Lignin - ntoni na? haydrolisis lignin. Ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo lignin hydrolytic

Lignin - ntoni na? Asinguye wonke umntu oya kuba nako ukuphendula lo mbuzo, kodwa siya kuzama ukuqonda. Lignin - into leyo yinxalenye ngokupheleleyo zonke izityalo on Earth. Kananjalo kufuneka kananjalo kuchazwe njengoko amacandelo ezinoncedo ezifana neselulosi kunye isiHindi.

Eyona njongo ephambili yolu lignin - kukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka emithanjeni, nto leyo ukuhambisa amanzi kunye nezondlo lichithakale. Lignin neselulosi kunye ezindongeni iseli, ukwandisa amandla abo. Ayizizo zonke izityalo isixa elinye ezimbaxa. Uninzi efunyanwa kulo Conifers, malunga-40%, kodwa avuthulukayo -% 25 kuphela.

Iimpawu lignin

Le ebonakalayo Polymer yendalo emthubi emnyama. Cishe ezingenakunyibilika emanzini kunye izinyibilikisi organic. Lignin - ukuba yintoni na isakhiwo umbono? A impendulo ecacileyo lo mbuzo akathandi kusebenza, ngenxa yokuba, ukuba lilungu izityalo ezahlukeneyo, loo nto inokuba nomahluko kakhulu kubume.

Phezu yokubola lignin ezikhandelwa zizityebi wamatye zizondlo, nto leyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo yendalo. Uqwalaselo lwe lignin kwimeko-bume ibe umkhosi iintsholongwane, umngundo kunye ezinye izinambuzane.

Inzuzo ephambili yale nto kukuba akukho mfuneko ukuvelisa okanye ukufumana. Ewe, kuba nzima, lignin ke ngoko enxulumene ngokuqinileyo ne plant cells, ukuba yokuzahlula kwakhe ngumntu yinkqubo entsonkothileyo.

I-lignin, imveliso oluqhutywa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho namnye ngaphandle kwenkunkuma njengoko eziqhelekileyo processing yintlama. Kukho elikhulu kuyo utshabaleleyo, ingenguye kwandisa reactivity.

Iindlela lignin yodwa

Inkqubo ukuthatha iziyobisi ukusuka imithi lwenziwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo:

• ukufunda iimpawu mba;
• kujongwa umthamo lignin yezityalo ezahlukeneyo.

Iindlela arhente gesi zikhethwa ngokuxhomekeke ngenjongo yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ukuba umsebenzi ngakumbi kukuba ukufunda, iindlela amakheswa kuba nezona mpembelelo kunokwenzeka kubume kunye nomgangatho lignin. Nangona phantse akukho ndlela yokuba akuqinisekisi ekufumaneni ubuncwane ingatshintshanga.

Emva ukwahlulwa lignin iqulethe ukungcola ezininzi:

• extractives on haydrolisis ukunika iikhompawundi enganyibilikiyo;
• iimveliso humification of iswekile;
• umxube trudnogidrolizuemyh of polysaccharides.

Iimeko esiphezulu afanelekileyo ukuze Ukuqhela lignin zezo phantsi apho isixa kakhulu kweziyobisi. Kulo mzekelo, i-lignin ifunyenwe phantse simahla ukungcola, waza waphawula ilahleko yakhe encinane.

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo kuthathwa ukuba sulphuric acid, kodwa solyanokislotny zisetyenziswa kakhulu alufane ngenxa ngenkxamleko ukusebenza kunye kanzulu acid.

imihlobo lignin

Lo mthombo uphambili lignin na imveliso woshishino kwincindi. Kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo oku zingasetyenziswa ubugcisa ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa kwaye ngoko lignin wafumana oko, iye umgangatho ukungalingani kunye nokwakheka.

Kwinkqubo yemveliso okanye kwealkali sulphates lignin sulfate afunyenwe kwi imveliso asidi - sulfite.

Umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo omnye komnye, kungekuphela nje ubume kodwa indlela yokulahla. lignin sulphate na sitshiswe, kunye sulphite wathumela zogcino kwiindawo zokugcina ezizodwa.

On haydrolisis asaqalayo lignin haydrolisis.

Iimpahla lignin hydrolytic

Le into angumgubo kunye ukuxinana 1.45 g / cm³. umbala wayo iyahluka beige ukukhanya lineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo mdaka. Umxholo lignin ezinjalo izinto zingaqala-40 ukuya kuma-80%.

lignin Hydrolytic iye iipropati eziyityhefu kunye nesikhundla ophezulu adsorption, le isekelwe ukusetyenziswa kwayo amayeza.

Ukuba ukutshiza kwento xa womile uba amafutha, kungakhona ingozi dubulo. lignin Dry ngexesha yokutsha okhupha izixa ezikhulu ubushushu kwanele. kwithempritsha yayo ucinezelo Iqondo lobushushu lihle laya 195 kwaye ukubola iqala kubushushu ka-185 ° C.

