Le ifundwe kwemithetho Russian Empire phantsi uNicholas 1: umhla, abantu

Ifundwe komthetho Russian phantsi Nicholas Ndaqalisa ngo-1826. Ngenxa yoko, ukusebenza ixesha elide inani elikhulu amagqwetha ilungiselelwe yi-Code, ebandakanya zonke izenzo kunye nemimiselo esebenzayo kummandla bukhosi. Le yingqokelela kwemithetho kunye izicelo kunye neengcaciso yapapashwa ngo-1833.

Ingxaki lo mthetho ezisindayo

Ngexesha Ukuvuma etroneni Nicholas Mna, ukuba ifundwe imithetho uye waba ngomnye wemingeni njengezona nkalo zitshisa ibunzi elijongene nazo eli abasemagunyeni Russian. Ingxaki zisala yokuba amashumi ezininzi kweli lizwe kwakukho nasemagumbini amatsha eDibanisa okuninzi kunye nemimiselo ukuba ngamanye amaxesha iyaphikisana. Ifundwe bekuyimfuneko nokumisa imithetho ndabangenisa umyalelo owodwa enobuchwepheshe.

Kuba le ngxaki ndasiwa ababengaphambi ngakumbi Nicholas I, kuquka uninakhulu n Velikaya kunye nomntakwabo omdala Alexander I. Irhuluneli omtsha wayichola ifundwe ilungelo emva wabonakala kuphela etroneni. Nicholas weza igunya imvelaphi kwimvukelo Decembrist, elungiselelwe abaxhasi utshintsho kwezopolitiko kweli lizwe. UNikolai ezinye yokwenza izigqibo ubomi babo, ejonga iziganeko ka-1825. Ngokuba kuye, ifundwe komthetho yenye yeendlela zokuqinisa ngokwanelisayo kukarhulumente.

Le nokungasebenzi yenkqubo yezomthetho

Ziziphi izixhobo imperious yaba zezinto ninganqeni, nekhabhoni zangaphambili, kuba nabani akukho mfihlakalo. Ngokufuthi isenzo amalungu ahlukeneyo okanye amagosa bemphikisa kunye ngenxa eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo zomthetho kunye imingxuma imithetho elawula umsebenzi wabo. Ukongeza, lo meko engaqhelekanga iye umhlaba ochumileyo ekukhuleni urhwaphilizo.

Ifundwe kwemithetho wayenikwe Mihailu Speranskomu. Kuba ixesha elithile khona, kweza ngu Alexander I waza waba yimbangi ezininzi iiprojekthi zakhe melo guqula. Ngomhla olwandulela War of 1812 Speransky waba ihlazo yaye elubhacweni yekhethelo. Ngoku Nicholas bendimzisile emva kwizintlu, ndithemba ukuba nolwazi olunzulu lwe wenguquko. Speranski kwaoko waphila umlawuli ukuthumela , izaziso, nto leyo icacisa imisebenzi weKomishoni zangaphambili nokuguqula imithetho kunye nezicwangciso ifundwe ezizayo.

Ukusekwa kwesebe yesibini

Nicholas I yamkele ingcamango Mihaila Speranskogo. Ngo-Epreli 1826 ngokukodwa ukuba umsebenzi uhlalutyo lomthetho ukudala kwisebe yesibini Imperial Chancellery. Phambi kokuba umzimba omtsha wabeka usukelo ecacileyo - ukudala Code of Laws of the Empire Russian. Ifundwe zinginginya nabahleli ezininzi. Baye babonelelwa zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko. Abameli ukukhangela i ubunzima enkulu yamaxwebhu. Speransky aliliso sakhe iziqhamo umsebenzi elalisakuba Commission ukuqulunqa imithetho ngexesha Alexander I, ngebengabanga ixesha ukugqiba umsebenzi wayo.

