LeZimbiwa Finland. Industry and Economics e Finland

Eli nqaku liza kuxubusha Finland izimbiwa, utsalo labo, inkqubo kunye nendima kuqoqosho. Qala le sihloko kuya kuba umgama omalunga kwithuba leminyaka billion emithathu eyadlulayo, xa ezi iindawo bangcwatyelwa phantsi glacier enkulu. Ikakhulu enkosi iziganeko xesha amatye of Finland wabonakala kwamanani ezo zikolo zinjalo.

ice yobudala

Kwaba ngexesha lobudala womkhenkce iqela elikhulu lenyengane crystal apho umaleko enkulu enzima ngumkhenkce eya kuqweqwe lomhlaba kangangoko uMyili ichibi ezimbini ezinkulu - i-Gulf of Bothnia kunye noLwandle eBaltic, amachibi zangaphambili kuqala. It ezihambayo wabumba isimo se Finland. I ice ubukhulu kweekhilomitha ngaphezu amathathu bakwazi agobe umhlaba ngokwawo. Balisusa kwakhona ukusuka kumphezulu kweemitha ngaphezu ezisixhenxe elulwalweni.

yonke inkqubo amachibi Finnish kuvuleke ezinkulu eziziswe okuninzi na onokumxelela ngayo Finland isiqabu kwaba njalo into sibona namhlanje. Amathathu eepesenti eli lizwe - kuba inyengane evulekileyo ngokupheleleyo, yaye elinanye ekhulwini - le inyengane efanayo phantsi komhlaba kubunzulu kwimitha omnye. Ngenxa iifosili Ice Age e Finland i nobuninzi zesinyithi non-ayoni, yaye kunqabile umhlaba. Inyaniso yokuba kumaxesha amandulo le ilizwe glacier, iyandonwabisa ngokupheleleyo kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Finland ngoku

Indawo uphi Finland, - emantla Europe. Eyona nxalenye inkulu yale lizwe ukwakweli laseScandinavia Peninsula. Bufana imida kunye eNorway, eRashiya, eSweden, phezu kolwandle - kunye Estonia. Le ndawo mncane - ukude kangangeekhilomitha ezintathu, elinamanci mathathu anesibhozo amawaka square. emihlanu Kukho kunye nesiqingatha sesigidi sabantu, inxalenye enkulu yayo ezinzile kwikomkhulu - Helsinki - kunye nezinye izixeko ezincinane, kunye pesenti mathathu kuphela labemi - kwezinye iindawo. Yobuninzi amachibi, amahlathi, imigxobhozo - inkalo uphawu loo nxalenye yehlabathi apho kukho eFinland.

Akukho iinkcukacha geographical ngaphantsi umdla kule ndawo enezityalo nezilwanyana. Ivelisa kunye na- maxhama ke ingaqhelekanga, kodwa ingubo iingalo Finland usoloko uchazwa nje ahlala kwezi ndawo ingonyama (nangona kukholelwa ukuba 1580 kwathiwa ngokuba ukumkani eenkomo kukuqhuqha). Ekubeni inkoliso ikhona Finland (malunga namashumi amahlanu eminyaka ubudala) yabanjwa njengoko liphondo eSweden, kwaba ukumkani UGustav Swedish Mna lo mfanekiso. Coat of Arms Finland koko wabonakala phezu umfanekiso lakhe ibandla Gothic lesixeko Uppsala. Emva kwexesha elifutshane, Finland waba yingxenye Russia, uze ingonyama (okanye lynx) kuboniswe ikhaka, leyo yayimi phezu kwesifuba okhozi komlawuli kabini-intloko.

geography

Geography of Finland iyinqaba: esithathwini ezingaphezu kwesibini nommandla wayo ubuxoki ezimakhulu mabini leemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle kwaye ndijonge kumathafa gquma elineenduli kunye ukubonakala rhoqo yamatye, sizizifanya amachibi kunye lwamawa iinduli - Salpausselkä, Suomenselkä, Manselkya.

North-ntshona weli lizwe awayephantsi iintaba yaseScandinavia (esiphelweni sabo empuma). Ukuphakama ntaba ifikelela 1365 e-Finland mitha - entabeni Haltiatunturi. amathandathu ngaphantsi A kancinane namawaka amachibi, okanye ekhulwini ezisibhozo yonke imimandla benza inkqubo yamanzi enkulu. Ubude umlambo akunjalo, kodwa zizele uba eliphezulu lamanzi.

yokwakheka komhlaba

Geology of Finland ujongwa kwindawo yayo phezu kwiBaltic Shield. Early rocks Precambrian zixelwe apha, kwakunye lenyengane, kwaye bonke babebonakala inkungu glacier podornuty kunye needipozithi glacial kwexesha koqeqesho. Kokurhoxa glacier ibonakala kangaka kuzo zonke izigaba zabo. Bothnia osibonayo zone isiphoso ogqithela ukuya ezininzi echibini indawo Ladoga hlula zolwakhiwo Precambrian isithuba kwimimandla emibini. ukwanda ngasempumalanga kwamabhanti greenstone Archean ixesha, kakhulu idlulela neetyuwa clastic kunye volcanics Jatulian (Early Proterozoic).

