Le iikhemikhali kunye emzimbeni iimpawu zesinyithi

Insimbi yinto eyaziwayo yamachiza. Ithekisela kumyinge wezenzo zeekhemikhali zentsimbi. Iipropati kunye nezicelo zentsimbi zixutyushwa kule nqaku.

Ubuninzi kwimvelo

Kukho inani elincinci lamaminerali, elibandakanya i-ferrum. Okokuqala, i-magnetite. Ingamashumi asixhenxe anesibini kwi-iron. I-formula ye-chemical formula yi-Fe ₃ O ₄ . Le mineralari ibizwa nangokuthi i-magnetic iron ore. Inombala obomvu obomvu, ngamanye amaxesha obumnyama, ukuya kumnyama, kunye nokukhanya komoya. Idiphozithi enkulu kunazo zonke kumazwe e-CIS e-Urals.

I-mineral elandelayo eneemveliso eziphezulu zetsimbi yi-hematite-iyingxenye ezingamashumi asixhenxe zalesi sigaba. I-formula ye-chemical formula yi-Fe ₂ O ₃ . Kwakhona kuthiwa yi-ore yensimbi ebomvu. Inemibala evela ebomvu-obomvu ukuya ebomvu. Intsimi enkulu kwiCIS i-Krivoy Rog.

I-mineral third of the irrum i-limonite. Nantsi isinyithi ngamashumi asi-60 ekhulwini kwindleko. Le ke i-crystalline hydrate, oko kukuthi, i-molecule zamanzi ziboshwe kwi-crystal lattice, i-chem ₂ formula ye- ₃ yi-Fe ₂ O ₃ • I-H ₂ O. Njengoko igama lithetha, le mineral ibonisa umbala obomvu obomvu, ngamanye amabala obomvu. Ingenye yezona zinto ziphambili ze-ocher zendalo kwaye zisetyenziswe njenge-pigment. Kwakhona kuthiwa i-iron iron ore. Iindawo ezinkulu yiCrimea, iiUreals.

Ngaphandle, okubizwa ngokuba yi-spar iron ore, iipesenti ezingamashumi amane nesibhozo zeerure. I-formula yekhemikhali yayo yi-FeCO ₃ . Isakhiwo saso siqingqiwe kwaye senziwa ngamakristal emibala eyahlukileyo ihlanganiswe ndawonye: grey, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu-obomvu, obomvu, njl njl njl.

Oku kulandelayo kuyiminerali eyenziwa ngokwemvelo kunye nomxholo ophezulu weprumite, pyrite. Inalo hlobo lwemichiza ye-FeS ₂ . Intsimbi kuyo imashumi amane nesithandathu kwipesenti zobunzima bonke. Ngenxa yee-athile zesulfure, le maminerali inemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Uninzi lwezimbiwa ezicatshangelwayo zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa insimbi ecocekileyo. Ukongeza, i-hematite isetyenziswe ekwenzeni ubucwebe kwiitye zendalo. Ukufumana i-pyrite kungafumaneka kwiingubo ezenziwe nge-lapis lazuli. Ukongezelela, kwendalo, insimbi ifumaneka kwizinto eziphilayo - yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zeeseli. Le microelement kufuneka ingene emzimbeni womntu ngokwaneleyo. Iipropati zokuphilisa zentsimbi zibangelwa kukuba le nxalenye yeekhemikhali isiseko se-hemoglobin. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ferrum kakuhle kukuchaphazela imeko yegazi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, yonke imimandla iyonke.

Intsimbi: iimpahla kunye nemikhemikhali

Cinga ngeendlela ezimbini ezi zikhulu. Impawu zendalo zentsimbi kubonakala kwayo, ubuninzi, inyibiliko, njl. Oko kukuthi, zonke iinkalo ezichazwe kwimiba enxulumene ne-physics. Iimveliso zeekhemikhali zentsimbi zikwazi ukuphendula kunye nezinye iimveliso. Masiqale ngeyokuqala.

