Le ncwadi "Kutheni amanye amazwe atyebileyo kunye nabanye abahluphekileyo. Imvelaphi amandla, impumelelo kunye nobuhlwempu ", Daron Acemoglu kunye Dzheyms Robinson. Books loqoqosho

Le ncwadi "Kutheni amanye amazwe atyebileyo kunye nabanye abahluphekileyo" isaziwa njenge a best-umthengisi. Kubhaliwe ukufunda lonke ihlabathi, ootitshala wacebisa ukuba abafundi bakhe. Yintoni le ncwadi isixelela umbhali, yaye kutheni le iinkcukacha zilungiswe ngendlela eyakhayo kangaka? Konke oku, funda inqaku ngezantsi.

A Intshayelelo emfutshane

Le ncwadi "Kutheni amanye amazwe atyebileyo kunye nabanye abahluphekileyo. Imvelaphi amandla, impumelelo kunye nobuhlwempu "yabhalwa kudala ngo-2012. Ababhali baba neoinstitutsionalista ezimbini Melika - D. Acemoglu kunye J. Robinson .. Umsebenzi lo uhlahlelo kunye nezintsonkothileyo zonke izifundo zangaphambili. Xa intliziyo le ncwadi ingcamango yeziko omtsha, isiseko apho, ababhali kunika umfundi inguqulelo entsha ye zikarhulumente ngokoMthetho zoqoqosho nezentlalo. Iinkcukacha kule ncwadi wasikhangela izinto ezibonakalisa ukukhula koqoqosho, kungenzeka kokonga imali. Kwakhona, isiza yenziwe nolubonise intsingiselo iinkcukacha ncwadi. Waba ngokupheleleyo IsiNgesi abathetha, ubukho kutsho ku-2014.

Imiba ephambili

Acemoglu and Robinson, kwincwadi yakhe zibonisa ukuba abaphandi abaninzi engalunganga. Bamcebisa ukuba uqoqosho eli lizwe ixhomekeke indawo, imozulu, icandelo yobuhlanga, imithombo yayo yendalo kunye nkqu unqulo nenkcubeko. Simele sivume ukuba zonke ezi zinto kunye nolawulo. Noko ke, ababhali "Kutheni amanye amazwe atyebileyo kunye nabanye abahluphekileyo" ukuphika ngokupheleleyo isityholo esinjalo. iingcinga zabo zixhaswa imizekelo ngokwenene. Umzekelo kwisibini lemiphakathi ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo ekukhuleni, kulo mzekelo phantse ezineempawu ezifanayo kwendawo nakuzwelonke.

Yintoni, ke, ngokutsho ababhali, kuxhomekeke kuphuhliso loqoqosho karhulumente? Daron Acemoglu zikhalazela ukuba sisekelwe phezu uhlobo imibutho yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Kule ncwadi, ucazululo olunzulu kuphuhliso uqoqosho kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Uhlola aze athelekise namaziko ahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ngu kocazululo ngenyameko ochwepheshe mazwe alandelayo: Australia, Botswana, France, Mexico, eUnited States, Colombia, South Korea, China, i-eSoviet Union, Uzbekistan, uBukhosi Russian, Turkey, uBukhosi lwamaNgesi, impucuko yamaMaya, uBukhosi baseRoma.

imifuziselo emibini amaziko zoqoqosho

Le ncwadi "Kutheni amanye amazwe atyebileyo kunye nabanye abahluphekileyo" inikeza abafundi imifuziselo ezimbini ezisisiseko zamaziko zoqoqosho: i extractive nezibandakanya.

Umfuziselo extractive icebisa ukuba inani elincinane labantu bafumana zonke iinzuzo evela lizwe. Eli qela ezikhethiweyo Ozahlulayo bonke abemmi amathuba ingeniso kulo lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Kuba le modeli luphawulwa yokuhlukana ipropati okanye ingeniso ukuze kuxhamle iqela elimxinwa labantu. Ukuze ukwakha imodeli onjalo kunokuba kuphela amaziko ezopolitiko extractive eziya ukukhusela silondoloze iqela nelungelo.

imodeli eBandakanya kuvumela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kubudlelwane yezoqoqosho inkoliso yabantu. Kwimeko enjalo ke, inviolability kwipropati yabucala ethenjiswe kwinqanaba mthetho. Kakade ke, umfuziselo enjalo yakhiwe kuphela ngokusekelwe amaziko inclusive kwezopolitiko.