Kwinxalenye yesibini baqalisa ukusebenza amagqwetha, bewenza, mbali, manani kunye ababusi ebalulekileyo. Nazi uluhlu nje buso lwamagama: .. uKonstantin Arsenyev, Valerian Klokov Peter Havsky nguDmitry Zamyatin, nguDmitry Eristov Alexander Kunitsyn, njl Bonke aba bantu le-Elite kushicilelo kweli lizwe. Baba kakhulu kwiinkalo zabo, besebenza kunye, bakwazi ukwenza eyayibonakala ingenakwenzeka. Le ifundwe imithetho ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke xa. Kwanele ukuba ndithi neengcali kwafuneka ukuba afake iseti elilandelayo yamaxwebhu abasusela kwinkulungwane XVII, yaye esasebenzayo kummandla Russia.

collection of amaxwebhu

amaphepha Original zigcinwe noovimba ezahlukeneyo saa kwilizwe lonke. Amanye amaxwebhu kwafuneka ukujonga izakhiwo arhente uyekwe. Ezi izidumbu .. College of leMicimbi yangaPhandle, iSebe patrimonial, ivaliwe imiyalelo, njl ifundwe yomthetho Russian wawunzima kukuba kusekho kwakungekho irejistri olunye nenokuthi ukuqinisekiswa abaqulunqi kweKhowudi. Isebe yesibini kwafuneka ukuba bamakhele ukusuka ekuqaleni, egxininisa eMoscow, iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye noovimba zolungiselelo. Xa lobhaliso wagcina ukulungele, yajika ukuba ezikhuphile ngaphezu kwama 53 amawaka izenzo yamkelwa kwiinkulungwane ezahlukeneyo.

E St. Petersburg ifuna iincwadi ezinqabileyo ukuba sifune wayinikela kwiveki. Le ifundwe imithetho yoBukhosi baseRashiya wayeselapho uhlaziyo kwisicatshulwa. Iingcali kuthelekiswa nenani iinguqulelo, zihlalutywe oovimba ubudala, yawaboleka ukufaneleka, wenza, wamnqamla ukusuka kwirejista. izenzo ezininzi okunene kwakudibana, nangona kufuneka athathwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo yaye izihlandlo ezahlukeneyo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, njengokuba umthetho, bayama kwi uxwebhu ngaphambili, eshiya ku ngobanjiso Code.

Uhlalutyo izinto zembali

Le njengesiqalo isebe besibini Conciliar ikhowudi, owamkelwe ngowama-1649 phantsi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Lwamagqwetha kule ikhowudi yalo ukuqokelela yonke imithetho ezilandelayo. nokuba kukho zemiswa kunye namaxwebhu engasebenziyo (njenge-ungasinika kwi Complete Collection). Kulo mzekelo, kukho uthumo olukhethekileyo wayenza ngaxeshanye kunye uhlalutyo imithombo lokusinda, owenziwa phambi 1649. Eshicilelwe ngokwahlukeneyo njengoko kupapasho ezimeleyo ebizwa ngokuba "Izenzo kwimbali."

Le ifundwe imithetho phantsi Nicholas 1 kwenzeka ngale ndlela ilandelayo. Athatha indawo ethile (umz, civil). Ihlola ngokwahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, umthetho efanayo wakwarhulumente izigaba eziliqela zembali. Oku yaphuhlisa systematization zenkqubo, nangona kusenzima. Buhlungu kakhulu yaba umsebenzi womthetho mthetho. Uphengululo uphuhliso yayo yembali i kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. NgoJulayi 1827 ziziphumo lo msebenzi njenge "pen" ezinikwa umlawuli. Yena wanelisekile. Le ifundwe imithetho phantsi Nicholas 1 senzeka kancinci kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo.

Imithetho sicezele up the Code

Ukulungiselela umsebenzi kwisebe yesibini, uMikhail Speransky isigqibo esichengeni, nokwakha kumava elidlulileyo ngamazwe kwiinkampani efanayo. Khangela ixesha elide akazange abe. Iingcebiso aye akhethwa njenge reference indawo yi uFrancis Bacon. Le sobulumko IsiNgesi wafunda theory zomthetho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII waza washiya incwadi nelifa sisityebi. Ukuthembela umbono wakhe, uMikhail Speransky uqulunqe imithetho embalwa, ekugqibeleni waba ikhowudi oluqulunqwe yemithetho Russian.