Production lignin amalungiselelo

Lignin ukusuka iinkuni yodwa ukuze ufumane uze amayeza akhe ukuze ezahlukeneyo izifundo. Cinga Inqanaba recovery lignin:

• , ukugawulwa chips neenkuni kurhulumente, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, umgubo;
• unyango umxube utywala-toluene ukuba bahlukane le extractives;
• ukusetyenziswa ehlanganisa acid, nto leyo ethintela indlela lignin ukwimeko emanzini.

Kule inkqubo yokuvelisa, ezinye iintlobo ezinyibilikayo imichiza, ezenze, nyulu kunye yomile, apho ngumgubo.

Ukusebenza lignin hydrolytic

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubuncwane zicwadi kunzima kakhulu ukuba bazihlaziye ngenxa yobuchule bendalo entsonkothileyo yaye ukungazinzi, kunokwenzeka ukudwelisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo apho kusetyenziswa khona lignin. Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi unalo nkalo zilandelayo:

• imveliso briquettes zamafutha;
• njenge fuel kwibhoyila;
• imveliso nokunciphisa arhente ezenza izinto ezithile zesinyithi okanye lesilicon;
• isikhombisi kwi kushishino iiplastiki;
• Ukuveliswa gas amafutha;
• ukuvelisa izichumisi;
• imveliso kwemichiza;
• njenge ekrwada ukuze kwimveliso phenol, acetic acid izinto;
• imveliso carbon isebenze;
• njenge sorbent kuba unyango lwe ekungcoleni zasezidolophini kunye noshishino;
• imveliso amayeza;
• ukuveliswa ngezitena kunye neemveliso yodongwe.

Izizathu ukwanda kwemfuno lignin

haydrolisis lignin yi amafutha kakhulu leyo, phezu komlilo, uvelisa isixa esikhulu wamandla. Ukongeza, ngumqolo izinto ngenxa yokuba kuveliswe le resource amandla kuyafikeleleka kakhulu kwaye ewuhlaziyayo.

Akukho kuphela kwilizwe lethu kodwa ihlabathi okwangoku umba ngezihloko eminye imithombo yamandla ngeenxa zonke. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho eziliqela yezizathu, phakathi esingasinceda uluhlu oku kulandelayo:

1. iziphathi Natural eneji - amalahle, i-oyile kunye nemfuneko negesi nemveliso yayo usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo iindleko. Oku nje kodwa kuchaphazela njalo ukwandisa ixabiso labo.
2. Imithombo yamandla ayasetyenziswa ngoku, izimali exhaustible zendalo, ngoko ke kuya kufika ixesha xa ithenga ukutya phantse kusetyenziswa up.
3. Ukuveliswa imithombo yamandla iyavuseleleka ngurhulumente kumazwe amaninzi.

Lignin fuel

Ukususela namhlanje, yaye kuya kusanda ngokwanda njengendlela wamafutha osetyenzisiweyo lignin. Yintoni na kwaye Ikhangeleka njani ngayo?

Le nto ke kwimbuphu yesarha ezinomthamo sokufuma ukuya kutsho kuma-70%, nto leyo ziyahluka kumafa ngokuxhomekeke izinto ekrwada. isakhiwo yabo iyafana kakhulu ngamalahle, nayo ibe inani elikhulu pores ezincinane. Iimpawu oku kuvumela ukubhentsisa briquetting yayo pelletizing. Ukuba umsebenzi ophezulu-uxinzelelo ikeyiki ezinjalo, nokuba litshatshazi, laba ubunzima iplastiki viscous.

Le zithutha ezenziwe lignin ezinjalo, ube ukusasaza eliphezulu ubushushu, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuvelisa umsi kakhulu. briquettes amafutha kunye zithutha ziphatheka ezikumgangatho ophezulu, elivutha nobushushu obuninzi, yaye phantse akukho umlotha. Kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba lignin yamnandi ekrwada ezibonakalayo ukuze imveliso briquettes amafutha.

Ukusetyenziswa lignin kwifomu umgubo

Iyeza karhulumente lomgubo ifumana ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengoko isongezo ekuvelisweni asphalt eziphathekayo. Ukusetyenziswa lignin hydrolyzed ikuvumela ukuba:

• ukwandisa amandla, ukumelana amanzi nokuzabalazela ng;
• ugcine izinto zendlela-zokwakha;
• ngcono imeko eziphilayo kwiindawo apho inkunkuma igcinwe;
• ukubuyisela ukuchuma zamazwe, ezisetyenziswa phantsi ngamaphiko.

