Le mali ngezigaba iinkcitho

Uhlahlo-Russian Federation - iseti oluntsonkothileyo izinto ezahlukeneyo ingeniso kunye nenkcitho. Nokulunga ukubulawa yayo kufuna kucalulo bolu imithombo yengeniso kunye neendlela iindleko ezikhoyo kwindlela yolawulo-mali karhulumente. Ingakumbi inkqubo yezopolitiko eRashiya kubandakanya ukuyilwa ehlelekile imodeli ingeniso ezinzileyo ukubandakanywa mali nenkcitho ndidi ezahlukeneyo. Yenza abasemagunyeni Russian kule resource?

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga ngokuhlelwa mali

Kakade ke, ewe. Kungenjalo, ukusebenza noqoqosho lwesizwe akunakwenzeka. Ukuhlelwa inkcitho, ingeniso, kunye nezinye iparameters-mali phambili ezoqoqosho nokucwangcisela karhulumente. Le ndlela iquka ukugcinwa, systematization kunye nocazululo ulwazi olunxulumene kumgwebo lamanqaku-mali karhulumente. Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ke kwenziwe uvavanyo ukusebenza kwale nkqubo karhulumente kwelo cala, kwakunye nokuchonga izixhobo kangangoko nokwenza kwayo.

imigangatho federal

Formation kwemithetho-siseko jikelele lucalulo yengeniso mali kunye nenkcitho eRashiya yakhelwe phezu kwinqanaba federal ngokusebenzisa upapasho izinto zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda, yaye kamva amagunya kwimimandla kunye noomasipala. Into yokuba uphuhliso kwemigangatho kunye nezithethe, apho ke izinto Ulwahlulo yengeniso kunye nenkcitho-mali karhulumente iindidi ezahlukeneyo, oko olwenziwa kwinqanaba federal - eyona nto ibalulekileyo uzinzo kwezoqoqosho kazwelonke iinkalo ezininzi kwakhona inkqubo yezopolitiko.

Ulwahlulo mali ka iinkcitho kunye kwemali kubandakanya kudweliswe amanqaku achaphazelekayo iqondo ukufana phakathi ingeniso kunye imithombo ijelo mali yotyalo-wokulondoloza imali kwaye uthethathethane zombini ngenjongo ekwenzeni izicwangciso zemali, kwaye ngexesha lokubulawa kwabo. Umsebenzi ophambili karhulumente kulo mzekelo - ukuqinisekisa ekuthelekisweni kwiimpawu ezithile kwi-mali ka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo - federal, zommandla kamasipala.

Ubume yolwahlulo lohlahlomali le Russian Federation

Ngokusekelwe imigaqo yaphunyezwa yokuhlela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali inkcitho eRashiya? Okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuba ama-2 indlela esingundoqo ukuphunyezwa kwayo.

• Okokuqala, lo lucalulo yengeniso. Oku kubandakanya kudweliswe lungeniselo mali kuwo onke amanqanaba correlative kunye lemithombo ulubumbe, kwaye ngokungqinelana nemimiselo yomthetho lolawulo. iindidi Revenue zigqitywa manqaku ezidibanisa ezi okanye eminye imithombo yengeniso kuba kuphawu olufanayo. Oku kunokuba, umzekelo, imisebenzi amasiko.
• Okwesibini, luhlelo lwabiwo-mali. Kananjalo iqela yeendleko eyabelwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwinkqubo mali karhulumente. Ulwahlulo lwenkcitho ibonisa indlela lokungena nokuphuma kwemali kwiindawo ezithile ukuze kulungiswe imingeni engundoqo elijongene nayo ngurhulumente - uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokuphucula ntle yabemi.

Mali ngokuhlelwa ngaphakathi sikhokelo imodeli Russian kuquka nokunikezelwa kwengeniso kwakunye neendleko zokwenza amanqaku candelo, kwicandelwana, kwaye ekujoliswe-mali karhulumente, nto leyo ibonisa indlela kwemali ukucombulula iintlobo ezithile iingxaki ezijongene ngurhulumente kwaye zifuna ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ethile yezoqoqosho.