Iimpawu zenyama zensimbi

Ngendlela yayo ecocekileyo, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, yinto eqinile. Unombala obomvu-obumnyama kunye nesibonakaliso esicacisayo sesimbi. Iipropati zensimbi zentsimbi ziquka inqanaba lobunzima be-Mohs. Ilingana ezine (umyinge). Intsimbi inokuqhuba kakuhle kombane kunye nokuqhuba kakuhle. Into yokugqibela inokuvakalelwa ngokuthinta into yentsimbi kwindawo egandayo. Ekubeni le ngcaciso iqhuba ngokukhawuleza, ithatha inxalenye enkulu yesikhumba sakho ngexesha elifutshane, kwaye ke uziva unqabile. Xa uthintele umzekelo, umthi, kuyaqatshelwa ukuba ukuqhuba kwe-thermal yayo kuncinci. Iimpawu zenyama zensimbi nazo ziindawo zokudibanisa nokubilisa. Iyokuqala yi-1539 degrees Celsius, yesibini - 2860 degrees Celsius. Ingagqitywa ukuba izakhiwo zentsimbi - iplastiki enobungqina kunye nokufaneleka. Kodwa nangona oku akukho konke.

Kwakhona kwipropati yesinyithi yintsimbi ye-ferromagnetism. Yintoni na? I-Iron, eneempawu zendalo ezinokubakho kwiimpawu zemihla ngemihla, yiyona yodwa insimbi eneenkalo ezikhethekileyo. Oku kubangelwa ukuba le ngcaciso iyakwazi ukutshabalalisa phantsi kwesenzo seganeti. Kwaye emva kokupheliswa kwesebe yokugqibela, iipropthi ze-magnetic ezenziwe nje, zihlala ziyimagnethi ixesha elide. Into enjalo inokuchazwa ngento yokuba kwisakhiwo sensimbi ininzi ezininzi zee-electron ezingakwazi ukuhamba.

Ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga i-chemistry

Eli nqaku libhekisela kwisinyithi somsebenzi ophakathi. Kodwa izixhobo zeekhemikhali zentsimbi zifana nazo zonke ezinye izinyithi (ngaphandle kwalawo anelungelo le-hydrogen kwisiqendu se-electrochemical). Iyakwazi ukusabela ngeeklasi ezininzi zezinto.

Masiqale ngokulula

I-Ferrum idibanisa ne kilo, i-nitrogen, i-halogeni (iodine, i-bromine, i-chlorine, i-fluor), i-phosphorus, i-carbon. Into yokuqala yokuqwalasela yindlela yokusabela ngayo oksijini. Xa igrum isitshiswa, i-oxides yayo yenziwa. Ngokuxhomekeka kwiimeko zokuphendula kunye nobukhulu phakathi kwababini abathathi-nxaxheba, banokuthi bahluke. Njengomzekelo wololu hlobo lokusebenzisana, oku kulandelelaniswa kwezi zilandelayo: 2Fe + O ₂ = 2FeO; 4Fe + 3O ₂ = 2Fe ₂ O ₃ ; 3Fe + 2O ₂ = Fe ₃ O ₄ . Yaye iipropati ze-iron oxide (zombini kunye nemichiza) zinokuhluka, kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zayo. Ukuphendula okunjalo kwenzeka kwiqondo eliphezulu.

Oku kulandelayo kukusebenzisana ne-nitrogen. Iyakwenzeka kuphela kwimeko yokutshisa. Ukuba sithatha iithandathu zeesilesi zesinyithi kunye neyelinye enye ye-nitrogen, sithola ezimbini i-moles ze nitride zetsimbi. I-equation equation will be the following: 6Fe + N ₂ = 2Fe ₃ N.

Xa usebenzisana ne-phosphorus, i-phosphide yenziwa. Ukufezekisa impendulo, ezi zinto ziyimfuneko: i-moles ezintathu ze-phosphorus, ezibangelwa ukubunjwa kwe-mole e-phosphide. I-equation ingabhalwa ngale ndlela: 3Fe + P = Fe ₃ P.

Ukongezelela, phakathi kweempendulo kunye nezinto ezilula, kunokwenzeka ukuhlukana nokusebenzisana nesulfure. Kule meko, kunokwenzeka ukufumana isulfure. Umgaqo apho inkqubo yokubunjwa kwalo mveliso ibonakala ifana nayo echazwe ngasentla. Ngokunjalo, ukuphendula okuqhubekayo kwenzeka. Kuzo zonke iinkqubo zamakhemikhali zolu hlobo, iimeko ezikhethekileyo zifunekayo, ikakhulukazi amaqondo okushisa aphezulu, kunye nezihlandlo ezincinci.

