Lo mboniso lokuqala lezolimo eRashiya kubani yaye xa eziququzelelweyo kuthwalelwa phandle?

Lo mboniso lokuqala Russian sele kuqalile kwi ngenkulungwane XIX. Umqalisi indalo yayo yaba yoMphathiswa wezeMali. Ngowe-1837 yasekwa Ministry of Property State, iye ihlawulwe ingqalelo eyodwa kuphuhliso kwezolimo. Lo mboniso lokuqala lezolimo eRashiya negalelo ukuyilwa iimfuno ezizodwa, ukunyusa inkuthazo uphuhliso ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nezolimo.

Amalungiselelo lo mboniso lokuqala

Ngowe-1842 Tsar Nicholas I thaca yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of State isiphakamiso kumisa imiboniso, nto leyo iya kuboniswa imisebenzi yezandla zasemaphandleni, imfuyo kunye nezolimo. Ngelo xesha, ekhokelwa yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa P. D. Kiselev, wacebisa ukuba mboniso yokuqala kwiphondo Novorossiysk. Isifundo iphambili ibonisa ngelo xesha izilwanyana. Nicholas I ivume isindululo. Ngoko ke ngo-1842 ke wakhupha ummiselo osemthethweni nkqubo kwimiboniso eRashiya.

Lo mboniso lokuqala lezolimo eRashiya wayelungiselela ngenyameko, nangamaphepha igutyungelwe ngokwenkcukacha. NgoJanuwari 1842 kwi "Odessa kwiGazethi" epapashwe imixholo Ordinance kwi mboniso. NgoFebruwari, bonke eqhelene imithetho mboniso, ukuba eziqulathwe imihlathi elinethoba. Kamva, bonke bafunda ngokutsha inkqubo. Wavuma ukuba umboniso kuphela Novorossiysk kwiphondo izilwanyana: iinkunzi ezintsha zeenkomo, iinkomo, iigusha, amahashe, iinkomo, iihagu. NgoJulayi 1843 Nicholas I yamkele iimbasa figure lokunikezela-nxaxheba kakhulu. Elinye icala eziqulethwe umfanekiso wesilwanyana, omnye - mbhalo iphawulwe, ukuba ibhaso thaca yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Property State.

Lo mboniso e Odessa

Lo mboniso lokuqala lezolimo eRashiya ngowe-1843 wavula e Odessa ngoSeptemba. Ngelo xesha linye livulekile, Cross oyiNgcwele ngobulungisa, yena yesithoba namaxesha imvume. Ngqo inxaxheba ngokutsha yeNkampani yamkela kwezolimo zezilwanyana kwiSithili eseMazantsi. Ukususela iinkcazelo ze-nxaxheba bokuqala lo mboniso izilwanyana ungabona ukuba bonke abemi Odessa emehlweni ukunikela kwi apho. Loo msitho ezikwezi ndawo okokuqala, yaye sonke umdla ukubona izilwanyana zasemaphandleni umbukiso engaqhelekanga. Lo mboniso lokuqala lezolimo eRashiya ungekabikho thaca inani elikhulu labathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa kwacaca bonke ukuba esi siganeko siya kuzuza kakhulu kuphuhliso kwezolimo. Ngokonangoko ligqibe ekubeni lenze umboniso efanayo apha kunyaka olandelayo kwiphondo Novorossiysk, umbutho unikwe Society of Agriculture. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba eli phondo Yaroslavl kulo nyaka yathabatha nayo indawo mboniso lwezolimo.

Kwethenda abanikele

Emva kokuba lo mboniso yokuqala lwezolimo eRashiya yagqitywa, intshumayelo esinyanisekileyo amabhaso ukuya abaphumeleleyo. Amaqhawe yalo msitho waba izilwanyana zasemaphandleni. Lo mnyhadala enkulu e Odessa, nkqu yonke iRashiya iye okwangoku kangaka uziswe kunye amakhulu lengubo. Lo mcimbi sele vnesoslovnym iholide kazwelonke. A indawo ekhethekileyo ezihonjiswe seeflegi, abantu abaninzi bahlanganisana kufuphi zorhwebo izakhiwo engenamkhethe. Imizuzu Imperial Agricultural Society of iziphumo lo mboniso yeentsuku ezintathu kufundwa commissars "sezikhundla ezahlukeneyo." Animals sithsaba amabhaso, isandi umculo kudlule macala. Emva kokuba zonke iimbasa zanikwa, abaphumeleleyo ehonjiswe ngeentyatyambo, amaribhili babathwalela ngeenxa mboniso. Emva koko, lo umngcelele ahlayo kwizitrato eziphambili mzi, apho kukwamkelwa abemi ochwayithileyo. Umculo ixilongo yonke endleleni.