Ukuhlelwa iindleko kunye ngongeniselo Russian Federation naye kwenziwa ngezizathu kwezoqoqosho. Le ndlela iquka eliCebisayo amanqaku ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe umxholo yabo yezoqoqosho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kulindeleke ulwabiwo iindleko zokusebenza kunye nemali. Kwakhona, i-economic lungeniselo kunye neenkcitho kuthetha nokulungiselela oluqikelelwayo ngayinye mibutho zohlahlo.

yokwahlukanisa yesebe

Ilungu ibalulekileyo inkqubo iindleko-zokwabelana ngaphakathi imali kawonke - amasebe msebenzi. Ntoni na ke? Kakhulu into yokuba abasemagunyeni ngokwabo uyakwazi ukubona ezi okanye ezinye iindlela ukubandakanywa-mali ukuya kumaqela athile. Kwenziwe Ukuhlelwa esebe lemfundo ukuze yeendleko ngemali karhulumente. It is a kudweliswe izinto iindleko kwinqanaba kwinkqubo mali kwezi zifundo Russian Federation. Umsebenzi ophambili we abasemagunyeni inxaxheba kule ndawo yomsebenzi - ukuba isixa mali lwabalawuli.

Ukuhlelwa yeSebe kwenkcitho kakhulu ukuba ukhonza indlela efanelekileyo ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo. Iikhrayitheriya ziyafana nezo sele kutshiwo ngentla apha kuthi - isabelo yeendleko kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, icandelwana okanye amanqaku target (nto leyo, ukuba ngakumbi ihlelwa sub-izinto kunye namanye amalungiselelo yemali abasemagunyeni kunye namaziko). Njengoko ngokuba abaphathi-mali mali kwimimandla kwinqanaba RF kunye nezifundo kwi status efanayo, benza umsebenzi kwinqanaba likamasipala, uluhlu wabo ezivunywe yi sabaphathi okanye abasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo.

Ukubaluleka yokuhlelwa

Ucalulo kwengeniso kunye mali karhulumente Russian kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Nokulunga ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuchaphazela ngqo umgangatho nokusebenza karhulumente yenkqubo yemali eRashiya. Ezi nkcukacha ze -nkqubo mali ye-Russian Federation luqinisekiswa kakhulu izinto awohluke yesakhiwo karhulumente, iimpawu imodeli wesizwe lobume federal yelizwe lethu.

Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa ukugcina ingqibelelo kunye nozinzo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kufuneka imodeli ecwangciselweyo zokuhlela kunye nokwabiwa kwemali kunye neendleko mali. Imithetho yokwakha wayo kufuneka ibe selubala kwaye sivulelekile ukuba arhente federal ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kwinkalo yolawulo lwemali kunye nabasemagunyeni zommandla kamasipala.

Siye sahlolisisa ulwahlulohlulo, ngokutsho iingcali, ngokubanzi, eyakhiwe nengqondo ngokwaneleyo. Ingeniso iindleko, ngaphandle inkqubo mali Russian, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu - ngokufanayo kuwo onke amanqanaba olawulo kweemali zoluntu. Lo mba uluncedo kakhulu ukuba sihlole kabanzi.

Ubunye kwinkqubo mali

Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka ibalulekileyo, nto leyo luphawulwa ukuhlelwa iingeniso mali kunye neenkcitho kwi imodeli Russian - umanyano iindlela kunye nendlela zokuhlela zibe udidi olunye okanye kwelinye kumanqanaba federal, kumasebe nasekhaya. Ngako oko, imimiselo engundoqo elawula indlela evunyiweyo kwinqanaba yeziphathamandla eziphezulu. Njengoko umthetho, ukuba imithombo efanelekileyo yomthetho ukuthatha isimilo umthetho federal. Ngenxa yoko, izinga lezifundo RF okanye umasipala iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko imigangatho yolawulo ngokusebenzisa kokupapashwa imithetho zengingqi okanye yasekuhlaleni. Eyona nto iphambili kule meko - ayithethi iyangqubana nemigaqo jikelele ulwahlulohlulo mali esisigxina kwinqanaba federal.

Siye wahlola siseko engundoqo theoretical apho noomagunya, Russian Federation wenziwe isabelo kwenkcitho kunye yengeniso imiba yombuso kwenkqubo mali kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo. Siye sabona ukuba kukho iqela leendlela ezisisiseko ekwakheni inkqubo enjalo, olusekelwe kwindlela ezoqoqosho, okanye, umzekelo, iindlela u kumasebe ezithile. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele inani iingongoma eziluncedo, ebonisa indlela apho kwenziwa ukuhlelwa yenkcitho karhulumente kunye nengeniso. Makhe sifunde kakhulu iindidi ukuba zisasazwe ngongeniselo Russian Federation kunye iindleko kurhulumente kwenkqubo yezemali. Masiqalise ngengeniso.

ngezigaba engenayo

Ucalulo wesabelo mali ichazwa ekulinganisweni imithombo yayo wamaqela, nomnye kunye namanqaku ezithile.