Oku nabo kwaye zinxulunyaniswa iidipozithi ekrwada zesinyithi ezixabisekileyo (kunye nabanye - lula): nsimbi nje kuphela negolide, kodwa uranium, intsimbi, ubhedu, nickel, metal, vanadium kunye ayibe. Entshonalanga kukho i calcareous obrak ezingxondorheni, shales kunye greywacke phantsi kweminyaka billion mabini ezelwe, leyo akhiwa jike siqithi mlilo kunye neelwandle aseludinini. Kunjalo kwiindawo ezininzi plutons intruded yi granitoids, apho indawo ekhethekileyo - Tsentralnofinlyandsky batholith. Kukho ezininzi iidipozithi ezincinane polymetallic, nobhedu, nesinyiti, nickel nomhlaba kunqabile ore.

uphando

Ngowe-1947, i-lwezenzululwazi kwiGeological Society, ngo-1970 Sikwahlengahlengise akhademi yaququzelelwa eFinland. Yeyona yokugqibela, kwaye inxaxheba komhlaba kunye nezimbiwa imicimbi yelizwe. Omlawuli ikomiti ekhethekileyo, ilungu lwesakhiwo Academy apho amalungu izazinzulu kwinkalo nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Amafama imiba kwaye kunceda ukusombulula yinxalenye yeBhodi Academy, ukujongana uphando zobugcisa, kwaye qiniseka ukuya kuyo yonke imibuzo enye ingcebiso engaphezulu - bume yokufunda.

EFinland, iiyunivesithi basafunda kunye nezimbiwa kunye nokwakhiwa komhlaba, kodwa ezi nkalo bafundiswa kumasebe jikelele (natural sciences) ngaphandle kuphela. Nguwo lowo City of Helsinki University of Technology - eyunivesithi State, owasekwa ngo-1908. Kukho isebe elahlukileyo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye nezimbiwa. Noko ke, ungatsalela umnxeba ezininzi zeeyunivesithi Finnish ezifundisa ezahlukahlukeneyo izifundo, abaqhagamshelwe nethunga lezemigodi nokwakhiwa komhlaba, nangona ezi amasebe ndahlukane kokuhlambeleyo, kwaye abazinikele iinzululwazi zendalo.

minerals Finland

Chrome ore Finland ucebile kakhulu. Kwakhona kukho isitokhwe ezinkulu nezinki, ayibe, nickel, ikopolo, apatite, vanadium, kwaye ke le nja-. Intsimbi ekrwada ke geni emantla-ntshona weli lizwe. Endle Pahtovara amalungiselelo quartzites glandular, e Kaymaryavi - apatites kunye magnetites, kunye McCall, Hitura kunye Kotalahti ukunika yobhedu nickel. Ores zesinyithi ezixabisekileyo yaphuhliswa kumazantsi Finland, EKemi kunye nomntla eLapland. Vammala idipozithi, Outokumpu, Vihanti iqulathe igolide, isilivere kunye neemethali iqela platinum (le yokugqibela yi share kungaba kuncinane kakhulu).

izinyithi Rare lithathwe kwi basezantsi kwaye zwekazi, apho amasimi ephambili Kangasala Kemiyo emasikwini umxholo i-ore ilmenite luphawulwa ubukho, phlogopite, magnetite, Gold, pyrochlore baddelita. apatites nsimbi, chromium, vanadium abasakwazi kakhulu, eYurophu, kwindawo yokuqala isixa ayibe - yesibini. Kwakhona eninzi intsimbi, zinc, ubhedu, nickel. Nja- and non-ebuntsimbi leetyuwa atsalwa ngokubanzi eFinland. iidipozithi nja- baninzi kakhulu kwaye zibekwe phantse kulo lonke elo lizwe, kodwa ubukhulu, ngamnye kubo incinci. Ngokwezoqoqosho ukuphuhlisa iidipozithi elingaphaya eehektare amabini, nto leyo beentanda ukuba neemitha ngaphezu ezimbini. EFinland, njengoko ingengabo bonke iidipozithi ezinjalo.

ore

Phantse zonke iidipozithi ze uranium ekrwada aseNtsho Karelian quartzite-shale complex okanye imida Archean lenyengane-gneiss complex. iidipozithi qaphela eziphawulekayo ungakwazi Kolari Paltamo Paukayanvare kunye Noutiyarvi. Iron ores ibekwe ezingontsini zasentla-ntshona nombindi we eFinland. Amaninzi ukuba enxulumene Karelian orogeny, oko kumiswa leptitovoy.