imiboniso ezilandelayo

Emva kokuba imiboniso ngempumelelo yokuqala ngo-1845 Nicholas I lazisiwe "ummiselo ephakamileyo". It wayalelwa ukuba ukuguqula izilwanyana mboniso, ukwandisa ukubonisa amanye imisebenzi kwezolimo. A indima enkulu kwi intshukumo wadlala uMphathiswa P. D. Kiselev, ngeli xesha yena ebandakanyeka kuhlaziyo yezolimo eRashiya. I koMlawuli waqonda ukuba amava lo mboniso kuluncedo kakhulu sokuphuhlisa kwezolimo, yaye wayalela ukuba uMphathiswa ukuba asasaze amava mboniso lonke eRashiya. Ukususela ngoko ziye zabanjwa iziganeko ezifanayo, okokuqala kummandla Novorossiysk, yaye ngoko.

Iminyaka emithandathu kwiminyaka 1843-1849 kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ubukhosi kokuba eziququzelelweyo 23 ezinjalo iziganeko. Ngeli xesha, wathabatha inxaxheba 5802 imiboniso emele 14 076 into, amabhaso iphumelele 1918 nxaxheba. Inxaxheba kule miboniso? Kangangoko enkulu ngokwemiyalelo namagosa asekuhlaleni uchaze abalimi. I-Nkonzo 1849, yamiselwa counties ezintandathu (ngalinye ziquka amaphondo 5-6), apho waqalisa ukuqhuba imiboniso rhoqo. Bonke-Russian kwezolimo kunye unokwakhela mboniso mveliso ihlelwa 1849. Amava umzuzile fom ezinjalo iziganeko kunye nokuphuhlisa kuphela kwicandelo lezolimo kodwa unokwakhela, imveliso mveliso.

Lo mboniso eSt Petersburg

Ngowe-1850, oko kulinyathelo eFree Economic Society of Exhibition Agricultural ihlelwa eSt Petersburg. Kuye kwabanjwa kwi langoku Central Exhibition Hall (eyayisakubizwa ngokuba kwibala le Guards Life webutho). Ukususela ngoko, ngokuba imiboniso eSt Petersburg baqalisa ukusebenzisa isakhiwo inkunzi badla capacious - playpens, amabhotwe ekzertsirgauzy. Lo mboniso lizisa malunga 3000 imiboniso kulo lonke eRashiya. Umhombiso mboniso nto siyiphathisiweyo umakhi Corsini. Embindini a gazebo encinane kuhlobo itempile yasemaphandleni khona. Izindlu izithungu, imifuno, izityalo, iintyatyambo, izixhobo zalo lwezolimo. intsomi ibonisa yaququzelelwa okokuqala, apho abamenyiweyo abalimi inengubo festive Kurland, Vyborg kunye Mogilev kwiphondo. Exhibition elingaphakathi ihonjiswe njengoko nezityalo eziluhlaza, intabalala imifuno, iziqhamo. Kufutshane nje wahlelwa Gallery apho kwaqhutywa umboniso for amahashe ixesha dray yokuqala.

I Moscow mboniso

Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture Ihlela mboniso yokuqala kwibala ngo-1846. Emva koko ke mboniso zolimo 1852 waba isiganeko elikhulu kubomi balo mzi. Badluliselwa elime kakhulu eluntwini. On enkundleni ngemini kuyo ngabantu amawaka aliqela. Esi sakhiwo ihonjiswe ngeentyatyambo, izikhwebu zengqolowa, imifuno, iziqhamo. undwendwe nganye wahlala phambi imephu omkhulu zazibonisa inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya. Kulo mboniso, kwaqalisa ixesha lokuqala ukuxhobisa avuleke kumngcipheko lembombo, apho abashishina ntetho impumelelo zabo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwakukhangeleka "intente Mpuma" phambi zazo doli amabini enxibe iimpahla zesizwe: yedwa kunye nabafazi abaseAfrika. Thaca apha amasebe kumafama, sericulture. Kuba ngqa iindwendwe kwamanye amazwe kwabamenyiweyo, eyabonisa abavuni yaseMelika.