Impendulo phakathi kwesinyithi kunye ne-haloji nayo iyaqhelekileyo kwishishini likhemikhali. Oku kukuchlorisa, ukuhanjiswa kwe-bromination, iododo, i-fluorination. Njengoko kucacile kwigama leempendulo ngokwawo, le yinkqubo yokongezwa kwe-klorine / ibhromini / i-iodine / i-atom ye-fluor kwiim atom ze-ferrum ukwenza i-chloride / i-bromide / iodide / i-fluoride, ngokulandelanayo. Ezi zinto zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindidi zamashishini. Ukongeza, i-ferrum iyakwazi ukudibanisa ne-silicon kumaqondo aphezulu. Ngenxa yokuba iimveliso zeekhemikhali zentsimbi zihlukeneyo, isetyenziswa rhoqo kumashishini ekhemikhali.

I-Ferrum kunye nezinto ezinzima

Ukusuka kwizinto ezilula siqhubeka nezo zimolekyu zinezinto ezimbini okanye ezahlukeneyo zamakhemikhali. Into yokuqala yokukhankanya yindlela yokusabela ngayo i-ferrum ngamanzi. Apha, izakhiwo ezisisiseko zentsimbi zibonakalisiwe. Xa amanzi eshushu kunye nesinyithi, i- oxide eyisiseko yenziwa (ibizwa ngokuba kunjalo ngokuba i-hydroxide xa isebenzisana namanzi afanayo, ngamanye amagama-isiseko). Ngoko ke, ukuba uthatha i-mole enye yamacandelo omabini, izinto ezinjenge-ferric dioxide kunye ne-hydrogen ngendlela yegesi enefuthe elibukhali, kwakhona lilingana nomlinganiselo omnye. Ukulingana kwalo hlobo lokuphendula kungabhalwa ngale ndlela: Fe + H ₂ O = FeO + H ₂ . Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinga apho ezi zimbini zixutywe khona, i-di-or trioxide yesinyithi iyafumaneka. Zombini ezi zinto ziqhelekileyo kwishishini likhemikhali, kwaye zisetyenziselwa kwamanye amashishini amaninzi.

Ngama-acids kunye nosawoti

Ekubeni i-urrum ikhona kwicala lasekhohlo le-hydrogen kwisiqulatho se-electrochemical sensimbi, iyakwazi ukukhipha le nto kwiimveliso. Umzekelo walokhu ukuphendula okutshintshiweyo, okungaqwalaselwa ngokufaka isinyithi kwi-asidi. Umzekelo, ukuba omnye udibanisa i-iron kunye ne- sulphate acid (enye i-asidi ye-sulfuric) kwi-concentration engumlinganiselo, ngokufanayo, ngenxa yoko, sifumana i-sulfate (fer) ne-hydrogen enomlinganiselo ofanayo. Ukulingana kwale mpendulo kuza kubonakala ngathi: Fe + H ₂ SO ₄ = FeSO ₄ + H ₂ .

Xa usabela ngesarti, ukunciphisa izakhiwo zentsimbi kubonakala. Oko kukuthi, ngoncedo lwayo ungakhetha isinyithi esincinci esetratyi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uthatha i-mole enye ye- sulphate yobhedu kunye nomlinganiselo ofanayo we-ferrum, unokufumana i-sulfate (ferrous ferrous sulphate ferrous) (II) kunye nobhedu olucocekileyo ngendlela efanayo.

Kubaluleka komzimba

Enye yezinto eziqhelekileyo zeekhemikhali ezisezantsi zomhlaba zintsimbi. Siye sasihlolisisa iipropati zengxaki , ngoku sisondela kuyo kwi-point of view. I-Ferrum yenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kokubili kumgangatho wamaselula nakwinqanaba lezinto zonke. Okokuqala, isinyithi sisiseko seprotheni efana ne-hemoglobin. Kubalulekile ukuthuthwa kwe-oksijeni ngegazi kwimiphunga ukuya kuzo zonke iisculi, izitho, kuyo yonke iseli yomzimba, ngokuyinhloko kwi-neurons yengqondo. Ngoko ke, izakhiwo ezincedo zentsimbi azikwazi ukugqithisa.

Ukongeza kwinto yokuba ichaphazela ukwakheka kwegazi, i-ferrum ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwegciwane le-thyroid (oku akufuneki iodine kuphela, njengoko abanye bakholelwa). Kwakhona, isinyithi senza inxaxheba kwi-intracellular metabolism, ilawula ukukhuseleka. Sekunjalo umquba kwisixa esikhulu kakhulu esilunxwemeni yesibindi, kuba inceda ukuphucula izinto ezinobungozi. Kwakhona enye yezona zinto ziyinxalenye ezininzi zeenzyme zomzimba wethu. Ukutya komntu kwansuku zonke kufuneka kuqulethwe kwii-milligram ezilishumi ukuya kumashumi ezi-60 zale nkalo.

