Ngaba yinyaniso ukuba ingumbuso - sisicaka? Siya kunika intsingiselo yeli gama

Iguqulwe ukusuka kumaxesha Latin vassus gama lithetha "umkhonzi." Kodwa ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ingumbuso - lo mntu lokugqibela elinegunya igunya? Makube lee oko. Umthetho ephakathi bondage, apho ingqiqo wazalwa, alizithathi ekhonza elula ikhoboka-serf okanye kubalimi simahla kuNdikhoyo ilizwe. Le - yezikhulu knightly, basebukhosini, leyo ngokwayo waye ilifa ilizwe kunye nabantu. Kodwa ke ingumbuso le overlords, abadala zabo. ngokubanzi ngokufanelekileyo intsomi sabaphathi ngqo igunya kwi umphakathi wobukhosi. Makhe sibone ukuba ngubani na ngubani yaye wakwenza njani oko olufakiweyo eYurophu.

Proskhozhdenie akhonze

Sinokuthi inkqubo feudal yonxulumano bavela ngeendlela ezimbini. Ngomhla kumazwe uBukhosi baseRoma ukuya buthathaka igunya ephakathi kwezopolitiko bafudukela esigqeba top - iirhuluneli zamaphondo. Baye wayeka ukuba bathobele ilizwe unina yazibeka komhlaba suzerain. Ukulawula intsimi enkulu kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu, aba iinkosi bamisela abantu babo - parantellu (izalamane ezikude) kunye nabathengi (igorha free ngubani ukubukelwa Senor). Umhlaba kule utshintsho ukuze sime kulo. Kwiindawo esilawulwa ngumthetho waseJamani, koNebhukadenetsare kwabunjwa ngasekunene loloyiso. umhlaba zigcinwe fanele ngokusesikweni kuNdikhoyo. Wakhalaza yommandla amajoni akhe phantsi komqathango wokuba yokugqibela uya kuthwala emkhosini zomkhosi wakhe nokumthobela. Ngoko ke, lo isamba - i "indoda ngekrele", ukubayinxalenye kwiklasi knightly.

kudunyiswe

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele indlela yonxulumano into abophe uphethe kunye angaphantsi kwakhe. Ukususela ubunini belizwe kunye nabantu anikezelwe phantsi, kwaye iinkosi kunye akhonze babegqalwa basebukhosini. Umxhasi engamzukisanga nje inxalenye nommandla wayo, kodwa ke ithuba lokuba ityala, kuquka olukhulu. phezu amazwe umthetho waseRoma, xhomekeko suzerain kwacaca ngakumbi kumantla Western Yurophu, kugcwele amasiko German. Kodwa yonke wenza isiko kungeniswe waqubuda - waqubuda. Thina inani elaneleyo ubungqina kwathiwa, ukufumana ingcamango njani kwaqhutywa le nkqubo. Uphethe wahlala esihlalweni phezulu, ekhonza wema phambi kwakhe bareheaded, eguqa unedolo elinye. Yena wamfungelayo ukuthembeka, kuba Ifowuni yokuqala 'ihashe, ezixineneyo oruzhno "Senor inkxaso kwaye anike imali ngentlawulelo, ukuba kokuba kuthinjwa. Uphethe ngenceba wolula iingalo zakhe, wabeka izandla zakhe apho buzimeleyo. Esi senzo isiko kwaphela Akundanganga yoxolo. Kwamanye amazwe, waqubuda kuyo iqulethe xa ungena inzala ingumbuso eklasini knightly. Kodwa apha kwakukho "foie" ngokwaneleyo - iintlobo kumaxwebhu ukhokho waqubuda.

benefice

Ukuba intsingiselo "ingumbuso" ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ecacileyo, ukuba akukho ilula kangaka kunye nezinto zakhe. Ngexesha kudunyiswe Senor wanika owayamileyo yakhe "ngenxa yenkonzo elithembekileyo 'benefice ethile. Isenokuba ilizwe ohlala kulo balimi kuphela. Le benefice kukwaquka ilungelo lokulawula Haut okusesikweni - ubulungisa olukhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha ingumbuso wobukhosi ukuba abangenakubanyusa. Umzekelo, ingaba kulungile ukuba imali kuba sicatshulwa ngapha ibhulorho, okanye ilungelo lokuhlela bakurholela kwi amazwe. Ezinye akhonze bade kubalwa iingqekembe layo! Ngenxa yokuba amathuba amaninzi ukuzoba ingeniso evela benefices yokuba amagama ahlukeneyo: i fief feudal, fief.

phezulu kwamandla

Kuyinto yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba uYehova wanika ilizwe ilawulwe lakhe. Nje idlule phakade. Ngaloo ndlela, ubunini mhlaba ngegama ipropati kwayo wazo. Nangona kunjalo, lo fief selephumile wazala unyana lilunge nawe ilifa, kunye nabalimi ayakhe zelinen, ingqalelo ngabalawulwa kaNdikhoyo ezincinane wobukhosi ngokwabo. Musa ukulibala ukuba inkqubo oluneqela waba ebanzi kakhulu bamaXesha Aphakathi. Ukumkani waba ngumlawuli ngegama, kodwa iindwalutho, izibalo kunye abathetheli wafumana waqubuda evela akhonze bakhe - viscounts, marquises zizigwili. Le nkqubo entsonkothileyo yonxulumano feudal kubangele ukuba ezinye akhonze bazisa isifungo sokuzinikela ukuya overlords ezahlukeneyo, kwaye inowuthi ukuba ngaphantsi isigaba ningayithambeli nje ngaphezulu, kuba akakulandeli kubazisa waqubuda.

Xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba neNgonyama ingundoqo

Wokukhonza owasungula eNtshona Yurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi kwangethuba yaye ekugqibeleni naqiniswa ebukumkanini Franks ngo VIII-IX iinkulungwane. Louis bosuku ngommiselo yakhe iye yaqinisekisa ukuxhomekeka oluneqela wobukhosi kuphela. Ekuqaleni, le ndlela yasebenza kakuhle. Kodwa kamva wobukhosi ukuqhekeka kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni eli gunya basebukhosini buthathaka. Le uphethe engundoqo baba abaxhomekeke akhonze zakhe. Royal domain waba ngomnye amaphondo ngokulinganayo. Ukubethelela amandla akhe, suzerains ephakamileyo ngexesha leemfazwe nentshabalalo nqaba begazi nemvukelo waqalisa lo mkhuba, eyaziwa ngokuba - immediatizatsiya. Ukususela uPhilip II, akwa yaseFransi balwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke basebukhosini - ukuqala kuncinci ukuya kubanini ezinkulu Knights - bazithoba kukumkani. ilifa ezikhonza kwadliwa Kungenjalo yaye zilawulwa seneschal - ligosa eligunyazisiweyo, waza waba faiditom eneenkani amanene (ukuhluthwa).

amazwe akhonze

Ukuba isizwe owoyisayo kwimbambano yasemkhosini kwelinye ilizwe, intsimi yoyiswa akusoloko yathathwa. Inkqubo feudal kolwalamano ithetha ukuba ingumbuso - an ubulawuli ezimeleyo okanye ubukumkani, wayibona ubukhulu nobunganga boMgaqo yobukumkani ngokuqina. Danila Galitsky umbusi phakathi kwenkulungwane XIII kwi Mangeni Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, yaye ngo-1478 Krymskoe Hanstvo waba ingumbuso le Ottoman.