Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov: iinyani ezinika umdla malunga nobomi, umsebenzi

Namhlanje sithetha adumileyo kunye ethandwa kakhulu namhlanje enjalo, umbhali Russian uMikhail Bulgakov. olunika umdla nobomi umbhali, kwakunye iimpawu umsebenzi wakhe, yaye ezinye umhla buqu uya kuba ugxininiso kweli nqaku.

A bit of ngobomi bomntu

ubomi yombhali abazange ayahlukanga rhoqo. Namhlanje uMikhail Bulgakov ukufana uyimfama, kodwa ekutyebeni ngomso, mindlessly ukuchitha imali abangane omhle.

Kukho imbono engachananga Bulgakov wakhetha indlela lombhali zizelwe - kuphela iminyaka engama-30. Noko ke, le ngxelo kude inyaniso. Bhala umbhali yaqala ekuseni kakhulu. Yinto eyaziwayo yokuqala imisebenzi yakhe "The Adventures of uSvetlana", eyabhalwa kwiminyaka 7. Kwelinye icala, ukuba aze kuxoxa ngokubhala njengekhondo yinxalenye, ngoko, kakade, Bulgakov weza oku kanye. Asimele silibale ukuba enkwalini Bulgakov iye yanxulunyaniswa amayeza. Eneneni, engazange azishiye yena yezonyango yaye emva koko waba ngumbhali odumileyo.

Bulgakov waphumelela i-University Medical ngo-1916, emva apho unikezelo waya ESmolensk, ukuba yindawo ugqirha wengingqi. Yena kunye nenkosikazi yakhe Tatiana. Ngokusekelwe memoirs ngaloo minyaka, umbhali ubhale uthotho amabali, "Amanqaku ugqirha oselula."

Kodwa akunjalo prosaic oko kunokubonakala kunzima, waye indlela Bulgakov. olunika umdla nobomi umbhali, leyo esilishumayelayo ngezantsi, vumela ukubona oku.

Iimpawu art

Ngowe-1920 umsebenzi Bulgakov ukuthatha amadlala elibi kakhulu. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba umbhali ayizange ukuxhasa izimvo Soviet kwaye sacula urhulumente omtsha. Ngokomzekelo, umdlalo "Flight" ingathotyelwanga eqongeni, njengoko abahlalutyi wayibiza anti-eSoviet.

Umbhali uye bavakalisa esidlangalaleni ukuba revolution bakhetha zazivelela. Akumangalisi ke, iNdlu Bulgakov ngokuphindaphindiweyo kufunwa yi-NKVD, yaye umbhali phantse bonke ubomi bakhe watshutshiswa.

umphefumlo Sale

Yena waba nomdla kuzo zonke iintlobo izifundo eyimfihlakalo kwiintsomi kunye neencwadi Bulgakov. olunika umdla nobomi umbhali ziquka mzuzu xa gqitha opera "Faust". Bulgakov saphindwa emininzi ukusebenza i-Bolshoi Theatre. komfanekiso hero ingakumbi wayethanda imbangi Faust, kunye nokuthengiswa ezinxulumene injongo komphefumlo.

Kungekudala Bulgakov Kwanyanzeleka ukuba uyavumelana icebiso Stalin kaThixo - bhala ezukisa umdlalo wakhe. Emva koko, uMnu uMikhail waqalisa ukuthelekisa ngokwabo kunye Faust - naye kwakufuneka "ukuthengisa umphefumlo wakhe umtyholi."

uphawu olungekho

Indoda bokuhlala kakhulu yaba Bulgakov (facts umdla zingqinele oku). Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1937 kwezinye ababhali kwakufuneka ukuba bangenise inani le midlalo malunga isikhumbuzo ukufa A. S. Pushkina. Bulgakov wayengomnye labo balobi kunye thaca umdlalo wakhe, ilungelo ngayo "Alexander Pushkin". Kodwa yintoni na le imangalisayo yabaphulaphuli xa eqongeni kunye akabonakalanga ophambili.

Bulgakov wayecinga ukuba oko kwakuya kuba uboniso Ekse bezicathulo kwi umdlali eqongeni, enxibe iimpahla umbhali enkulu Russian. Ngoko ke, umbhali iqwalasela inkangeleko engamkelekanga kwi nqanaba "Pushkin".

ubutyebi

"Ubuncwane" Mihaila Bulgakova kwindawo yokuqala, Kakade, ezinxulumene kwinoveli "I-White Guard". Into yokuba yena inkcazelo eneenkcukacha kakhulu indlu yakho Kiev kwimveliso, iyenza enye amanqaku aphambili amanyathelo. Nantso indlu amaqhawe efihliweyo. abafundi abaninzi kakhulu akuthabatha inyaniso. Ngoko, kungekudala indlu ngokoqobo waqhaqhwa lwezitena yi ngezitena. Ngeli xesha, Bulgakov akazange bayime; kodwa le nto iye kakubi ziqondeka ngabanini ezintsha.