Ngokuphathelele amaqela ingeniso yerhafu zingahlukaniswa. Phakathi sub-amaqela aphambili:

1. Irhafu phezu kwempahla, iinkonzo, nemali eyintlawulo yokushicilela kunye nezinye iimali. Ezi ziquka:

- VAT,

- kokwenziwa kwemisebenzi kwi-mveliso okanye izinto ekrwada, leyo ziveliswa eRashiya okanye kwamanye amazwe;

- iintlawuliso federal, yengingqi, kwaye basekuhlaleni enxulumene kudidi lwe-mvume;

- werhafu kwi ukuthenga amaxwebhu amazwe kunye nentlawulo, leyo ahleliweyo ngokusebenzisa imali amazwe;

- UTII.

2. iirhafu Property. Ezi ziquka irhafu:

- impahla lamashishini;

- impahla kwabantu;

- real estate;

- ilifa okanye izipho.

3. Imirhumo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yendalo ezikhoyo kurhulumente. Phakathi kwabo:

- iintlawulo ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo kwezimbiwa;

- ukuqokelela ngokuzala kwisiseko izimbiwa resource;

- ingeniso yerhafu eyongezelelweyo ukusuka ekuvelisweni hydrocarbon;

- werhafu ilungelo lokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi, izinto zezilo;

- irhafu ehlathini, amanzi, esingqongileyo, ilizwe.

4. Imirhumo ezinxulumene norhwebelwano phakathi Russian Federation kunye namanye amazwe, kunye iintengiselwano amazwe kwezoqoqosho. Phakathi kwabo:

- amasiko, imirhumo kunye neentlawulo;

- iminikelo kwiimali ezahlukahlukeneyo, karhulumente-owned;

- irhafu ukungcakaza, iintengiso;

- kweendlela kunye nothutho irhafu.

Elinye iqela ezinkulu imithombo lungeniselo mali - kwengeniso non-rhafu. Kubume, kukho amaqela zilandelayo:

1. ingeniso Property kwi asethi ukuba ziphethwe, oomasipala karhulumente, okanye obangelwe abo okanye eminye imisebenzi yorhwebo. Ezi ziquka:

- ingeniso evela inxaxheba impahla egciniweyo ngurhulumente okanye oomasipala;

- yesahlulo on Securities likarhulumente lemvelaphi;

- nzuzo kusuka ukuqeshiswa kwempahla karhulumente;

- Percent ezo zifunyenwe ngokwakha iidipozithi ibhanki ngenxa kwemali ekhoyo, kwakunye nezo ezithe zavela ngenxa mboleko ngaphakathi;

- ezingenayo, leyo wabonakala ngenxa kubonelelo ngeenkonzo okanye imbuyekezo yeendleko karhulumente;

- CBR nzuzo;

- intlawulo evela kurhulumente okanye wengingqi arhente zikarhulumente;

- ingqokelela quotas ngenxa Ubamba iintlanzi ukuze kudityaniswe amashishini kunye nemibutho amazwe;

- enye ingeniso evela impahla angawabantu abamnyama urhulumente okanye umasipala.

2. Iingeniso ezivela ngokuthengiswa kweempahla ongokarhulumente okanye lendawo igunya. Ezi kungaba:

- ophuma uthengiso iinkampani eziye ongokarhulumente;

- ingeniso evela kwintengiso kwezabelo luluntu nabasemagunyeni;

- imali, nto leyo wabonakala ngenxa transactions izindlu zokuhlala;

- ophuma ukuthengisa imveliso okanye non-imveliso izibonelelo, ezothutho, iintlobo ezithile zokusebenza;

- ophuma kwintengiso zathathwa okanye unowned impahla, ubutyebi kunye nezinye ii-asethi, ezaba impahla karhulumente okanye kumasipala.