Yeyiphi imodeli kukulungele?

Dzheyms Robinson kunye neqabane lakhe bagqibe ukuba imifuziselo enempumelelo, kodwa elowo kubo isantya ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiba yophuhliso. Ukukhula koqoqosho ngokwenene kunokwenzeka kunye nemodeli extractive, kodwa kuya kuba siphila ixesha elifutshane, yaye ngenxa kakuhle-ntle uya ukufezekisa umanyano. imifuziselo Inclusive zikhula ngokukhawuleza nangobuchule. Oku ngokwemvelo, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente apho phantse yonke ilungu ibandakanyeka kwakhona ngokusemthethweni iinzuzo, ifumana ukuchuma lwezoqoqosho olukhawulezayo. Kweli lizwe onjalo akayi kuba yindawo yobuhlwempu. Kukholelwa ukuba imifuziselo ebandakanya zivumela States lula ukuze athwale iingxaki yangaphandle nangaphakathi, lo gama imodeli extractive singenza isimo kuphela meko.

Kwakhona kakhulu ubhalo, kuba njengabemi umgangatho wokuphila, abalawulwa kurhulumente zibekiwe. Bona bazimisele benako ukumelana ntlekele, sisazi ukuba yonke into eqhelekileyo kwixesha elizayo. Abemi extractive modeli sizakucinga ukuba yonke into iba mbi, kwaye akukho kusinda kubuhlwempu. Oku kungabangela imiboniso kunye ukunganeliseki.

Outlook ixesha elide

Dzheyms Robinson ukholelwa ukuba, nangona ithuba lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho yemodeli extractive, kwithuba elide ngayo alufanelekanga ngenxa yezinto eziliqela. Xa abantu abakwazi ukufumana ingenelo izifundo zabo okanye ukunika inkoliso karhulumente, kukukhuthaza ukuba umsebenzi ilahlekile. Endaweni eyenziwe inkuthazo ezigwenxa akhuthaza zolwaphulo ezithile. I extractive imodeli Iqela emxinwa labantu zinqanda uphuhliso inzululwazi netheknoloji kwakunye kuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe emitsha kujongela amandla negunya labo isandla phezu izintso ezandleni namanye amaqela. Yotshintsho, oluqhutywa phantsi kweemeko yemodeli extractive angabi ngokupheleleyo, njengoko ubambisa abalinganiswa. Umzekelo kweelana ngezoshishino komhlaba izikhulu phambili. Umfuziselo ebandakanya yawela ngophakathi Ungazama ukuthintela inkqubo kukwanda kweefektri, kodwa wayeza kuba ayiphumelelanga ngenxa ekungakwazini ukoyisa amaziko awomeleleyo kwezopolitiko.

Umzekelo i USSR

Kulo mzekelo ukukhula koqoqosho eli lizwe bubonakala imodeli extractive. kushishino Heavy aphuhliswe kuphela ngezibonelelo elalini. Xa le fama yaba abadibenanga kakhulu kwaye kakuhle kakhulu. Ukongeza, izinga inkqubela zeteknoloji kuye asezantsi kakhulu kunokuba kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Kakade ngawo 1970 izibonelelo lali baqondiswe shishino. Noko ke, oku kuthetha ukuba le nkqubo Soviet ngxi: inkqubo nomsebenzi onyanzelwayo ayisekho babesebenza, elidla ukuxhathisa utshintsho, iinkuthazo zoqoqosho ningaswele ngokupheleleyo. Ukuze uphume kule folda, urhulumente waseSoviet kwafuneka ukuba bashiye imodeli extractive yolawulo, kodwa oko kuya kuquka ukuwa ngamandla. Ngenxa yonke le nto iye yakhokelela ekubeni sokonakalisa USSR.

nokuba baluyeke kunokwenzeka?

