Michel de Montaigne, sobulumko le Renaissance: ibhayografi, imibhalo

Umbhali, isithandi kunye notitshala, uMichel de Montaigne wayephila ngexesha xa Yaphela Renaissance neNguquko. Wazalwa ngoFebruwari 1533, kule ndawo ye Dordogne (France). Nobomi kunye nemisebenzi njengomntwana onengqondo i uhlobo zibonakalisa i "phakathi" ixesha intertemporal. Ke ezinye iimbono kule ndoda emangalisayo awuse kwiilwimi zesiNtu. Akukho mbali ifilosofi yoko bathi ukuba, ukuba zonke kufuneka kwaziwe ukuba ivele ngexesha entsha yokuqala, njengoko Michel de Montaigne.

biography

Ekuqaleni, intsapho sobulumko elizayo warhwebelana. Uyise, a isiJamani, musa nokuthetha isiFrentshi, wabizwa ngokuba uPierre Eykemom. Unina, Antoinette de Lopez, wayevela kwintsapho abavela kwiphondo Spanish ka naseAragon - abashiya ezi ndawo ngethuba intshutshiso yamaYuda. Kodwa uyise Michel ukuba wenza umsebenzi omhle, yaye waba wedolophu yaseBordeaux. kamva Esi sixeko idlale indima enkulu kubomi sobulumko. Ukuze inkonzo ebalaseleyo ukuba Bordo Per Eykem ukuba owayefakwa wabanumzana, nangenxa yokuba owned ilizwe Montaigne kwaye kwenziwa lock elihambisana uncamathiselo intsapho yakhe. Le nqaba ngokwayo wazalwa noMichelle. Uyise wakwazi ukunika unyana wakhe imfundo engcono ekhaya, apho kunokwenzeka kuphela ngelo xesha. Ude wathetha usapho Michel kuphela Latin, lo mfana akazange ukhululeke.

career

Ngoko ke, lo sobulumko elizayo ubhalise kwikholeji e Bordeaux, yaye emva koko waba ligqwetha. Ndisemncinane ngokubona kwakhe ukuthabatheka wabetha zenkohlakalo, ezibe abantu bayakwazi ngenxa yonqulo. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ebudeni bexesha yeemfazwe Huguenot eFransi, wazama ukuba ukulamla phakathi amaqela alwayo. Ubuncinane ukunyaniseka bakhe beza ophawulekayo, ephulaphula iinkokheli zakhe izimvo zombini amaKatolika namaProtestanti. Ngaye, ukuba, ngaba kuthi wathi vesi: "Kwaye ndimi ndedwa phakathi kwabo ...." Waye eyaziwa njenge ngumgwebi ekuzibandakanyeni, ezama ukuba angene kwisivumelwano ngoku kungentla. Kodwa ngo-1565 watshata, wayizisa nomtshakazi kwakhe ikhazi enkulu. Kunye kweminyaka emithathu kamva uyise wafa, eshiya unyana wakhe kwilifa usapho. Ngoku, uMichel de Montaigne waba nemali eyaneleyo ukuze ukujongana zokuzonwabisa okanye umsebenzi. Ngoko ke, ukuba athengise inzuzo ngaphandle ngumahluleli yakhe.

ifilosofi

Phezu umhlala-phantsi eneminyaka engama-38, uMichelle ekugqibeleni wazinikela ukuba umsebenzi yakhe ayithandayo. Kwilifa, wabhala incwadi yakhe edumileyo - "amava". Emva kokupapashwa imiqulu zokuqala ezimbini umsebenzi 1580, sobulumko waya abahambahambayo batyelela amazwe aseYurophu - Italy, eJamani, eSwitzerland. Njengoyise wakhe, yena kabini wedolophu Bordeaux onyuliweyo. Esi sixeko wakholiswa kunye nebhodi ye Montaigne, bulumko, nangona ngelo xesha kude eFransi. Wabhala iidayari kunye namanqaku zokuhamba. Wayephila ngokuthozama waza wafa eneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anethoba ubudala, ngo-1592, kanye ebandleni ngexesha inkonzo enqabeni yakho. Sobulumko babhala imisebenzi yabo kuphela isiFrentshi nesiLatini, kodwa ngolwimi Italian kunye Occitan.

umsebenzi esaphila

Umsebenzi ephambili Montaigne imele isincoko. Enyanisweni, kwabonakala uhlobo ngokwayo kubulelwe sobulumko. Emva translation elithi "isincoko 'ukusuka' amava 'isiFrentshi kunye neendlela. incwadi yakhe akafani abo babethandwa ngexesha Renaissance. Oku ayikho ngokungqongqo imbali yenzululwazi okanye bulumko. Yena akukho sicwangciso, akukho isakhiwo. Oku kubonisa kunye okuvelayo ngobomi, ingqokelela kweekowuteshini, ziyindlela kwintetho ophilayo. Sinokuthi Michel de Montaigne nje uvakalisa ngokunyanisekileyo iingcamango zakhe imigqaliselo, njengoko uThixo wabeka per capita. Kodwa la manqaku simiselwe ukuze sisinde kwinkulungwane.