imbali ENEA

Kule ndawo apho kwakukho anemigxobhozo Ostankino, ngo-1934 i-NKVD saa eminqubeni lwamaGypsy, yaye emva kweminyaka emine, kwakukho enye yeendawo ezininzi athandwa phakathi iindwendwe elikomkhulu - Exhibition lwezoLimo ENEA. Ngokutsho manani, ndatyelela apha ngamnye abantu abasibhozo kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Imbali ngendalo wawuqala II All-Union Congress of Farm Collective. Iindwendwe wabhenela Communist Party, kwaye ikomiti ephambili mboniso yasekwa ngokomyalelo ngabasemagunyeni.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba Wakhetha intle lo Mboniso ka-All-Union. Ebudeni beminyaka 1937-1938 iifama zikarhulumente, iifama ezihlangeneyo, MTS kwafuneka ukuba angenise amanqanaba athile aphezulu, abaququzeleli kunye neenkokeli wokwenziwa - for 1938. Kanye ngenxa yale meko abashishina xa ibonisa kwakukho mali esikhulu.

Athandwa mboniso yezolimo USSR

Kuthandwa phakathi mboniso esidlangalaleni ngempumelelo Economy yeSizwe yaba omkhulu. Ukuba unelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kuyo izicelo 250 amawaka nababonisi. IKomiti Exhibition yasekwa ngenxa abaphumeleleyo imivuzo ephezulu. Kwacetywa ukunika iwaka isidanga sokuqala kunye amawaka amane iidiploma bolwesibini udidi. Abaphumeleleyo of isidanga sokuqala wafumana imoto kunye engange amawaka alishumi, okwesibini - amawaka amahlanu kunye isithuthuthu. Ukuya phambili iimbasa ezinkulu nezincinane negolide amawaka amathathu iimbasa elinesibhozo lamawaka ezinkulu nezincinane zesilivere ezilikhulu walungisa. Kwabakho inxeba Zukisa Book, leyo ubhala exhibitor ngamnye yokuwina, nayo yonke impumelelo yakhe.

ENEA Construction yaba yeyona projekthi jikelele, leyo negalelo igalelo elibalulekileyo lwemithombo eMoscow ngaloo minyaka. isixeko mboniso ahlala iihektare ezingama-136, kuquka iipaki, amachibi, izakhiwo 250.

Lo mboniso lokuqala lezolimo eRashiya, apho umhla iwela phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX, Kakade ke, akazange aye nayiphi kuthelekiswa nale projekthi jikelele, kunye eli gunya, yakhiwa kwinkulungwane XX.

Ukuvulwa lo Mboniso ka Impumelelo Economic

isixeko Exhibition elungiselelwe ukuvulwa yonke yabantu Soviet. Sasisebenza apha intle iinkosi kakhulu. Abakhi Geylfreh, Shuko, Chechulin Polyakov, imifanekiso kunye monumentalists Motovilov Konenkov, Bubnov, Deineka kunye nabanye. Ngaphezu amawaka amabini abaqeqeshiweyo ekhokelwa ngumzobi Chernyshev.

Iindawo ebibanjwe ngomhla kuvulwa Agasti 1, 1939. Ababekho ngelo xesha iinkokeli karhulumente eSoviet. Bonke abantu abafikayo wadibana sculpture odumileyo Bhabha "Umsebenzi kunye Collective Farm Girl". Le Umfuziselo mboniso wayengekho ukwakhiwa ngaphantsi adumileyo amafama ezidityanelweyo umqhubi wetrektara abagcina intloko yakhe ngaphezu isinde kweendlebe yegolide. Lo mzobo basukuma inqaba imitha-50-eliphezulu egumbini ezingundoqo mboniso. Le nkundla windowe kwi lo Mboniso lwezolimo ezihonjiswe iingubo iingalo zonke ziiriphabliki yesizwe. Ngaphambi kokungena iholo ololulele indawo enkulu kwifama. A Isangqa na umnquba apho ngokwahlukeneyo thaca zonke republic, imimandla, iingingqi. isakhiwo ngasinye waphawulwa ngenxa ngokuphuma, nezithethe zabantu bolunye uhlanga oluthile. Emva ehamba emhlabeni eminqubeni kukho umdla imvakalelo eli lizwe liphela, ukususela ezinezinga emantla ukuya efudumeleyo, ukususela kwiBaltic ukuya eMpuma Ekude. Makhulu ke ilizwe lethu, apho wonke nelunda ukuba yinxalenye kuyo.