ukuphindaphinda ngaphandle. Kakhulu elide, isigama mithetho zancitshiswa, ngoxa inxalenye yesibini akazange avunyelwe ukuba angamchukumisi ubuntu babo. Oku kwenziwa kwixesha elizayo ukuze kwenziwe lula umsebenzi-arhente zikarhulumente, iinkundla, njalo njalo. D. Imithetho zikhutshwe ezi zifundo yommiselo, emva koko awabasondezayo ngohlobo amanqaku, owawa kungena egumbini. Xa uhlelo lokugqibela iqhekeza ngalinye inombolo yayo. Le ndoda, ababephila REDD, ukuze ngokukhawuleza nangokulula ufumane isenzo efanelekileyo. Yiyo lo bafuna ukufikelela UNikolai 1. Le ifundwe imithetho, ngamafutshane, iye yaba lelinye lamanyathelo ezibalulekileyo wobukumkani bakhe. ukulungiselela yokuqala Code sele sigqityiwe.

Ixabiso imisebenzi Speransky

Singatsho kakuhle ukuba Speranskii kwakungayi kuba Ndiliphumezile ifundwe yemithetho yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Wayalela ukuba wonke umsebenzi, wanika iingcebiso abangaphantsi nobunzima wavumela yaye ekugqibeleni bamxelela ukumkani eziyimpumelelo yesebe yesibini. UMikhail Speransky wayengusihlalo uthumo iyonke lowu rechecked iidrafti ze incwadi elizayo. Yaba ukuzingisa yakhe namandla avunyelwe ukuba bamelane umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu ngokukhawuleza.

Noko ke, kwakukho izizathu ifundwe yemithetho yoBukhosi Russian phantsi Nicholas 1 yalibaziseka. Oku kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba iiprojekthi zidla wabuyela emva abacwangcisi kokuma zophicotho-zincwadi. Speransky ngokwakhe ukufunda zonke umgca nemiqulu 15 Code. Ngomhla iidrafti, akazange nje, aze ashiye izimvo zabo. Ngoko ke ngeprojekthi ukubaleka phakathi abaqambi kunye neKhomishoni izihlandlo eziliqela, de, ekugqibeleni, oko akuthethi usile ku bukhanye.

Ukutolikwa imithetho eziphelelwe

Ngokutsho iimfuno zibekwa phambili UNikolai 1, ukuba ifundwe imithetho kwaba nje umsebenzi ngoomatshini ukuba bazibhale kwakhona uxwebhu. izenzo elide kunye ulozhenija ziyaqokelelwa oludala ulwimi Russian. Abaqulunqi kweKhowudi kwafuneka ukuphelisa imixube ezinjalo kwaye kwakhona ungazibhali zona. Yaba omkhulu umsebenzi intsingiselo yomthetho. Imithetho zangaphambili nesigama kufuneka ukuba bafudukela iimeko oqhubekekayo ubunyani Russian kwinkulungwane XIX.

Wonke umthetho sikhatshwe ubunzima amanqaku ukwasikhombisa ukuba imithombo. Ngoko ke inqaku uba esebenzayo, yaye abafundi bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuchana imithetho ngokuthanda. Ingakumbi ezininzi iinkcazelo kunye nezongezo babeza izenzo uvele kwi XVII-XVIII eminyaka. Ukuba abaqulunqi ka layohlala kwisicatshulwa wokuqala okanye sebenzisa i kokulungiswa, oko ngokuqinisekileyo exelwe kwisicelo.

audit

Uvavanyo iphambili ye-Code lwaqhutywa kwi ikomiti yophicotho ekhethekileyo. Wawuquka abameli yeeNgwevu kunye Ministry of Justice. iitshekhi Kuqala mthetho kunye nemithetho engundoqo karhulumente.

Abaphicothi izilungiso ezininzi. Bathi iKhowudi ngekhomyutha kwafuneka ukuba zongezwe PHAMBI setyhula kunye nemimiselo zezinkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, Benindifunela intloko yesebe lemali egor Kankrin. In uBukhosi Russian, lonke ishishini amasiko yayisekelwe imiyalelo saa yoMphathiswa.