Iimveliso ezicebile ngentsimbi

Zininzi ezinjalo. Zomibini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Iintlobo zokuqala zizolimo, izityalo, ama-mushroom (amhlophe), izithelo ezomileyo, i-pear, i-peaches, iipasta, i-avocado, ithanga, i-almonds, imihla, iitato, i-broccoli, iklabishi, i-blueberries, i-berberries, i-celery kunye nabanye. Okwesibini - isibindi, inyama. Ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunomxholo ophezulu wesinyithi kubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ekubeni umzimba womntwana osetshenziselwayo ufuna umlinganiselo omkhulu walolu hlobo lokukhula nokukhula ngokugcwele.

Iimpawu zokusilela emzimbeni wensimbi

Iimpawu zerram encinane kakhulu engena emzimbeni ziyakhathala, zihlala zikhupha izandla kunye neenyawo, ukudandatheka, iinwele ezinamaqhina kunye nezipikili, ukunciphisa umsebenzi weengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kokugaya, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, ukungavumelekanga kwintsimbi ye-thyroid. Ukuba uqaphela eziliqela zale mpawu, ngoko kulungele ukwandisa inani leemveliso kunye nomxholo wesinyithi ekudleni kwakho okanye uthenge iivithamini okanye izongezelelo zokutya eziqukethe i-ferrum. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukuqhagamshelana nogqirha ukuba nayiphi na le mpawu uzive ukhululekile.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ferrule kwishishini

Isicelo kunye neepropati zentsimbi zihlobene ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokumalunga ne-ferromagnetism yayo, isetyenziselwa ukwenza amatshini - obuthakathaka kwiinjongo zasekhaya (izikhumbuzo zezikhumbuzo zefriji, njl.), Kunye neendlela ezinamandla - kwiinjongo zoshishino. Ngenxa yokuba isinyithi ebomini sinamandla amakhulu nobunzima, isetyenziswe ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo ukwenzela ukuveliswa kwezixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezinye izixhobo zomkhosi nezasekhaya. Ngendlela, kwi-Yiputa yase-Yiputa yamatye yaziwa, iipropati ezigqithiseleyo zetsimbi eziqhelekileyo. Kwakhona isetyen ekhethekileyo yasetyenziswa naseRoma yaseRoma. Ukusuka kuyo benza izixhobo eziphakamileyo. Ikhuselo okanye ikrele elenziwe ngetsimbi ye-meteoric yayingenawo umntu ocebile kwaye ozukileyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, isinyithi, esiyicingayo kule nqaku, sisona sisetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kuzo zonke izinto zeli qela. Okokuqala, ivelisa isinyithi kunye nentsimbi, esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa zonke iintlobo zeemveliso ezifunekayo kwishishini nakwimpilo yemihla ngemihla.

Isitishi sentsimbi yintsimbi yensimbi kunye nekhabhoni, apho isibini ibakho ukusuka kwi-1.7 kuya kwi-4.5 ekhulwini. Ukuba le sibini lingaphantsi kwama-1,7 ekhulwini, ke le ndlela yelungu libizwa ngokuba yintsimbi. Ukuba i-khabhoni ekwakhekeni ikhona malunga neepesenti ezingama-0.02, oko sele sele isele iteknoloji yesiqhelo. Ubume bekhabhoni kwi-alloy kuyimfuneko ukunika amandla amakhulu, ukuzinza kwe-thermal, ukumelana nokugqwala.

Ukongezelela, isinyithi sinokuquka ezinye izinto ezinokwenziwa kweekhemikhali njengongcolileyo. Le yile i-manganese, ne-phosphorus, kunye ne-silicon. Kwakhona kule ndlela ye-alloy ukunika iimpawu ezithile kunokudibanisa i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten kunye nezinye izinto ezinokhemikhali. Iintlobo zentsimbi, apho kukho i-silicon enkulu (malunga neepesenti ezine), isetyenziswe njengenguqu-transformer. Ezo zininzi zee-manganese (ukuya kwi-12 ukuya kwi-18 ekhulwini), zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweenxalenye zezitimela, izigulana, ii-crusher kunye nezinye izixhobo, ezinye zazo zilungele ukukhawuleza.

