Machining metal: iindlela, izixhobo kunye noomatshini

metal ukusika processing yenzelwa kwi workpiece fumene imilo oyifunayo. Ukulungiselela le njongo kufuneka ukususa abangaphezu kwemfuneko. izakhi olunjalo lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ahlabayo ezahlukeneyo koomatshini ezikhethekileyo. Xa machining ngomatshini zesinyithi kubalulekile. Eneneni, ngaphandle kwale nkqubo akakwazi ukwenza nayiphi na imoto eziqhelekileyo, akukho ezinye izixhobo.

Ongokusetyenziswa kwethekhinoloji

Namarhela ngokusebenzisa ahlabayo kwenziwa phantsi umsebenzi lokuqala maholo kunye nemisebenzi lokugqibela, ekuthiwa yokufeza entle. Ngenxa yokuba izenzo ezinjalo ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko ukwenza, ukugcina ngendlela aphezulu: ukuya amaqhezu micron. Kwaye oku ixabiso elincinane kakhulu.

izenzo metal machining iinxalenye umatshini enkulu. Umzekelo, ngokuba rotors hydraulic. impellers zabo ubukhulu inokuba ngaphezu uphawu kweemitha 9-10. Kwakhona Azifumaneki ukulisika ezo amalungu ukuba kunzima ukubona noba ngaphantsi ngemicroscope. Xa phambili element ufumana le milo olufunayo, ubungakanani, kwaye ufumana umgangatho kumphezulu kuyimfuneko. Ukususela kulo mzobo kuxhomekeke ngexesha le mveliso.

theory ukusika

Oku ukufunda ahlabayo metal ezifana. Wabonakala kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Sisaxakekile kuyo, kokubini eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe. Umbuzo ongundoqo - kukuba izinga kususwa izinto ngomatshini chip isixhobo iyahlala izakhiwo. Kusenokubonakala ngathi akukho nzima kakhulu ukufikelela izantya eziphezulu. Kodwa akunjalo. Eyona nto kukuba ukuhluzwa zesinyithi ngokusika iphuhlisa ubushushu. It kumo kwaye kuthambisa isixhobo ukusebenza, ebenza isichenge umonakalo kuyo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha indlela efanele zokupholisa. Kodwa asisoloko ukusombulula le ngxaki. Ukongeza, kusenokuba umonakalo intsimbi. Ngoko ke, isantya ixhomekeke ngokuyinxenye ngendlela umatshini echanekileyo sele ekhethiweyo. Isixhobo ukusika machining metal kufuneka ifunwe kuqwalaselwe iimpawu eziphathekayo kunye neempawu zayo.

Iimpawu koomatshini yesicelo

koomatshini Ukucanda ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi. Ahluke ngokoMthetho izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Kwakhona ngensimbi ubugcisa ngokusika kuzo ezahlukeneyo. Isixhobo ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo. Ingasetyenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi nawuphi na xaka. Zonke ezinye izixhobo, okanye ukulungiswa kwaso, okanye indibanisela iintlobo ezininzi. Kukho amacebo zimbini ziqhelekileyo umsebenzi:

• Wajika, xa workpiece sele kokutshintsha kwaye sixhobo kuhamba ngokucothayo axis yayo;
• planing - bona bobabini isindululo translational.

izixhobo Machine bafuna ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ingakumbi ekwehliseni metal

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, inkqubo ekuthethwa inokuba Nedlac. Kwaye kukho iindlela ezahlukileyo machining metal, phantsi esibonelela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ethile.