- inzuzo evela kwintengiso kwezixa zikarhulumente;

- ophuma ekuthengisweni umhlaba kunye asethi ezingaphathekiyo;

- ingeniso evela abadlali non-karhulumente kwemali eyinkunzi format;

- imirhumo neentlawulo ezinxulumene kwicandelo lolawulo;

- izohlwayo, intlawulo umonakalo;

- ingeniso evela kwimisebenzi zangaphandle;

- enye ingeniso kwabangelwa kudidi non-rhafu.

3. iirisithi ukulwa. Imithombo zabo:

- mali kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo;

- mali karhulumente, umbutho;

- izakhiwo supranational.

Indlela yokuhlela zinokuqukwa, ezo idluliselwe kwi-mali trust. Enyanisweni, lo hlobo ezabelwe naye unayo imali.

4. Ingeniso Trust Fund. Phakathi kwabo:

- traffic, imali zokusingqongileyo;

- isakhiwo ephathelele kwinkqubo nezithethe imisebenzi Russia;

- ukuxhasa ekulweni ulwaphulo-mthetho;

- isakhiwo, phantsi kolawulo Federal lweMida Service, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Atomic Energy;

- ukuxhasa lokwanda izimbiwa kunye nesiseko impahla eluhlaza.

Ezi ndidi ezibalulekileyo apho iingeniso mali eRashiya zihlelwa. Njengoko siye sizimisele ngasentla, ubuntu babo kukuba ukubugcina ubunye kwinkqubo mali, malilungiselelwe ezichaphazela ngayo isakhiwo sezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Kodwa akukho kangako ngathi ukuba sibe isifundo imimiselo esisekelwe phezu kwazo amagunya karhulumente hlela njengoko mali kunye nenkcitho.

ngezigaba kwenkcitho

Ngenxa yoko, iikhrayitheriya ukunikezelwa umdla ingeniso ukuya iindidi ezahlukeneyo, yamkelwa eRashiya, esiye sakuphonononga. Ngoku siza kufunda ukuba yintoni eyenza ulwahlulohlulo esebenzayo mali Russian. iindidi yayo ingqalelo icandelo. iintlobo ezithile kubo kakhulu lukhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhlelwa mihla iinkcitho mali eRashiya ibandakanya ulwabiwo luhlu lulandelayo lwezihloko:

- State kunye nolawulo kamasipala;

- namajaji;

- umsebenzi kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele;

- umkhosi;

- arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho;

- isayensi;

- amashishini imboni, amandla kunye nokwakhiwa;

- imisebenzi kwicandelo lezolimo, lokuloba;

- ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo,

- sphere yezothutho;

- unxibelelwano, information technology;

- iziseko emakethe;

- Housing;

- ukuthintelwa ukuphelisa neziphumo kwiimeko zongxamiseko;

- imfundo;

- Inkcubeko nobuGcisa;

- Media;

- impilo, imfundo ngokomzimba;

- imigaqo-nkqubo asekelwe eluntwini;

- iintlawulo mboleko karhulumente zangaphandle;

- ukubunjwa zolondolozo karhulumente;

- mali mali kunye namanye amanyathelo enkxaso;

- yokusebenzisa ukwakhiwa iingalo, kuquka i-sikhokelo yezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe;

- nokulungiswa imikhosi exhobileyo ngokwemiqathango vivo;

- inkxaso-mali trust;

- ezinye iintlobo zenkcitho.

Ngoku siza kufunda ukuba yintoni na uhlobo yoqoqosho iinkcitho mali. Njengenxalenye yale mali zalo kwamaxabiso kulindeleke ukuba ndidi ziphambili zilandelayo:

1. Inkcitho yangoku. Ezi ziquka:

- intlawulo inzala kwimali-mboleko;

- mali, ukhutshelo;

- iindleko ezinxulumene nenkqubo ingqalelo amalungelo ukuba ngumnini wee-asethi phesheya.

2. iinkcitho Capital. Phakathi kwabo:

- utyalo-mali izinto ezingahambiyo;

- lokusekwa reserve karhulumente;

- ukuthengwa komhlaba kunye nezo zingabonakaliyo asethi;

- ukhutshelo phantsi kohlobo eyinkunzi.

3. ngokubonelela ngemali-mboleko mali. Phakathi imisebenzi yohlobo ahambelanayo:

- enika credits ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ;

- mboleko kumazwe angaphandle;

- ukuhlawula imali-mboleko.

ulwabiwo kunokwenzeka kweekhrayitheriya ezongezelelweyo iinkcukacha iindleko. economic of iinkcitho mali kusenokubandakanya inkcazelo yoluhlu olubanzi amanqaku, ezinokuthi zenziwe imali yoluntu.

