Renaissance - nto ... le Renaissance: inkcubeko, ubuciko

I Renaissance, eyaqala ngo Italy kwikota yokuqala kwenkulungwane XV, wajika ihlabathi kumaxesha, ukuyitshintsha ngonaphakade. Iguqulwe ukusuka isiFrentshi okanye Italian "Renaissance" - i "azalwe kwakhona", nto leyo ehambisana kunye nokuvuselelwa ubugcisa izithethe zamandulo. Yase - intuthuko enkulu yabantu, akukho kwamathandabuzo. Ngelo xesha, ukuba wadalwa imisebenzi emangalisayo ukupeyinta, ukukrola kunye bokwakha. Ezibhaliweyo (kwaye ishicilelwe) iincwadi ezinkulu. Nokudaliweyo buchopho babantu, adalwe iinkosi adumileyo elidlulileyo, qhubeka kukumbona kangaka yaye siphelelwe charm yayo.

Abanemvume eyoyikisayo

It uthathwa Yaziwa kakuhle ukuba Renaissance endaweni kumaXesha Aphakathi, ezibe, njengesiqhelo, ebumnyameni, kakade, kakhulu, lubonakala iintlobo zenkohlakalo zonqulo - Kwamacala weva yonke into. Kukho imithombo ukuba bathi nje ukuba ngenxa maqhinga achuliweyo yamaKatolika iCawa kunye Renaissance waba ukuhla.

Inxalenye, le mbono yezinto unelungelo lokuba khona, kodwa ngenkankulu yemfaneleko abefundisi kule nkqubo imikhulu kangaka. Nje ibutho labantu uguquguquka kwimijikelo, kuba revolution nganye, elandelwa yokusabela, kwaye Renaissance waba lixhoba iinkqubo esemthethweni, ngokungakumbi njengoko uninzi izimvo awo yayintsha kwabangazi nto nabalahlekayo, singabunyamezeli nezifo ezininzi eluntwini baloo maxesha. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukweyisela indoda yakhe yobuthixo, yena amahlwempu, bexhomekekile, yaye sikwimo rhoqo yoloyiko.

Icawe ibe yindawo yempucuko

Abanye ababhali-mbali ityala ngamaXesha Aphakathi tye ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye noluntu, nokuba uphi na oku akuyonyaniso. Ngokomzekelo, eminye imithombo uthabathe inkululeko ukuthi kumaXesha Aphakathi akazange ukuphuhlisa inzululwazi. Noko ke, iiyunivesithi ezininzi mihla yaseYurophu avele isiza woonongendi yangaphambili (Oxford) okanye imigudu yabefundisi (Sorbonne).

Akukho sizathu angalufumani phantse yonke imfundo iCawa yamandulo (yaye waqhubeka ukuhlala njalo kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphezulu). Oku lula wacacisa: pesenti iphezulu yabantu nezakhiwo abafunde buzinze abefundisi, yaye ukuba kunjalo - ke ngubani na ukuba ukufundisa kunye "ngqiqweni abalingane babo", kodwa iimonki kunye nabanye abefundisi?

Uphuhliso impucuko ngokuqhubekayo. Vumela abantu ngamanye amaxesha kwakufuneka xha sibuye umva, kodwa nenkcubeko Renaissance akanakuze zenzekile ngendlela apho siyazi ukuba, ukuba wayengazange iwupasisile umendo olunameva ebumnyameni of the Ages Aphakathi. Ngoko, imisebenzi emikhulu boncwadi akayi kuzalwa, ukuba asingabo abo lwandulelwe umsebenzi eminyaka ubudala, zamani ezininzi (umsebenzi wakhe simbiza lwemveli kuphela ngenxa yokuba amagama abo azaziwa). Ukuba bekungekho poetics knight kumaxesha, akuthandeki ukuba kubanjwa yaye "The Divine Comedy" wabe Aligeri, kwaye sonnets ka Petrarch.