"Ucwaningo". isishwankathelo

Izincoko Montaigne yinto e-phakathi nokuvakalisa nokuvuma. Kule ncwadi, omninzi lobuqu, apho abanye abantu. Ngelo xesha nokuhlalutya wena, uMichel de Montaigne ukuzama ukuqonda uhlobo umoya loluntu ngokwalo. Yena uziveza ziyaxhonywa ukuze aqonde abanye. Montaigne luhlobo ye sokuthandabuza, waphoxwa nobuntu kunye neengcinga zakhe kwakunye namathuba okufunda. Uzama ukuzithethelela egoism esinengqiqo ukusukela ulonwabo, ngokusekelwe kwi maqela. Ngelo xesha linye i-sobulumko undigxeka ibe scholasticism mihla yamaKatolika namathandabuzo, bebuzana zonke ezintle.

Ingaba kukho melana okwenyaniso?

Zobulumko zesifundo hlabathi igunya, - uthi Montaigne. Bona sithembela uThomas Aquinas, Augustine, uAristotle, njalo-njalo. Kodwa la magunya nayo ibe engalunganga. Kunjalo enokuthethwa uluvo lwethu. Ngandlel 'ithile, oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa ayikwazi ukukhonza njengegunya abanye. Ngamafutshane, thina bendisoloko wayeqonda ukuba ulwazi lwethu ulinganiselwe. Sobulumko Michel de Montaigne ejika nje kuphela igunya elidlulileyo, kodwa iminqweno yalo. Waba kakhulu ucinga ezintle siseko kuyanda kunye yokuziphatha maxa onke. Montaigne ukholelwa ukuba onke amazwi ezisebenzisa amandla zokuzisebenzisa abantu. Ubani ukuba aphile nenkululeko nesidima, njengoko ufuna baphile. Uya kwandula ke ukuthanda abanye. Emva koko ke kuya kubonisa ngesibindi aluhambisani ngumsindo, uloyiko kunye nokuthotywa.

Nkulunkulu and Philosophy

Montaigne ngokucacileyo ngokwabo ukuba akanakwaziwa. "Andikwazi nto ngoThixo, la mava mna, - wabaxelela abafundi bakhe ukuba kunjalo, ebomini kufuneka ikakhulu sikhokelwe engqondweni yakho Abo bathi uluvo lwabo - .. I intle, kodwa ezama ukunyanzela abanye ukuba ukuthobela kum, musa bafanelwe yimbeko. Ngoko ke kungcono ukuphepha inzondelelo kwaye alinganayo amalungelo zonke iicawa. Philosophy kufuneka tyhala umntu ukuze baphile ubomi obulungileyo kwaye ulandele imikhwa emihle, ukuba kuhlanganiswa abafileyo nentsonkothileyo kuninzi imigaqo. Ngoko abantu baya kufundiswa ukuhlala ngokwenyani. by neschas yam kufuneka baphathwe, "philosophically," ukuba ungakwazi ukwenza umahluko Kwaye ukuze ukubandezeleka ngaphantsi, ukuza kwimeko enjalo engqondweni, xa ulonwabo ziviwa ngakumbi ngamandla, kunye neentlungu -. ngaphantsi musa ukuba bahloniphe zonke zikarhulumente kuba ugqibelele, kodwa ngenxa. naluphi na utshintsho igunya uya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela engxakini engakumbi. "

Montaigne naye wanikezela okuninzi ingcamango yokuba kukho isizukulwana esitsha yemfundo. Kule ndawo, walandela zonke entandweni le Renaissance. Indoda ayifanele ibe ingcali, kwaye umntu ubhetyebhetye, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo kungekhona kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kungekhona yempambano. Oku sithe ngokupheleleyo Michel de Montaigne. Pedagogy, ukususela umbono wakhe - bubuchule ukuphuhlisa ukuthanda komntwana olomeleleyo nesimo oluhle olwenza ukuba anyamezele izenzakalo yobomi kwaye ufumane injabulo kakhulu. Montaigne wakuthanda ababephila ngexesha lakhe nje kuphela ephefumlelweyo izizukulwana ezilandelayo. iinkcuba ezifana kunye nabalobi NjengoPascal, Descartes, uVoltaire, Rousseau, Bossuet, Pushkin kunye Tolstoy, esebenzisa izimvo zakhe, ubhekisa nento le kuye okanye awuvumelani. Kude kube ngoku, ukuxambulisana Montaigne abalahlekelwanga udumo.