Ukupapashwa the Code

umsebenzi ngqo ekulungiseleleni kunye ukhumbuzo lwe upapasho lwaqhutywa ukususela 1826 ukuya 1832. Ngo-Epreli 1832 bekukho uvavanyo kuqala. IManifesto uhlelo epheleleyo Code watyikitywa woMlawuli Nicholas I January 31, 1833. Ukwamkela ukumkani wamnika phezu kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo kule izihloko umsebenzi omkhulu, imihlala-njalo. D. Kuba uhlelo umlawuli lo kudala iye yaba ngodumo, kuba ukususela ekuqalekeni kobukumkani bakhe, owaya lo msebenzi. INtloko yeSebe yesiBini uMikhail Speransky wafumana ibhaso karhulumente liphezulu - uMyalelo Andreya Pervozvannogo. Ukongeza, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, ngowe-1839, waba Count.

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo yakhe Code iye yavavanywa liBhunga State, elikhokelwa usihlalo kulo mzimba, uViktor Kochubey. Intlanganiso ubuhanjelwe kunye nomlawuli. Yaphela kanjalo ukuba ifundwe imithetho Nicholas 1. Umhla isiganeko (31 Januwari 1833) waye ngonaphakade ebhaliwe kwimbali nomthetho Russian kunye nomthetho. Xa imanifesto kulindelekile ixesha amalungiselelo ngexesha apho abasemagunyeni kufuneka ukuba wayewazi Khowudi kunye ukulungiselela ekuqaleni ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Olu hlelo wangena ukusebenza nge-1 Januwari 1835. ngokwemimiselo yayo yandisa kuyo yonke indawo yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

ukushiyeka

Nangona Code yaba imilo neyi lwangaphandle, kungafanelekile uhlobo umxholo lwangaphakathi. Imithetho ngokwemigaqo ezahlukeneyo yaye zineengxaki. Ngokwahlukileyo kubaqokeleli Western, Code ebesiqulunqwe yi-siseko yeConvenco. Wangqengqa ke kukuba imithetho hayi zitshintshiwe, nokuba iyangqubana noko omnye komnye. Isebe yesibini othi kuphela ukunciphisa ekuqulunqeni.

Nicholas akazange kuchaphazela kakuhle komthetho, kuba wabona njengendawo utshintsho oyingozi. Zonke wobukumkani bakhe, wazama ukuba alondoloze umyalelo omdala, ukuba bahlale urhulumente yedwa. Kuyinto isimo sakhe sengqondo nyaniso ezichaphazelekayo kwanokubhalwa.

Crest besakhiwo

Speransky wacela ukwenza i-Code ngokungqinelana nomgaqo komthetho wamaRoma. inkqubo yakhe isekelwe iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili. Yaba umthetho labucala kunye noluntu. Speransky iphuhlise inkqubo yakhe ukuze kwenziwe lula umsebenzi kunye Khowudi.

Ngenxa yoko, zonke izinto sahlukana ngezigaba ezisibhozo. Ngamnye kubo ekwafanekisa kwisebe ethile yomthetho - .. I karhulumente, ulawulo, mthetho, yoluntu, njalo-njalo iincwadi ezisibhozo ke ibamba a imiqulu-15.

ifundwe intsingiselo

Imbonakalo Code kwaphawula kwisigaba esitsha kuphuhliso umthetho lwasekhaya. Abemi beli lizwe okokuqala wafumana ehlelekile lula ukusingatha incwadi apho khangela kunye nemithetho esebenzayo. Phambi kokuba nkqubo amalungelo ziyaphikisana yaye ibe ziingceba eclectic. Ngoku ixesha unsystematic kwakwenziwe ngaphambili.

luphuhliso olukhawulezayo inkcubeko zomthetho Russian. Ngoku amagosa kwaba nzima ngakumbi kakubi amandla abo. Izenzo zabo lula zitshekishwe ngokufunda kunye Khowudi. ekugcineni abantu bafunda ukuba umthetho yaye isetyenziswa njani na. Kuba uhlelo Russian zaloMgaqo lona okunene kwaba iinguqu eziphawulekayo yezopolitiko kunye esemthethweni. edition koko ukuyihlela izihlandlo eziliqela, ngokutsho ezintsha, kuwiso-mthetho wabonakala phantsi ezihlangwini Nicholas I.