Kwicandelo indlela inzuzo ngokwaneleyo ukusebenzisa lignin. iimpawu zayo abanjalo ukuba ikuvumela ukuba kakhulu ngcono umgangatho izinto zokwakha. Ukongezelela, lignin unika ithuba endaweni kudla imali eninzi.

yezabelo lignin

Ahlobene ka iziyobisi lignosulfonates, leyo akhiwa sulfite processing iinkuni indlela. Lignosulfonates babe umsebenzi omkhulu, bakwazi ukuba bafumane izicelo zabo mveliso eyahlukeneyo:

• ushishino oyile (iimpawu oluhlaziyiweyo of muds zokomba) ;
• Foundry (esebenza njenge Umatshini kwi kwimixube);
• imveliso eziphathekayo;
• ishishini lokwakha (njengoko izixubisisi kwi emulsions yendlela);
• ekrwada izinto soqulunqo vanillin;
• ezolimo (olinyiweyo ukuthintela ukhukuliseko).

lignin sulphate has ezixineneyo, kunye nokumelana chemical. Xa urhulumente owomileyo - ngumgubo emdaka ehamba e ammonia, kwealkali, ethylene ethers, iidioksini.

I-lignin sulphate ayikho ezingenabungozi, hayi yingozi kwaye kutshizwa ukusuka kwindawo ngenxa ingozi yomlilo. Oku kusetyenziswa:

• njenge plasticizer ekwenziweni amanqaku yodongwe, eziphathekayo;
• njenge ekrwada ukulungiselela ukuveliswa iiplastikhi kunye nentlaka phenol-formaldehyde izinto;
• njengoko ikhonkco ekwenziweni paperboard, iphepha kunye nezinto iinkuni-based;
• njengoko isongezo, ekwenziweni irabha kunye latex.

Ngoku kucaca indlela ngokubanzi lignin. Yintoni ngoku akukho mntu akuthethi kunokubangela iingxaki, ekubeni ngenxa iimpawu zayo le nto kakhulu ezifunwayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Amayeza esekelwe lignin

Njengoko sele sibonile, ukusetyenziswa lignin hydrolyzed kwaye mhlawumbi kwezonyango. Unga dwelisa iziyobisi zilandelayo zisekelwe phezu kwalo;

• "Lignosorb" Libonisa ukuba izifo phecana zesisu, ityhefu ukutya;
• "Polifan" liye ingcebiso efanayo malunga nesicelo;
• "Polyphepan" kuzisa isiqabu ukuze sorhudo kunye dysbacteriosis;
• "Filtrum-STI";
• "Entegnin".

Ukusetyenziswa "Polyphepan"

Elinye igama le ukulungiselela - lignin haydrolisis. Oveliswa ngokohlobo granules, Ukunqunyanyiswa, Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yonke, kunye neepilisi. iziyobisi esintu, livela lignin. Imiyalelo isicelo ithi ukuba ichiza kakuhle uyakwazi Cya ndibopha kunye nemveliso yazo metabolic.

Ukongezelela, phantsi yintshukumo ichiza detoxified izinto eziyityhefu zendalo ezahlukeneyo: izinyithi enzima, izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive, ammonia. Lignin ethwala detoxification hydrolytic yento ephilayo, kwakunye nokubonelela antioxidant nefuthe lipid-lisibekele.

Nalu uluhlu olude lwezinto azizuzileyo into lignin! Umyalelo uphakamisa ukuba ukuthatha eli chiza, ungenza imbuyekezo ukunqongophala kwe ifayibha zokutya ethunjini, ezo athathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo ukwetyisa, ukulungisa microflora nokuphucula nezifo.

Ubungqina obubonakalayo buxela ukuba ukwamkelwa "Polyphepan" zezi:

• nezifo zesisu esingapheliyo okanye oyingozi;
• ityhefu ukudla;
• sorhudo;
• hepatitis load;
• ikholera;
• dysbiosis isisu;
• salmonellosis;
• besisu;
• ziyabagulisa;
• ukuphazamiseka emzimbeni amanqatha ezibilini;
• sokubuyisa ixesha ekuphulukenwe emva ichemotherapy okanye radiation;
• iingxaki yamanina: candidiasis, vaginosis.

Uluhlu kunokuba olunzulu ezibonisa abe ichiza enjalo, njengoko lignin. Imiyalelo unaba ezinye Izimo:

• Hypersensitivity ukuba ichiza;
• nokuqunjelwa ezingapheliyo;
• gastritis;
• seswekile.

Ngexesha reception lignin iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zingenzeka: i uxabane okanye nokuqunjelwa.

Zokufuya ukusebenzisa amayeza kwaye umthamo walo imiswe ugqirha kuxhomekeke kubunzima kwesifo kunye nemeko. Ngokuqhelekileyo emiselweyo kwe lignin phakathi evekini, kodwa ezinye iingxaki ze ngexesha unyango angandiswa ukuya inyanga.

Ecology kunye lignin

Le into iveliswa ngesixa-mali esikhulu emazweni yintlama. Isongiwe zaziimfumba ezinkulu, isandla ungcoliseko. Ukongeza, kukho iimeko umlilo okhawulezileyo of lignin.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yinto umba ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi njengoko amafutha, ekubeni emva yokutsha yayo isixa esikhulu inkunkuma, ezibangela umonakalo kwimvelo. Lignin ifumana isicelo layo kumashishini ezininzi, ngoko kuqala kwiinto zonke, kubalulekile ukuba ukusombulula ingxaki ukhuseleko eziphilayo yokusingqongileyo.