo, ukubuyisela ngemva, nkosi iziyobisi, integrator, ukulungelelana), Scientific (biolokator aura, ozone umngxuma, radioecology, clone) ishishini (umthengisi depositary bodwa zendalo) okanye uthethe (xero, ukungcola, imali, oqhathaniselayo, amashwa, kunzima).

We phendula umbuzo malunga yintoni amagama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms. Imizekelo yezi kunokuphumela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, kweli nqaku kuluhlu kuphela abanye babo. Enyanisweni, abo nabanye zimele ulwimi lomzimba ebalulekileyo. Kukho nkqu izichazi ezikhethekileyo, ungakwazi ukufumana eminye imizekelo yamagama eziphelelwe lixesha kunye neologisms.