Imbewu kufuneka kuwa phezu komhlaba echumayo

Yokuphikisa era yangaphambili balandela - hayi kakhulu echanekileyo. UVoltaire bathi bali - yinto intsomi kubo bonke ekuvunyelwene ngayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ziqonde inyaniso yale amazwi nehlekisayo. Imbali i Renaissance, isakhiwo nesenzeko kunye ezininzi, alinakho ukuchazwa ayintsokothanga. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi echaza esi siganeko grand encwadini yeembali babantu, abaninzi babo banelungelo lokuba khona.

Iphawulwe esikolweni siqinisekile ukuba Renaissance amagcisa ngesaquphe ndafumanisa ukuba inkcubeko wamandulo kunye kunye waqalisa ukuxelisa kuye, ukuba agqalwe wesakhiwo. Ngapha koko, imizekelo lo msebenzi uyemka art lwamaGrike namaRoma, imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ababhali bamandulo ziguqulelwe eYurophu, ukuqala ukususela ngenkulungwane VIII, kodwa akukho Renaissance kuhlelwa omnye kwiinkulungwane ezisibhozo.

Kakade ke, ukuwa Rome Second (eConstantinople) ngo-1453, xa hlokondiba amagcisa Muslim kukoyika (hayi kuphela) wabalekiselwa West, bethabathe nayo elayibrari, ii icon, kwaye (okubaluleke) ulwazi namava abo, idlale indima enkulu. Ekugqibeleni, impembelelo zobugcisa yaseByzantium kwi Renaissance ngokuqinisekileyo. Makhe iCawa yamaRoma bazitshitshisela ii icon, kodwa wema kwezinye endle. Icon ye nguMama kaThixo kunye odumileyo "Sistine Madonna" yi kaMichelangelo ngazo zonke iiyantlukwano - kokubini kubuchwepheshe kunye nokugcwaliswa - ngumfanekiso umfazi efanayo kunye nosana efanayo.

Ekudibaneni abangenabani

senziwa ngenxa ukuba ekudibaneni yeemeko ezininzi izizathu, enye yazo ngokwenene kukuba Renaissance imvuselelo - uhlobo yempendulo yamaKatolika iCawa, ogama impembelelo ngelo xesha ubutyebi elikhulu - zingenakubalwa, nenkanuko igunya - anganeliseki. Le meko zavelisa enamandla yezentlalo yoqhankqalazo: abangafane axhamle le mfundiso ngqwabalala, nezimiselwe kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi eyayize. Le ndoda kwafuneka ukuba bazive rhoqo kwi Vishny (ukuba nobutshaba) amandla ukuba bakwazi na ukuwa umzuzu phezu kwakhe, wamohlwaya ngenxa yezono zabo. Iimfuno ezingcwele ibandla ngokunxamnye nemvelo loluntu ngokwalo.

Inyanga yesibini, Kakade ke, Ukwakheka ngokukhawuleza karhulumente. amandla wengqesho, ukuzuza ukwehla ecacileyo nezimali ezinkulu ukukhokela kwizifundo zakhe, akakuthandi ukuba bavume entendeni amandla ngokomoya. Imizekelo kwimilo enogonyamelo phakathi libandla ngookumkani enamandla - ingaqhelekanga kwimbali. Omnye wabo, le Renaissance ufumbethe ekufeni kwalo.

Isizathu sesithathu mhlawumbi kukuba Renaissance - ixesha xa kubomi benkcubeko ngovuyo kokushiya woonongendi, apho waye savalelwa iminyaka emininzi, kwaye kugxininisa emizini likhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngakumbi zizityebi. Ezimandundu amagcisa lemfundiso ebeka ukuba babhale nje njalo kwaye hayi ngenye indlela, ngokuxhomekeke imida njalo njalo. D. Ayikwazi kubangela Bagcobe abantu abanetalente ngokwenene. Bafuna inkululeko, bona ndiyifumene.