I-Molybdenum ifakwe kwi-alloy ukwenzela ukuba ibe ne-thermally stable - ezo zithethi zisetyenzisiwe njengezixhobo zethuluzi. Ukongeza, ukufumana yonke into eyaziwayo kwaye isetyenziswe rhoqo ekhaya ngeendlela zemimese kunye nezinye izixhobo zendlu zase-steels ezingenasici, kuyimfuneko ukongeza i-chromium, i-nickel kunye ne-titanium kwi-alloy. Kwaye ukuze ufune ukuphazamiseka, ukuqina ngamandla, insimbi ye-ductile, kwanele ukongeza i vanadium kuyo. Ngokungeniswa kwe-niobium, kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza ukukhuseleka okukhulu kwizinto ezikhukhulayo kunye nezinto ezinobungozi.

I-mineral magnetite, ekhankanywe ekuqaleni kwendima, iyadingeka ekwenzeni iidiski ezinzima, amakhadi omemori kunye nezinye izixhobo zolu hlobo. Ngenxa yesakhiwo se-magnetic, insimbi ingafumaneka kwi-device transformers, motors, imikhiqizo ye-electronic, njl. Ukongeza, i-ferrum ingafakwa kwi-alloys zenye iinyoni ukuze zinike amandla amaninzi kunye nokuzinza. I-Sulfate yale nxalenye isetyenziswe kwi-horticulture yokulawulwa kwezinambuzane (kunye ne-sulfate yobhedu). I-chloride yentsimbi ibalulekile ekuhlambuleni amanzi. Ukongezelela, i-magnetite powder isetyenziswe kumshicileli abamnyama nabamhlophe. Indlela ephambili yokusebenzisa i-pyrite ukufumana i-sulfuric acid kuyo. Le nkqubo yenzeka kwibhubhoratri kwizigaba ezintathu. Kwinqanaba lokuqala le-pyrite, i-ferrule iyatshiswa, ngaloo ndlela ifumana i-oxide yensimbi kunye ne-sulfur dioxide. Kwinqanaba lesibini, ukuguqulwa kwe-sulfur dioxide kwi-trioxide yayo kwenzeka ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-oxygen. Kwaye kwinqanaba lokugqibela, isicatshulwa esibangelwayo sidluliselwa kumphunga wamanzi phambi kwezinto zokubangela, ngaloo ndlela zifumana i-sulfuric acid.

Ukulungiselela isinyithi

Ngokomthetho metal esebenzayo licatshulwa izimbiwa zayo ezimbini ezinkulu: magnetite kunye hematite. Yenza oku ukwehla yentsimbi ivela ezintweni zayo carbon ngohlobo coke. Oku kwenziwa kwiziko nokuphalazeka kwelifu, apho ubushushu ifikelela amawaka amabini ° C. Ukongeza, kukho indlela ukubuyisela Ferrum hydrogen. Ukulungiselela le njongo ekhethiwe ubukho kwiziko udubulo. Ukuze kusetyenziswe le ndlela kuthatha udongwe ekhethekileyo, idityaniswe esikrwada batyumkileyo kwaye zanyangwa nge-hydrogen ezikweni shaft.

isiphelo

Iimpawu kunye izicelo yentsimbi ohlukahlukeneyo. Oku mhlawumbi yeyona ibalulekileyo ebomini bethu metal. Ukuba ezaziwayo, wathabatha indawo ngobhedu, ngelo xesha umbandela ongundoqo ukulungiselela ukwenziwa kwezixhobo, kunye nezixhobo. Steel nentsimbi ngeendlela ezininzi lee ingxubevange sobhedu nenkcenkce ngokwemimiselo yayo ngokwasemzimbeni, ukuxhathisa uxinezeleko ngoomatshini.

Ukongeza, yesinyithi iplanethi yethu eqhelekileyo ngaphezu ezinye iintsimbi ezininzi. iqhekeza elibhalwe Mass umhlaba ngamandlakazi iphantse amahlanu ekhulwini. Yeyona lesine intabalala iikhemikhali isiqalelo kwindalo. Kwakhona, le ngxenye imichiza kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba eqhelekileyo yokusebenza umzimba lezilwanyana nezityalo, ingakumbi kuba lisekelwe yetekisi eyakhelwe. Iron yinto element chaza kubalulekile, ukusetyenziswa apho Kubalulekile ukuba impilo kunye namalungu eqhelekileyo yokusebenza. Ngaphandle ngasentla, sisinyithi kuphela eye iipropati ezikhethekileyo ngemagnethi. Ngaphandle Ferrum akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso ubomi bethu.