Phakathi ores kufuneka quartzites ferruginous (Pahtovara), apatite kunye magnetidy (Kaymayarvi kunye nabanye), skarns magnetite (Oriyarvi kunye Tervola), ilmenite-magnetite (in Otanmyaki kunye nakwezinye iindawo). iidipozithi Skarn luyaphuhliswa kwaye ezintsonkothileyo ukubona. Vanadium kunye titanium kwi ekrwada zifumaneka ekupheleni empuma kwiBaltic Shield. Ezi zithinteli enxulumene nexesha Lower kunye sredneproterozoyskim. Bona ziphuhliswe emasimini kunye Mustavara Otanmyaki.

polymetals

Chromium ekrwada buzinze entsimini enye, leyo feeds lonke ushishino ezahlukeneyo eFinland. Oku EKemi - Gulf of Bothnia, nganeno kwalo wasentla. Ayibe, nickel, nobhedu nesinyithi ezifana non-ayoni kwenzeka ores e Ladoga Bothnia ibhanti, kunye neeminerali kunye namasimi zoshishino lubonisa iintlobo ezimbini. Le emanzini copper-nickel e Kotalahtinskoy subband ibhanti (McCall, Hitura, Kotalahti kunye nabanye), apho umlinganiselo umxholo yobhedu 0.3%, kunye nickel - 1.2%.

Uhlobo lwesibini - i iidipozithi pyrite stratimorfnye enxulumene ne grafayithi shales black (Hammaslakti, Vuonos, Outokumpu, kunye nabanye), apho umxholo yesilivere - 11 grams ngetoni nganye esikrwada nganye, igolide - up to yegram enye zinc - 7%, ubhedu - 3, 5%, kwaye kukho isuntswana ayibe kunye nickel. Ores ibekwe emasimini oyile emazantsi kwi kwiBaltic Shield, apho, ukongeza izinc kwaye ikhokelele igolide oluqulethwe, ubhedu, isiliva, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

imboni Finland

Ezona mpawu ngokubanzi lwemisebenzi yoqoqosho-GDP eli lizwe sele ngo-1986 yaba 357 billion fim. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eli nani rhoqo kunye ikhula. Into enikisa umdla kukuba kushishino lwezimbiwa accounted for kuphela seshumi ekhulwini GDP, kunye noshishino lemveliso - ngaphezu amabini ekhulwini.

Nangona loovimba ngokungenamkhethe enkulu kobutyebi bezimbiwa, ubutyebi engundoqo yendalo kuthiwe lihlathi eligubungela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha lonke eli lizwe. Ngako oko, onke amasebe eziyintloko kuqoqosho Finnish bazibandakanya kuphuhliso ezo zinto. Kukho iingxaki e Finland namandla, nangona kuqala uphuhliso loshishino lwe iidipozithi yamafutha eqinileyo kunye engamanzi.

Njengokuba kwakunjalo

imithombo yezimbiwa ziyaphuhliswa e Finland ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, nkqu ntsomi Finnish (runes) kuwuvakalisa ores zesinyithi. Nangona ukuya kwinkulungwane weshumi, ukongeza ngamatye nesinyithi, musa ukusebenzisa nantoni na. waphuhliswa kushishino lwemigodi ngexesha ulawulo Swedish eFinland, kuba nkqu wokuhlola kwaye ingakumbi kuphuhliso kwafuneka ukuba imvume lobuqu uKumkani Sweden.

Ngenkulungwane elinesithandathu baqalisa intsimbi ekrwada am zinyibilikile ihagu intsimbi wagqiba kuphela elinesibhozo, yaye kwaba kufutshane imveliso abasakhasayo. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, sele eRashiya, abasemagunyeni baqalisa ukukhuthaza tona nezokukhupha izinto kwezimbiwa ekrwada.

Njengokuba kwakunjalo

Ngowe-1812, i-uBukhosi Russian wadala kwiphondo yakhe yokuqala Finnish of Mines, yokukhokela wokuhlola kwezibonelelo izimbiwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Imvume yokuqala Kulonsuonmyaki wavuka sam phezu nezokukhupha intsimbi, kwaye zibandakanyiwe kuphuhliso elinambini ngo-1829 iidipozithi ezinjalo. Ngenxa amanyathelo enkuthazo yokuvelisa ezintathu iitoni intsimbi, kwaye ukukhula kushishino iyaqhubeka. Ukongezelela elikhulu likarhulumente-owned, utyando imigodi zabucala amancinci ngaphezu amahlanu apho umgangatho ore obuphantsi kakhulu ukuya engundoqo.

Russia wathabatha intsimbi kunye nomsebenzi-ezamahala nobhedu, ngoko ukukhula kwimveliso ngaphaya iitoni ezingamashumi amane anesibhozo amawaka ngo-1860. Copper Oriyarvi waqala uvelise 1832, yaye ngowe-1870, sele ziphuhlisiwe iidipozithi polymetallic in Pitkyaranta. Ngo-1895, Finland eveliswe 5.195 okulahlwayo zobhedu, iitoni 425 ka inkcenkce, phantse zisibhozo iitoni zesilivere, yaye eLapland impindezelo wahlamba igolide - up to amahlanu eekhilogram ngonyaka ngamnye. igranite axholiweyo, syenite, apho isetyenziselwe kuphela e Finland: ezininzi izakhiwo St. Petersburg esasijongene nazo ilitye eFinland. Namhlanje, yonke imveliso kushishino lwezimbiwa eFinland uxabiseke ngaphezu euro billion ngonyaka, nto leyo ebangela ukuba phantse amahlanu amashishini akhoyo.