Lomhleli Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: umsebenzi

Ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha 1812 iindaba lomlilo ezoyikekayo kwaqhambuka eMoscow emva ukungena umkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo, weza Ryazan. Ingcamango yokuba sisibini esithathwini izakhiwo eMoscow wabatshabalalisa kwaba ingakumbi kunzima omnye kwekomkhulu iimbacu, kuba wezakhiwo Kazakov utyale imali yonke italente yakhe umhombiso Pervoprestolnoj kwizakhiwo ezintle style bamandulo 'Russian Gothic ".

umakhi Ngokwenene Russian

Wazalwa ngo-1738 kusapho owayevela kwi ngamakhoboka, wanyuselwa ukuya erenkini ebalulekileyo kamabhalana. Ngenxa kokufaneleka uyise wezakhiwo Matvei Kazakov ngo-1751 wamkelwa esikolweni womzobi odumileyo Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), wamakhela eninzi izakhiwo ngexesha lika Queen Elizabeth. Ukongeza esikolweni zobugcisa zobungangamela Kazakov wazuza izakhono ezisebenzisekayo entlanganweni kokwakhiwa, nikhethe iimathiriyeli kunye technologies. Yaba imfanelo yakhe evelele.

imizobo echanileyo ayisindi, inani siqinisekile wabumba iinxalenye - kwaba ezendeleyo inkosi ndisemncinane. ikhono lakhe graphic wayekwenza ngemizekelo ilungileyo ilifa yokwakha mandulo, ukufunda imiyalelo zamandulo zamaGrike. Kazakov umyili waba nomxhasi azinikele ye-ingqalelo iinkcukacha style organic yamandulo.

Yemifuniselo yokuqala

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1763, umlilo ezoyikekayo watshabalalisa yaseTver. Ukwakha isixeko wayalela umfundi Ukhtomskogo Peter Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - womzobi kwakukho Nikitin kwiqela lakhe, ukusebenza kwenye izinto ezibalulekileyo - kwikhaya eyintloko yebandla, saseTver. UCatherine yena kakhulu II kubuyiselwa kwesicwangciso esitsha kwamadoda omzi, ebiza yaseTver ubuhle yesibini (emva St Petersburg) eRashiya.

indlu Bishop kaThixo, eyaba ibhotwe, wema apho Catherine kwi ukufika umzi entsha sakhiwa, wenza igama ngokomakhi odumileyo likaThixo, kwaye wezakhiwo Kazakov waqalisa ukufumana ikhomishini zabucala evela kunabo bonke abantu yaye abaninzi ibalulekileyo Russian. Ngoko ke, ngokuba PF Naschokina bakha Manor esihle Irorho Semyonovskoe phezu komlambo Nara, e Serpukhov.

Kazakov and Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - womzobi enkulu Russian, ngubani na ngobudala Kazakova. Ngexesha intlanganiso yabo Bazhenov sele kudlule isikolo izakhiwo yaseYurophu emva kokuba Academy of Arts Fine, akuba wachitha iminyaka emininzi eFransi Italy. Yena wenza imodeli iSt uPetros eRoma neegalari. Louvre e Paris, efunxa ulwazi kunye namava iinkosi phambili classicism French: Claude-Nikola Ledu, uJacques-Zhermena Sufflo nabanye.

Ngokungafaniyo Bazhenova Kazakov ndingazange ndimshiye iRussia, ngoko zama ukongeza amava ngokoqobo kunye Bazhenov ingcamango izakhiwo njengoko buciko ephakamileyo, ukuba ukuvula ubuhle entsha imithamo iindibaniso, izigqibo izicwangciso, xa lwendlela egcina lokubhalela. Works Matthew Fedorovich wayemthanda Bazhenov, waza wamcela ukuba intsebenziswano phezu odolo amakhulu evela uKumkanikazi ngokwakhe.