Iikhrayitheriya ezongezelelweyo lucalulo ingeniso nenkcitho

Ngokomzekelo, maxa wambi xa transfers abemi kudidi eyahlukileyo eyabelwe. Basimisela ngendleko ephantsi kuthetha ukuba kusetyenziswa imali ipension, iinzuzo, imbuyekezo, iintlawulo ntle kunye zokufunda - zonke ezo amanyathelo enkxaso-mali kubonelelwa ngayo federal, urhulumente okanye wengingqi imithetho.

Ulwahlulo ibhajethi iinkcitho mali kunokuquka ulwabiwo ngokusekelwe kwezi ndidi zangoku kunye amacandelo namanye amanqaku substantive. Umzekelo, kwimeko-mali - nemali enikwa ngurhulumente imiqulu ekufuneka zemimandla okanye kamasipala mali, umbutho okanye ummi kwi ngokwemiqathango yesabelo kwemali akananto, ngoko ukuze zihlelwe kwi sub-izinto ezahlukeneyo.

imigangatho karhulumente kwishishini

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uhlobo olusetyenziswayo inkcitho, ngokunjalo iindlela ezahlukeneyo sabele ngeniso udidi enye okanye enye, ezisetyenziswa luluntu nabasemagunyeni, inokuba ngohlobo kweekhonsepthi kakuhle efanayo ukufumana isicelo kwezoshishino. Njani kunokwenzeka oku?

Inyaniso kukuba lucalulo ingeniso kunye nenkcitho zombutho naye isabelo amacandelo, amacandelwana, amanqaku zezifundo kunye neendidi ezongezelelweyo. Indlela esetyenziswa ngabasemagunyeni namashishini, kule ndlela, kunokuba efana kakhulu.

Umzekelo, lucalulo ingeniso kunye nenkcitho zombutho sigqibe sabelo sabo, ukuba sithethe ngayo kuqala, ukuya kummandla othile imvelaphi, kwaye ukuba sithethe malunga yesibini - ukuya sphere ethile yemisebenzi yotyalo-mali (umzekelo, nokuphucula isiseko yokuvelisa, ukuphucula iziseko ukutsala abasebenzi abatsha, ukwakhiwa entsha izinto, njalo njalo. d.). Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba nganye kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo umsebenzi iindleko amashishini aya zicaciswe.

Yokufana imigaqo, phezu kwazo structuring kwesicwangciso-mali karhulumente kunye nokwahlulwa iindleko zombutho, kwakunye njengengeniso, ungaboniswa kuphela xa bekusabiwa ngongeniselo kunye neendleko ze nkampani ukuba amanqaku ezahlukeneyo (kwakunye njengoko kunjalo nge-mali karhulumente), kodwa ukwakha imigaqo kobudlelwane corporate phakathi kwimibutho, umzekelo, zidibene ibe imiwe. Yintoni na le ingavezwa?

Ukubambelela kulo mzekelo inokuba uhlobo analogu lwabiwo-mali federal. Iinkampani efakwe isakhiwo sayo - iinkqubo zemali "yommandla". Amagatya kunye namagatyana - "oomasipala" iibhajethi. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhlelwa iindleko mayibandakanye, umzekelo, kubandakanywe ngesakhiwo intengiselwano, ezifana iinkxaso kunye transfers, oko ijolise ekunikezeleni ngenkxaso-mali kubume ebamb, nto leyo ngexesha lakhe ngokukodwa.

umsebenzi Commercial maxa wambi efana kakhulu abo okanye ezinye iindidi amagunya karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, malunga mboleko neekhredithi - nokubekwa yeendleko lweshishini kwakhona kubandakanya ukufakwa kwabo udidi eyahlukileyo, kanye njengoko oorhulumente oko, kusenziwa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo-mali karhulumente namashishini unokuba iimpawu buqapheleke afana. Ukuhlelwa iindleko kwishishini, ingeniso, kwakunye structuring iingeniso kunye nenkcitho-mali karhulumente njengenxalenye omnye okanye olunye udidi, kwezinye iimeko, ziya kuqhutywa ngokungqinelana nemigaqo efanayo.