Ukongezelela ukujika planing, angokokusebenza eqhelekileyo iindlela wokugaya yaye isila. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokuqala - othandwa kakhulu. Machining metal ukusika ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zininzi izinto esifana ngazo ukwenza bukhali. Ngoko ke xa ufunda le ndlela, iingxaki kunye nabanye elizayo ngokuqinisekileyo khona. Kwaye yonke into iya kuba elula kakhulu ngokwalo msebenzi. Ezantsi sinikela ukusetyenziswa koomatshini ezithile kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukusetyenziswa lathes

Cutting ingaba nomahluko. Enye iintlobo eziphambili koomatshini - a owodwa umshini. ukusetyenziswa kwaso nanamhlanje kumaxesha amandulo. Emva koko wenziwa utyando ngokusebenzisa imidlalo intambo efana nesaphetha Umtyedi ngayo. Kwiindawo ezinjalo zisikayo metal, ajike ngelo xesha langoku lisetyenziswa ukuvelisa iinxalenye machine. Kwaye kwenziwa ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba ngokuchanileyo ukuba ndlela mechanical ezinjalo abayi kuba nako ukuphumeza iinjongo.

Isiseko sale hlobo mshini yesakhelo. Workpiece kufuneka buthi phakathi kwamaziko kunye umva headstock, okanye iCartridge. I imbi ukuqinisa mgawuli. Beka ngebhokisi-ezifana nemoto ezizodwa, kufuneka isantya ojikeleza ngaso ukuze ahlabayo. Esi sixhobo ekhoyo mqengqeleki eziqalayo bunikwa ezaqala ngayo kwaye ihamba yesilayidi wokusika. Ukuba ngaphezu kufuneka akhokele esijijwayo, ngoko lo matshini uyakwazi ukwenza ahlabayo. Xa ndikho entloko ukujikajika, endaweni tailstock, isixhobo ebizwa sakujika-ivolovolo. Le umatshini ukusika unako ukwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo umsebenzi. Kuba iimveliso processing kunye enobubanzi enkulu zisetyenziswa ngezixhobo ezifana lobotokarny ekhonkcwe kwisiqu okanye kumatshini owodwa umshini. Kukho ezinye iintlobo ze kuyo.

Ukwanda ukumelana lathe

Iinjineli njalo sisebenzela nzima ukufumana izixhobo ezifanelekileyo nezinokuphucula phakade isixhobo ukusika isinyithi. Ngaphambili, oomatshini eyenziweyo yi-yodidi carbon elula, ukuba isakhiwo esilula ngokwemiqathango chemistry. Emva koko, le mathiriyeli isicelo ezinomthamo high Tungsten. Ngoncedo lwabo kwaba kuyenzeka ukuba itshone metal kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko ke, njengoko zazibizwa-high speed. Noko ke, ekugqibeleni wayeka ukuhlangabezana neengcali kummandla ngezobunjineli.

Emva koko ke kwafakwa oomatshini ukwenza i iklasi okhethekileyo kwafika aluminiyamu nzima, ezinako ukukulumkisela ukugcina amandla kwayo kwiqondo lobushushu iqondo 100. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubo esekelwe kwi-processing zesinyithi ngokuzisika, iye yaba lula. Oku kuye kwafezwa ngokusebenzisa izinto kunye ukumelana ubuninzi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Kuxhomekeka yobulukhuni lokuqala workpiece, ezifana mgawuli kunye uhlobo lomsebenzi, lunokunyangwa nesantya ofunekayo, nto leyo kulawulwa ngendlela bhokisi ezizodwa.

Wokugaya zombini uhlobo processing metal

Le ndlela isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kanti ngokwaneleyo ukusebenza eliphezulu. Kuye kwenziwa umshini wokugaya okhethekileyo. CNC (computer ulawulo wokwamanani) ziyasetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwaye kaninzi. Kuxhomekeka ukubekwa inkxaso, bahlukene ngeentlobo ezininzi:

• phezulu;
• othe tye;
• portal;
• longitudinal;
• hobbing;
• othini;
• single-edibanise kunye nabanye.