"I yesicelo mkhankaso"

N Velikaya kwafuneka ukuba eMoscow iimvakalelo ezintsonkothileyo. enkulu kakhulu umahluko phakathi St. Petersburg - ikomkhulu zobungangamela Europe - kwaye kweTrone Okokuqala, apho waba obungenakutshatyalaliswa baseByzantium, umoya Asian, nto leyo kwabonakala kuye isimntwiso incwadi yesicelo. Kwaba apha wayefuna ukuqala Europeanization ka eMoscow, anikezele zeprojekthi ngokutsha kombindi wedolophu Bazhenov.

projekthi yebhongo, ecetywayo i "uhambo ukwenzela ukwakhiwa yesicelo Ibhotwe", nkqu uKumkanikazi kwabonakala olukhulu kakhulu. Bazhenov ocetywayo ukuba kudilizwe le ofisi kwisakhiwo endala kunye nokwakha enkulu multi-mibini komkhulu, ejongene lwefacade zingangamsha lomlambo, kodwa ngokwemiqathango zokubumba ukuvala imiyalelo eziyintloko kwizitrato ebabusisakha eMoscow.

Kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu, le projekthi yagqitywa, wenze imodeli omkhulu i-Grand yesicelo Palace. Nditsho ngokubekwa amisiweyo kwisakhiwo esitsha yaye lizenza yinxalenye eludongeni, kodwa ke ukufumana. UCatherine waphelelwa ngumdla kule projekthi, yenza eMoscow umnwe ubukhulu eyinkunzi kumantla yaye afuna inkcitho eyenziwe ngabantu. Emva koko wanyulwa ukuba akhokele kuvuselelwa incwadi yesicelo, MF Cossacks (umyili kunye olukhulu kunokufumaneka khona amava kunokuba Bazhenov) ukubuyisela inxalenye yatshabalala eludongeni, wakha phezu silungiselwe ekuqaleni ndawo kwakhiwa isakhiwo urhulumente omtsha - iNdlu Yeengwevu. Kodwa kuqala, uye waqhubeka ukusebenza kunye Bazhenov.

Ukuzalwa 'Russian Gothic "

Ngowe-1775, ngokuyalelwa Catherine eMoscow yabamba mbhiyozo kwi kumsitho nokudliwa eCrimea kunye nokupheliswa Kuchuk Kainarji kunye baseTurkey. Ukuze wenze oku, kwi Khodynka bamiswa bayiminquba okwethutyana yeplanga ebonisa isixeko Turkish. Ukwenza lo msebenzi unikwe "yesicelo mkhankaso" ikhokelwa ngu Bazhenov, esondelene kwakhona yaba womzobi Kazakov.

Ngenxa yoko, udibaniso lweziqalelo engaqhelekanga oriental kunye enkulu odidi wazalwa festive, ngabom kumabala emidlalo, isimbo zokuhombisa, leyo kuthiwa pseudo okanye "Russian Gothic". Wasithanda uKumkanikazi Catherine, waza wacela ukuba ukuphinda ngendlela izinto ezomeleleyo ngakumbi, ukwakha kufuphi Khodynka Field Road Palace, kufuneka lokuphumla emva kohambo olude ukusuka eMntla Capital. Phatha le projekthi wamiswa Kazakov. Petrovsky Palace uye waba ngomnye iincopho 'Russian Gothic "ngokwenza wezakhiwo ephambili Russian Kazakov.

isakhiwo yeeNgwevu incwadi yesicelo

Xa kukho imfuneko kwisakhiwo enkulu yoluntu, Kakade ke, ukuba uyilo wakhe wanamathela M. F.Kazakov e Moscow - wezakhiwo, nguye bade udumo kunye italente abakudidi yakhe. Zaza zamakhela ntathu ngokwemigaqo yesakhiwo weNdlu yeeNgwevu incopho entsha ingqondo yakhe.

icebo Kazakov engazange abe isikali Enkulu Palace Bazhenov, kodwa akazange lingayivelisi ukufunda yakhe yomgangatho, nemfezeko izisombululo zizonke kunye namacandelo. The Dome ngaphezu eholweni, leyo kuthiwa ukubamba iiseshoni lukarhulumente, ichaphazela ubungakanani kunye nokubulawa zobugcisa. Ukunika yonke iNdlu Yeengwevu ukuya komthendeleko nesithozela, bonakala Red Square, zikwanceda kakuhle ilingane isakhiwo zoluntu yakudala kwi square engundoqo ye lomculo kunye ngeenxa kumbindi wesixeko.