Okwesine, i imeko ebalulekileyo kokuzalwa Renaissance, waba imali agxeke njengoko kubonakale. Nje kwenzeka njengoko zizityebi ngaloo mihla Italy inzala nombulelo kufanele into yokuba kwakukho lo okukhulu. Renaissance Wazalwa endlaleni. Le mfundiso ukuba umzobi kufuneka olambileyo, kuba yangoonomgogwana bezizwe. Zonke Renaissance - proof. UMdali Kufuneka kwakhona babe - kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka imiyalelo, kwimidiya isithuba yokusetyenziswa italente yakhe.

wambusisa Florence

Konke oku ifumaneka uFlorence, imibulelo yokugqibela kodwa okungakuncinananga kwirhuluneli yomzi - Lorenzo Zobungangamela. Eyadini blistatelen izidwangube. Zabazobi zezona ngcali zinetalente, abakroli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo abayifumeneyo Lorenzo umxhasi oluthembekileyo. Xa loo mzi ungakhiwa amabhotwe ezininzi, iicawa, Izindlwana kunye neminye imisebenzi yokwakha. Ngabapeyinti bafumana imiyalelo ezininzi.

Njengomthetho jikelele, yahlulelwe kwii amaxesha amathathu Renaissance, kodwa abanye abaphandi ziquka omnye - ekuthiwa-Protorenessans nangoku ngokusondeleyo kumaXesha Aphakathi, kodwa kuthatha phezu entsha, ezele iimpawu ukukhanya. Esinye sezona ziganeko abadumileyo ixesha ulwakhiwo Florence Cathedral (XIII kwinkulungwane) - izibonelelo ezinkulu ngaphakathi emangalisayo.

ekuqaleni Renaissance

Emva kokuba "pre-unyango" kwi nqanaba ngokuthi Early Renaissance: iminyaka ekuqaleni nasekugqibeleni ixesha ababhali pretty linye - ukususela 1420 ukuya kwiminyaka 1500. asibhozo olisebenzisileyo ukuphelisa izimiso engqongqo isuke libandla, Nelifa kwizinyanya ezizukileyo. Ngeli xesha, axelise imifuziselo yamandulo iba omkhulu. Imifanekiso zomzimba womntu oze ngumfanekiso enothando izihlunu lincinane ngemithambo lubonakala entsha, Engazi yamaKatolika eYurophu style. Renaissance waba iculo sokwenene ubuhle bomhlaba, nto leyo maxa wambi iculwa kwiifomu ezikwekwayo ezinjalo, nto leyo eyayiza horrify abaphulaphuli oko eminye iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci mahlanu eyadlulayo.

Asikwazi ukuba ezi ntsingiselo baye bafumana ukuqonda phakathi ababephila sasingabalweli wangumququzeleli kunye Renaissance, leyo ngemisebenzi yayo entsimini obscurantism wafikelela uzuko ezingaqondakaliyo olungunaphakade. Umzekelo oyinhloko yintloko sale Dominican weemonki - Savonarola. Waye umhlalutyi ongatshiyo of sezifundo "ihambo engafanelekanga 'yaye akazange athandabuze ukuba aqhumisele imveliso, njalo kuphazamiseka. Phakathi iilahleko ongenakulungiseka - Imizobo eziliqela iinkosi adumileyo ixesha, kuquka re Botticelli. Izandla zakhe zivela ezinjalo Imizobo dumeke le Renaissance, njengoko i "Ukuzalwa Venus", "Spring", "uKristu uza Uya kukuntshulela imithana enameva." Ndimele nditsho ukuthi imizobo phantse zonke Abasindileyo umbhali eyayinikelwe imixholo zeBhayibhile, yaye indoda mihla kunzima ukuqonda ukuba bakwazi ukuphazamisa Dominican kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo, yaye kwaba okusemandleni ukunqanda oko. Savonarola wafa ngo-1498, kanti imvuselelo waqhubeka ehamba kweli lizwe, owoyisayo isixeko esitsha - Rome, Venice, Milan, iNaples.