Iingcali ekwenziweni kwale hlobo kwezixhobo ziyaphucuka rhoqo ukuba metal machining kwemveliso lwalulude. umatshini Material esoloko itshintsha, mutating noyilo yayo. Njengoko mgawuli planing, umama mgawuli wenza okufanayo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye luhlanganisa ezinye iintlobo zakhe. Kwaye kuya kuba nemveliso ngakumbi. Ngenxa oku, ebenokudlula planing yokugaya kunye ngokuthe ukubuyisela kuyo emsebenzini.

begaya Iimpawu

Machines unyango elolu hlobo isetyenziselwa ukugaya iindawo ngaphakathi nangaphandle semilo setyhula iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo centreless ngomsonto processing, amagiya , kwaye ngaphezulu. Loo sisixhobo iintsimbi ithathwa njengokuba kakhulu nemveliso. Ukongeza umatshini okhethekileyo, kukho isixhobo esinye ngaphezulu. Le ivili uncipha equka inani elikhulu lweziqalelo ahlabayo encinane. Nabo ke, ukuba olubekwe yi izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zonxibelelwano. Kwaye yamasuntswana nganye ngokwayo sisixhobo. Njengoko ubona, esiye sakuphonononga kwezixhobo processing metal. Apha ngezantsi kujonga ubuchule mihla ngakumbi eziya kubavumela ukuba afeze ahlabayo.

Features technology plasma ukusika

Kukho iindlela eziliqela zisetyenziselwa ezisezantsi-carbon metal. Noko ke, plasma ukusika yenye elinemveliso. Ngoko ke, iimpawu zayo kunye neenzuzo yokuba ukhangele iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe. technology Inkqubo ngokukhawuleza kwaye eguqukayo. Plasma nangokukrola wentsimbi ngokubanzi kwiinkalo mveliso ezahlukeneyo: ekwakheni amakhaya kunye nesiphelo kunye nobunjineli ngoomatshini. Ukongeza kule ndlela ioksijini-igesi, loo nto ithathwa kakhulu ithemba.

iinzuzo key

Indlela plasma ukusika kukho inani elikhulu yeenzuzo. Omnye wabo - na isantya lomsebenzi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusika kungekhonto babe ubukhulu ukuya kwi-25 mm. Kulo mzekelo, isantya processing malunga kabini okanye nangaphezu xa usebenzisa Novunayo uhlobo ioksijini-igesi efanayo. Kwaye kufuneka kongezwe ukuba kukho ukuncipha appreciable Ebubanzini wetshati metal, oko kusenokuba kugqithisela yaye izihlandlo ezili-12. iingenelo ezinjalo ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa imveliso kwaye ugcine ixesha.

Enye inzuzo indlela - ukuba umgangatho ophezulu kunye nesantya komtshiso oko. Olu phawu kubaluleke kakhulu xa usika iimveliso zesinyithi. Xa plasma indlela buphuma ngokomyalelo imizuzwana 2. Thelekisa, nelangatye ngokusika ioksijini - 30, ngokulandelelana, ngaphandle iqondo ngokuthobela amawaka 1 degrees ubuncinane. isixhobo intsebenziswano kakuhle ESIFUTSHANE ngensimbi kakhulu ukuba izinto deformable akayi kuba ixesha isibini lemizuzwana njengoko oko kunokuthi kwenzeke kwelinye icala.

Enye inzuzo indlela iplasma indubitable ukuze kuchazwe isixa ubuncinane isikali ngexesha lomsebenzi. It lula kungaba zisuswe. iinkqubo ukunciphisa kwakhona lula ukuba uphathe kwaye bancede baqinisekise ukuba le olifunayo isixhobo ubude undithamsanqelisile.

Konga ixesha nemali

Plasma ukusika ikwabandakanya ukusebenza ngaxeshanye kweemakhishithi ezininzi, nto leyo konga kakhulu ixesha. Nale ndlela, unako ukusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli:

• aluminium;
• steel stainless;
• copper ngaphezulu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe nokhuseleko kweenkqubo plasma. Abayi ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa lweegesi ezikhawuleza zivuthe, amadangatye ezivulekileyo, kungekhona nobushushu obuninzi. Konke oku kunciphisa kakhulu nobungozi kubasebenzisi xa usebenza metal eshushu. indawo exposure ubushushu ngemilimitha-2 kuphela.