Epic ku Tsaritsyno

Ibhotwe kunye park lomculo, ebizwa ngokuba "Tsarina" sakhiwa yathenga umhlaba ngaphandle uCatherine ngo 1775. Waba ukuba into yokuqala ezifana ibekwe ngaphandle kwe St Petersburg. Le projekthi wayethunywe yi Bazhenov kunye nokusetyenziswa ekujongwe isimbo iingcinga, ebizwa pseudo okanye "Russian Gothic" kunye Bazhenov ngokuba "ethambileyo" Gothic.

Ngenxa yale projekthi wezakhiwo wathabatha yonke lokuphathana, iminyaka elishumi kuthwalelwa phandle ukwakhiwa zakhiwo, kodwa ukugqiba ulwakhiwo lwalo kwakhona ukuba Kazakov. Phakathi ezibangela ingqumbo yobukumkani, leyo wabetha Bazhenov emva kokutyelela Ekaterinoy Tsaritsyna, ebizwa womzobi besive i "Freemasons" - uKumkanikazi wabona kubumeslani umkhosi nako wabeka unyana wakhe - Paul I. Kukho nezinye izimvo, yintoni na inyaniso - akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwazi kodwa kokugqiba izigodlo umsebenzi nendalo M. Kazakov. Umakhi wazama ukuba aphathe ngenyameko umhlobo kunye ngcebiso, eshiya kakuhle ezinye izakhiwo Bazhenov. Suburban Moscow yokuhlala le tsars Russian Tsaritsyno wafa, kodwa waphila ekwimo mihla, oko kuyo iholide kunye enye lwalunjani eMoscow.

Ubuciko "dopozharnoy" eMoscow

Ekubeni minyaka womzobi kweyeshumi elinesibhozo Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich babe ntoni namhlanje ibizwa ngokuba wezakhiwo oyintloko eMoscow. Phakathi izakhiwo zawo iindawo ezininzi zonqulo, izakhiwo presences namanene zabucala. Uninzi imisebenzi yakhe elichithwe umlilo lokuhlasela Napoleonic, bambi yakhiwa, kodwa eminye imizekelo ebalaseleyo yomsebenzi bakhe banconywe namhlanje.

"Russian Gothic" yaba yiyo ke abathengi abazizityebi yobukumkani, kunye Kazakov, ikakhulu ukwakhiwa isimbo ethandwayo zakudala. Eli liBandla of Metropolitan uPhilip Meshchansky Sloboda. Kuyinto ukuhlanganiswa umdla imiselwe ku ngeenxa zonke ezinye ngamnye ngokwemiqathango umthamo nomgangatho ophezulu nohombisoa sistucco, nto leyo italente ingakumbi ebonakalayo Kazakova-ngumzobi.

Wonderful wobuciko - Church of Cosmas kunye Damian on Maroseyka - zizakubalulwa intlanganisela ngobuchule imiqulu egosogoso kunye nendlela phantse mihla le yomnyingi in lokubhalela. Ukongeza inani elikhulu kumabhotwe, iicawa, izindlu zangasese, izakhiwo zesikolo, wakha izibhedlele amathathu, ngalinye eyaba uhombiso lwe eMoscow.

Isibonelelo ekhethekileyo Moscow Kazakov - ukwakhiwa yeNdibano Noble - Indlu yeemanyano. Olungaphambili ngexesha elide ukwakha, kodwa ngaphakathi amaxesha amaninzi (yohambelwano, kwaye eyona nto ibalulekileyo - iHolo Column) adlulisela ingcamango womzobi ngohlobo phantse yokuqala. A isixa esikhulu, leyo yokuhlala ukuya kubantu 5000, iyakhwankqisa, xa avumelana classically.

UMdali eMoscow kwekhulu XVIII

Ukongezelela kwezinye izakhiwo eyaziwa legacy womzobi - uluhlu okhanyayo iinkosi, utitshala ngubani womzobi Kazakov. Works I. V. Egotova, AN Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG Taman ziye ibango ukuba recovery elandelayo eMoscow, ngelo xesha luncedo kwezinye umsebenzi Kazakova 13 albhamu kunye nezicwangciso, ukuphakama kunye namacandelo izakhiwo kakhulu eMoscow .

Wafa, abakwazi ukuba ithwalwe ingcamango ukufa mzi oyintanda, kodwa italente fantastic nokusebenza nzima Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov ayikwazanga ilahleke ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo, kwaye Renaissance eMoscow nangoku ugcina inkumbulo abakhi enkulu.