Phakathi abameli kakhulu okuphawulekayo uphawu le nomkroli Renaissance ekuqaleni Donatello ekuthiwa, ngabapeyinti Giotto kunye Masaccio. Ngeli xesha, xa womzobo zaye okokuqala imithetho injalo, vula kwinkulungwane XV. Oku ukuba kamva ukudala-ntathu, umfanekiso-ntathu le Renaissance - oku ngaphambili asifumaneki kumagcisa.

Le sesakhiwo kumda wesangqa lophuhliso ngakumbi olubangelwa uFilippo Brunelleschi, ukudala lwesakhiwo zobungangamela Santa Maria del Fiore.

eliphezulu Renaissance

Kwincopho xesha ixesha wesithathu Renaissance - High Renaissance. Ubukho kangangeminyaka 27 kuphela (1500-1527) kwaye enxulumene becala umsebenzi iinkosi enkulu, abamagama bayazazi bonke kuthi: uLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo no- Raphael.

Ngeli xesha, ikomkhulu lenkcubeko eYurophu wafudukela uFlorence ukuya eRoma. I Pope entsha kaJulius II (wenyuka kwetrone 1503) ndingumntu ezizodwa, admirer enkulu yobuciko umnini ephangalele kakhulu. Ukuba akunjalo kuba ubabalo yomntu yokomoya, abantu abazange babone imisebenzi emininzi zobugcisa kucingwa ukuba perile bezenkcubeko elilifa lethu ehlabathini.

Le iinkosi kakhulu, sithwele uphawu buchopho,-odolo ezininzi. City sasigcwele wokwakha. Abayili, abakroli kunye ngabapeyinti ukusebenza ngapha nangapha (kwaye "esalo isikhundla" ngamanye amaxesha), ukudala imisebenzi yabo ukungafi. Ngelo xesha, ukuba siyilwe baqalisa ukwakhiwa eSt uPetros Basilica - le tempile idumileyo kwaye wamazwi wokholo yamaKatolika.

Ekupeyinteni Sistine Chapel, uMichelangelo wenza isandla sakhe, Liquka intsingiselo liphela, ukulunga kunye nobuhle, owasinikayo amagcisa Renaissance, abaye bakhetha embindini indalo yakhe, indoda (ewe, kunye ngoonobumba abakhulu): ntle njengothixo, uMdali, apho amathuba phantse nanto.

Yonke lufikelele esiphelweni

Ngowe-1523 uPopu waba Clement VII, yaye ngoko nangoko wabandakanyeka impi * uKhesare Carlos V, ukudala ebizwa ngokuba yi-Coniacian league, eziquka Italian isixeko-States of Florence, Milan, eVenice France. AbangooBhishophu wayengafuni ukwabelana amandla kunye Habsburgs kwaye kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule kulo City obunguNaphakade. Ngowe-1527, umkhosi uCharles V, ixesha elide akazange afumane umvuzo (uMlawuli ngaphezulu kwebhajethi nkqu nange ngexesha lemfazwe), kuqala wayingqinga yaye emva koko wee gwiqi kwaye limisiwe eRoma Iingxande zalo ezinde neetempile. mzi mkhulu zasala, kwaye Renaissance High yafikelela esiphelweni.

Encyclopedia Britannica ithi njenge elithile epheleleyo yembali Renaissance, senkulungwane (1420-1527) nowayelawula ayisikeleleyo eItali, yaphela. Abo akuvumelani abaqulunqi ze kulawulo idumileyo ehlabathini, ebizwa xesha, lwaqala emva 1530, emva kwexesha le Renaissance kwaye akakwazi ukuza kwisivumelwano, yaye xa yaphela. Kukho iingxoxo ngakwicala the 1590s and 1620s, kwaye nkqu 1630s, kodwa akukho ezinye iziphumo eyintsalela kusenokuba iimpawu sexesha.