Zonke iimpawu plasma esagawula nefuthe elihle iindleko bokulungelelanisa izinto. Imisebenzi yenziwa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokukhawuleza jikelele. Ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi inzuzo ezidweliswe ngasentla kunazo ayethanda ngaphezu kwabanye.

Features indlela laser

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ekusetyenzweni iimveliso zesinyithi kuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe ezininzi. Banakho lula kakhulu umsebenzi abayili, abakhi kunye nezinye iingcali omsebenzi wakhe idityanisiwe ngandlela nale nkqubo. Laser ukusika ngoku ingqalelo eziphambili kakhulu. It ikuvumela ukuba ufumane ithuba elikhulu ekwenziweni iimveliso metal ngokwemiqathango kuyilo zonke iintlobo ukucupha.

Le ndlela ethembisayo mncinane kakhulu, kodwa sele saa ngokubanzi. laser nangokukrola wentsimbi lwenziwa yi izicwangciso ezikhetheke enamandla Nngokobuchwepheshe ligxile. Bona lubonakala ngokuba xi eliphezulu radiation. Kwaye ukukwazi ukuba basike aluminiyamu kuphela okanye ubhedu, kodwa umthi kunye nezinye izinto.

Inkcazelo indlela

Ngale ndlela kusikwe phezu intsimbi kuvela oxides. Bona ukwandisa inkqubo Ukunciphisa amandla kwaye nokugcina lobushushu ukuya kwiqondo lokunyibilika. Le ndawo laser umqadi kudala ubuninzi yokuziphatha lobushushu umfowunelwa, apho izinto uqala inyibilike. Kodwa ke ngaphandle kwalo mmandla itshiswe kuphela. Kunye nale kukho unikezelo igesi lovukelo, ngokuxhaphakileyo oksijini. Yena ovuthela iimveliso ukutsha kwaye ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa isantya ahlabayo. Ioksijini kumo ngokususa kwiiseli ezininzi yonke etyhidiweyo kunye oxides.

Konke oku kufika ngexesha de zokufunda wagawulwa nobunzulu yayo yonke. Emva kokuba jet igesi kufuphi nomgca ngokwahlukana anekhono of ngenkuthalo zokupholisa kuyo. A zone encinane yeziphumo thermal ungabonelela nokudalwa imigama ezincinane enye kwenye (umyalelo we-0, 2 eemilimitha) elintlangothi amalungiselelo ngaxeshanye. Amaxesha amaninzi, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuchaneka enikwe nangokukrola imisebenzi kufuneka kukho ukuphumeza ulawulo oluzenzekelayo yi computer. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ungenza isimiso ekudalweni imveliso ngohlobo ugqibile.

Kuba laser ukusika oxwebhu wentsimbi ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa izixhobo ngenxa yezixhobo esiluqilima-karhulumente kunye negesi. Ngenxa yoko izinto cut wafumana flat ngokugqibeleleyo. Akukho ukusika metal machining ayikwazi kuqinisekisa ngendlela enjalo ngenxa yokusebenza zokusebenza kunye ubuncinane lwenkunkuma. Ikwindlela yemigca metal jikelele koomatshini zokusebenza zisetyenziswa ngokusekelwe irhasi kunye laser karhulumente okuqinileyo. Laser Imi but is tyaba ngokugqibeleleyo. Wafumana akukho sengozini anokufumaneka kwicandelo ngoomatshini. Ukongeza, ubuchwepheshe laser ukusika yenza kube lula ukufezekisa umsebenzi ngendlela ebonakalayo, inkunkuma minimum nokubulawa fast.

ubuhle be indlela

Xa kwimarike kweemveliso metal Cutting Laser ukusika yenye yezona kwafunwa emva. Oku ikakhulu wenza umsebenzi ngemathiriyeli erhabaxa lula. Ngapha koko, ukuba ukungabi lula malunga nokuphathwa, kwaye kusoloko mandundu emva zazo ezinjalo. Laser isithole khulu:

• steel;
• izinyithi non-ayoni;
• aluminium.