Noko ke, phezu kwayo yonke imigudu, ebuncwaneni zange zifunyenwe. Kwaye kuphela isiseko wahlala endlwini.

isithandwa

Akuqhelekanga, kodwa isibakala sokuba inoveli "INkosi noMargarita" sanikezelwa umbhali oyintanda Nuremberg Elena Sergeevna, ukwazi oko akubantwini bonke. Eli bhinqa wahliwa yokugqibela Bulgakov. Ngexesha lentlanganiso, bobabini kufuneka iintsapho, ngoko ubudlelwane akayisa ulonwabo kuphela, kodwa ukubandezeleka.

Ngokubhala Romana Bulgakov yaqala ngo-1929, yaye kangangeminyaka eliqela waba phambi kokuba banikwe ethi "Venediktov, okanye iziganeko yobomi bam," A. Chayanov. Abo baphambili sale ncwadi uMtyholi, yaye umfundi ifani Bulgakov, ngubani kunyanzeleke ukuba kulwa nomthetheli yobumnyama ngenxa yomphefumlo wakhe othandekayo. Ibali liphela abangabathandi ezimbaxa. Kukholelwa ukuba le ke intando yaba negalelo ekubhaleni "The Master noMargarita."

Voland

"Le Mfundisi noMargarita" ngowona msebenzi edume bonke abo wabhalela Bulgakov. Biography, olunomdla kunye neempawu bobuchule ukuze unxulunyaniswa nale indalo. Kulo mba, umntu ngoyaba lomzobo Woland. Bulgakov iye waboleka ngenxa yegama lakhe Mephistopheles ukusuka umbongo ngu Goethe kaThixo "Faust." Ngoko uMtyholi ekuthiwa ngokwakhe, xa noomoya abakhohlakeleyo wambuza umyeke adlule.

Uhlelo lokuqala "iNkosi noMargarita" iqulethe inkcazelo eneenkcukacha Woland, leyo wathabatha iphepha 15. Noko ke, upapasho Bulgakov isuswe le kufakwa konke ukuthanda, kwaye mzuzu le inxalenye yenoveli phantse kucingwa ukuba ilahlekile.

Ukongezelela, kwezinye iidrafti, kunye Woland igama eliqhelekileyo owahlala. Kamva, Noko ke, Bulgakov wala igama, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba owahlala ekuthiwa idemoni elinamandla, kodwa hayi umlawuli wesihogo.

"Dog" Bulgakov

inoveli notorious "Intliziyo Dog" ilunyango eqhelekileyo: Iibhola - oku ngummeli awayedla lumpenproletariat, owathi, ndinawo amandla, iqala kutshabalalisa ngohlobo lwazo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukutyhilwa ngaphantsi ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Ngoko ke, ibhola (ngomhla wesibini igama Chugunkin) - Stalin, ekubeni bobabini babe "intsimbi" ifani. UNjingalwazi Kumbi - Lenin, ngubani similise lonke ilizwe (ukufunyanwa nguNjingalwazi nezithelekiswa kutshintshwe inkqubo yezopolitiko). UGqr Bormental - noTrotsky, njengesiqhelo xa uphikisana kunye ibhola-Stalin. Shvonder - ke ilitye, waza Zina - Zinoviev, etc ...

cat omdala

Le yenye umlinganiswa emangalisayo, nge Bulgakov abeza. Biography (zibakala umdla kwakunye) lucebisa ukuba IBhehemote iye khona indiza ngokwenene.

Noko ke, akuzange kube ikati nezinja ozithandayo emnyama Bulgakov igama layo omdala. engqondweni yezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, yaye umbhali lowo Bayifaka.

"Ivan Vasilievich"

Ngowe-1934 uMikhail Bulgakov wabhala kakuhle eyaziwa namhlanje, umdlalo "Ivan Vasilievich". Xa umsebenzi obhalwayo kuphela, abaninzi babesoyika ukuba aziyi kusiwa ngenxa kwihi enamandla Ivana Groznogo ku Stalin.

Oku kwaba yinyaniso. Play ababukeli babona kuphela ngo-1973, xa ngenxa bhanya wathabatha Z Gaidai. Umlawuli wazama ukulondoloza ibali yokuqala, kodwa ubunyani kwi 30 kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuba ukuze itshintshwe kwi 70. Nangona kunjalo, le filimu yaba yimpumelelo zezilwanyana onokucinga ngazo.

indlu Bulgakov

Okanye "Indlu Bulgakov kaThixo" - odumileyo museum-yeqonga e Moscow, akhiwe kwi Bolshaya Sadovaya, inombolo yendlu 10. Apha, ukususela ngowe-1921 ukuya 1924 umbhali wayephila.

Le myuziyam kuveza kumboniso azinikele ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Bulgakov, into rhoqo. Ukongeza, kukho iindidi ngeendidi zemiboniso abazinikele umbhali kwelo myuziyam. Ngokufuthi bade thatha isithuba ngaphandle yokuhlala - iqonga uYehu ezinyukweni kanye, Terrace ehlotyeni, kwintendelezo.