esiqaphelekayo angakwazi

Ngelo xesha, iziganeko ngokweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, kukho intsingiselo leyo zithathwa ezibonisa ntlekele kunye ukonakala kwimizobo (ezifana sale banomkhwa). Lubonakala yi pretentiousness ethile, iinkcukacha ngokugqithisileyo, acinge 'ingcamango umzobi ", ifumaneka kuphela ukuya isangqa nemxinwa iingcali. Imikrolo, izakhiwo kunye ekupeyinteni Renaissance owayehlala kwindawo efuna ngokuvumelana zasuka zathi waxa babesima nemvelo, whorls ezingapheliyo kunye nemibala obomvu lokuba lweentsingiselo elitsha kwihlabathi zobugcisa.

Noko ke, xa wayethetha ngokutshatyalaliswa lokugqibela Renaissance ekuqaleni. Kweminye imizi Italian abaculi besaphila le Renaissance, abahlala bethembekile izithethe enkulu. Ngoko ke, i titian omkhulu, leyo ithathwe njengommeli aqaqambe le Renaissance, wasebenza eVenice de 1576.

Ngelo xesha, Italy naseYurophu xa usebunzimeni. Emva lee kwi inkululeko kuMbindi Ages owabanyusayo nalo ixesha le Renaissance, kweza sokungamelani namachiza. Iinguqu Ofisi oyiNgcwele kwakhona wathabatha izintso ngezandla zabo. Kwi kwimimandla wavutha umlilo - umlilo utshisa babatshisele, kunye nemisebenzi yazo.

It yatshatyalaliswa phantse zonke iincwadi wenza ezintsha uPopu Paul IV yamaRoma "Index yeencwadi ezingavumelekanga" (nje phambi kokuba kukhutshwe izintlu esihambelanayo zapapashwa eNetherlands, Paris kunye Venice). Iinkqubo kubathuthumbisi babengabafundi, kuba le Renaissance kwafika umatshini wokushicilela - ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV Gutenberg wakwazi ukwakha iBhayibhile yokuqala eshicilelweyo. izimemezelo Heretical saa nabantu le Renaissance, Kakade ke, izigidi, kodwa ooyise ezingcwele into yokwenza.

Ababhali-mbali bathi ngokutshutshiswa Italy aba abangcangcazelisi eYurophu - njengempindezelo ukhohlakele kwixesha inkululeko kunye nobuhle.

Northern Renaissance - omnye izenzakalo le Renaissance

Amaninzi, xa sithetha Renaissance, kuba wayecinga Italian Renaissance - simanga wazalwa waza wafikelela ngexesha layo apha. Namhlanje, ku Italy, yonke loo dolophu ukuba kuthathwa ezikhumbuzo izakhiwo, ukupeyinta kunye ukukrola kwexesha.

Kodwa, Kakade, phakathi Apennines le Renaissance xesha akazange elithile. Ekuthiwa-Northern Renaissance yavela eYurophu, kufutshane phakathi kwenkulungwane XVI kwaye banika ihlabathi imisebenzi emininzi emangalisayo. Eyona uphawu le isimbo yaba nempembelelo enkulu sobugcisa ephakathi zwe. Apha ilifa yamandulo sele inikwe ingqalelo ngaphantsi, bobabini e-Italy kunye ubuqili komzimba ukubonisa nabantu ngakumbi. Ngu bemeko- ixesha e Northern Renaissance zezi Dürer, Van Eyck, Cranach. Kule ncwadi, esi siganeko yabalasela imisebenzi kaShakespeare kunye ingawenzi.

Impembelelo ye-Renaissance kwi nenkcubeko ayikwazi zabaxwa: likhulu. Ukuchaza kwaye kucebisa inkcubeko yakudala, le Renaissance wadala wakhe - kwaye usinike isixa esikhulu imisebenzi ongenakufa yobuciko uya kuphucula ihlabathi esiphila kulo.