Iincwadi loqoqosho athi inguqu ukusuka extractive ukuya imodeli yolawulo ebandakanya kunokwenzeka. Ngaphezu koko, kwenzeka izihlandlo ezininzi kwimbali. Lokuhlela ilizwe libe ngqongqo imodeli omnye okanye omnye kunzima. amazwe Zininzi umfuziselo exutyiweyo. Ihlabathi mihla lizele kwamazwe kufutshane kwenye imifuziselo ezichazwe ngasentla, kodwa musa kuba iimpawu zayo 'ezicocekileyo ". Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uphuhliso ngendlela extractive neziquka akukho kwangaphambili yimiba zembali.

Ababhali bencwadi ethi "Kutheni amanye amazwe atyebileyo kunye nabanye abahluphekileyo" ibalula njengomzekelo njengoko 'revolution ezukileyo. " Saba isiqalo ukuba uqeqeshelwa ukuba indlela yophuhliso ebandakanya wonke UK.

Noko ke, imbali shintsha ezaziwayo umva. Umzekelo, kwiRiphabliki yaseVenice. Urhulumente sele wabhokoxa onke amandla ezandleni zakhe, ivaliwe kwabanye abemi ukufikelela kwizibonelelo noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Oku kwabangela ezininzi iziphumo, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ukuphela kweli lizwe.

indlela isigaba

Amaziko ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kungenziwa siguqulwe. Kodwa inkqubo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa iqondo extractable. Iqela emxinwa ngakumbi ebantwini, amandla kunye namathuba bebekelwa ezandleni zayo, kuyanqaba ukuya kwenye indlela ebandakanya wonke. Akukho ngaphantsi ebalulekileyo ubukho kumaqela athile abantu (ekukhethwa ukuba zibe emthethweni), nto leyo ubuncinane ngegama ukuxhathisa abakhethekileyo. iziphumo Practical zizuziwe akavumanga nangoko, kodwa abantu bavakalelwa ukuba sixhathise kunokwenzeka yaye kuyimfuneko. Xa kuvulwa amathuba inguqu, abantu akwaphalala ukusisebenzisa. Umba wesithathu ebalulekileyo ukudaleka iqela elikhulu, umanyaniswe izinto ezifanayo - womanyano ukuba bamele onke amacandelo oluntu.

Funda incwadi kuqoqosho, oko kuqondwe ukuba enoba loo malinge ukutshintsha inkqubo ze emva koko badla kukhokelela kwisiphumo efanayo. Eli qela, nto leyo ekulweni abakhethiweyo, ngoko kuba efanayo. Le umkhwa Kulilishwa, nto leyo ethatha kusekho indawo nolo lwamazwe.

Le ncwadi iqukumbela into yokuba ababhali sicebisa uqikelelo zophuhliso ezizezinye ngokwesiseko onobuhle ecetywayo. Ngokutsho kwabo, lithi musa ukuba inkqubo ezinzileyo yezopolitiko (esiti, Afghanistan), akayi kuba nako ukuphumeza uphuhliso olubalulekileyo lwezoqoqosho. Amazwe abaye bakwazi ukufikelela inkululeko ethile ngokwemigaqo ezopolitiko, unokubanga ukuba uphuhliso loqoqosho buthathaka ukutshabalala (Tanzania, Ethiopia, Burundi).

reviews

Abagxeki baye babonisa sengqondo esihle le ncwadi. Uhlalutyo ubunzulu yaphawulwa, unciphiso ingxoxo kunye nemizekelo ezithile. I-ncomo ezimbalwa ezimbi yayisekelwe kwinto yokuba imiba zejografi nobuhlanga inikwe ingqalelo encinane kakhulu. Bekukwakho kuqatshelwe ukuba ababhali ngenkankulu wawuthetha ngezinto ezinefuthe kuphuhliso States nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe afana neBhanki yeHlabathi okanye IMF.