Macwecwe kananjalo ngcono kakhulu phambili. Kuya kuba lula ukusebenza kunye iimilo ezintsonkothileyo amacandelwana zesinyithi kwaye wenze umngxuma izinto nzima kakhulu kunye omncinci. Apho unako ukunika engalubambi simahla ukucamanga kwabo ngokwemigaqo geometry. Kwisistim ezenzekelayo. Ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukudala ifayili eyodwa kunye nenkqubo enikwe kwi computer. uxinezeleko Mechanical kwi intsimbi akayi kuba - kukwabalulekile. Kwakhona, unyango laser wabona iingenelo zilandelayo:

• Ukukwazi ukwenza ekwehliseni contour ezintsonkothileyo.
• Angafunda phantse naluphi metal sheet nokuba iimpawu zayo thermal.
• umsebenzi ngobuciko High.
• Cutting kungenzeka ngisho kwimathiriyeli lula deformable kwaye nzima kakhulu.
• ukusebenza High ngokusebenzisa legunya laser enkulu.
• Ukuba umphezulu kufuneka zibe mpuluswa, kungcono ukusebenzisa umqadi ube ejolise ngamandla adjustable.

Indlela gas

Cinga nje indlela eliqhelekileyo ukuphefumla intsimbi, olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi iminyaka emininzi. Le ahlabayo igesi. Kuyinto zithandwa kunye neendleko olusebenzayo. Xa ngenye indlela, ikwabizwa ngokuba ioksijini, njengokuba kulo mzekelo, iimpembelelo inkqubo kwi intsimbi unalo uhlobo thermal. Kukho jet ioksijini emva kokugqitywa komsebenzi yaye kususa oxide ulwelo intsalela. Ukuqala ngohlangothi aphezulu iinxalenye shushu. Kuxhomekeka umchiza ukwakhiwa kwezinto (umz intsimbi), iqondo layo ucinezelo ingahluka phakathi 1000 no-1200 degrees.

Gas ukusika ingasetyenziswa nokuhlawulwa srednelegirovannoj, libya exutyiweyo okanye carbon zentsimbi. Ububanzi sheet metal okanye enye inqaku kufuneka ibe ezona ngemilimitha 300. Oxy-fuel ubuchule ukusebenza has iingenelo:

• iindleko processing Low.
• Akukho mfuneko yokuba ukusebenza ngohlangothi emva nkqubo lugqityiwe.
• Kukho igawulwa ngqo kunye nemigca elinganayo kwemveliso kwiikona ezahlukeneyo.
• Ungasebenzisa i sheets metal zamafu.

Ingaba kukho umgangatho emsebenzini?

Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba ukuhluzwa lwesinyithi okanye neminye imigangatho ahlabayo GOST malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe a yoyilo processing. Ngenxa yoko, ngokuvumelana nemigaqo ekhoyo kunye neenqobo, inkqubo efanayo ucelomngeni. Okokuqala zonke iinkcukacha zale okanye zoqwalaselo kunye nomlinganiselo ukuba sinikwe. Oku kufuna amaxwebhu esisetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, umsebenzi wokwakha evunyiweyo projekthi. Kwakhona umphezulu kufuneka bacoceke ngokungqinelana nemigangatho eyamkelekileyo. Away kuluhlu iindlela zokwenza machining metal ngomatshini, kuquka ekujikeni, ukubhola, umama, yaye mortising, Yokutshayelela. Kwakhona ezikhoyo, kwaye unyango lokugqibela iimveliso. uhlobo ngalunye zesinyithi machining lungqamana nje kuphela izixhobo ezithile, kodwa ke inani lothotho.

Njengoko sele sibonile, kukho iindlela ezininzi yenqubo yokugaya kunye nokuhambisa kweempahla ngenjongo ahlabayo. Konke oku ngokubanzi asetyenziswe ekwakheni, ubunjineli, ukulungiswa kunye nezinye iindawo. Techniques njalo ukuba ngcono kwaye ihlaziywa, izixhobo ezitsha mihla idaliwe, leyo lonke ixesha yenza inkqubo onke okulula.