Modernism kwi zakhiwo. Izitayela ekwakhiweni. Iimpawu zanamhlanje zakhiwo

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zamandulo kunye nobugcisa maxa wambi kudideka kunye nosuku. Le mpazamo iyaqondakala, kuba ivela kwi-logic eqhelekileyo: amagama engcambu ibhekisela kwizinto ezifanayo, kodwa ngokwenza imeko ihluke. Ixesha eli lixesha lichaza ixesha elidlulileyo kwiimeko zobugcisa, ngeli xesha i-modernism yinkqubo ecacileyo engabonakali ngokungakumbi ngeenkcukacha ezizodwa njengokwenqatshelwa kwamava kunye namazwi okudlulileyo.

Iyakwazi kwaye ayifanele ibonwe kungekhona nje kuphela njengokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, kodwa nayo ibonakala yembali. Ngokubanzi, bekuye kuhlolwa kwetmus, okwenziwe kuyo yonke into eyenzekayo kungekhona nje kwihlabathi kunye noluntu lonke, kodwa nakwiingcinga zabantu ngabanye. I-Modernism yindlela yokujonga ubomi, isimboli sethemba lelo xesha.

Uvela phi?

Eli gama ngokwalo livela kwisiTaliyane, apho igama lanamuhla liguqulelwa ngokuthi "ukuhamba kwamhlanje". Ngokubanzi, iilwimi kule ngqiqo ziyamangalisa ngokufanayo - igama lesiFrentshi lixesha elifanayo linentsingiselo efanayo, kwaye igama lesiNgesi likhoyo namhlanje.

Ukubonakala kwesimanje kwakushukunyiswa ngumnqweno wokufudukela kwinqanaba elitsha lobomi kuyo yonke imbonakalo yalo. Inkulungwane entsha kunye nobuchwephesha obutsha buvelise ubuqhetseba besayensi kwifomu yayo echanekileyo, enokuthi ilandelwe "efanayo injini ye-Hyperboloid Garin." Inani labantu baseYurophu kwiminyaka ye-20 ye-XX yekhulu leminyaka baye balahla ilifa leminyaka edlulileyo kwaye bahlaziywa ngokubanzi iindlela zokuzicwangcisa.

Ngokwababhali-mlando, ukuphuhliswa kwe-modernism kuye kwamkelwa ngamandla ngenxa yeenguqulelo, zombini kwibala lezopolitiko nakwiingcinga zabantu. Ukongezelela, ulawulo olutsha lwaluphendulela kwi-pathos engaphezulu kwexesha elide, elidala kunye neliphikisanayo, elaliyinto efanayo kwi- style yama-Victorian. I-catalyst for development yenziwa yimpumelelo yezobugcisa eyenza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezazingekho ngenxa yokubaluleka komsebenzi wokuvelisa.

Qala

Umgaqo-nkqubo we-modernism wawubekwe phakathi kwekhulu ngaphambi kokugqibela. Inkqubo yayinzima kakhulu: yayixhomekeke ezintweni ezincinci, ekuqalekeni kwindlela ekude kuyo. Eli xesha kwimbali liye laphawulwa ngokunyuka kwentlalo. Uninzi lwabantu luye lwasebenza kwiidolophu ezinkulu: ngenxa yokuqhutyelwa kwabemi abatsha, izindlu zazingekho phantsi, izakhiwo ezintsha zakhiwe ngokukhawuleza, apho izakhiwo zazinikezelwa kubafundi abatsha. Ukuhlobisa izakhiwo kunye nobuhle, obuchazwe kwiimonogram, azizange zikhawuleze, zikhetha ukuvuthwa kwezilwanyana. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwakhiwa kwesahlulo sesibini se-19 leminyaka kulandela inzuzo ebonakalayo.

Iimpawu ezisisiseko zokuhlaziywa kwamhlanje

Izihlunu zinokubheka ixesha elide, ngoko sigxila kwiingongoma eziphambili.

• Ukwakhiwa kwamanamhlanje okwakhiwa ngokuncediswa kwezona zinto zifake imfashiso, ezona zixhobo zanamhlanje, kunye neziyilo ziyaziwa ngolu hlobo olungaqhelekanga, olungelona oluqhelekileyo. Hlala ubomi ubomi buguquko! Izakhiwo zakhiwe ngeglasi, izitye kunye nekhonkrithi. Ngenxa yokuba ininzi yamashishini akhiqiza izitena zeklasi zazingenalo ulwazi oluncinane malunga neefayili enye, abaninzi babo baye baxakeka ngaphandle kokukwazi ukujoyina intsha entsha.
• Umbutho wezithuba zangaphakathi ukhokelwa ngokubanzi ngokusebenza. Ukuqiqeshiswa kufakwe kwiphambili ngokuchasene nesiqingatha sokuqala seXIXX. Izakhiwo zabantu, kwaye kungekhona abantu kwizakhiwo - yonke into ixhomekeke kwintuthuzelo yomntu ozama kwixesha elitsha.
• Ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezinto ezihlobisa, ukuchazela amava okudlulileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umxholo othi "umhlobiso" uthathwa njengomntu ongafanelekanga kwixesha elitsha, udunyiswa ngokugqibeleleyo.
• Ukungabikho kohlanga lwelizwe, oluchazwe kwiindawo ezithile zokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo okanye ukuyila kwayo, ikusasa yenye yazo zonke.

Imvelaphi

I-modernism ekwakhiweni kwakhiwo yembonakalo iyabonakala njengento echazwe ngayo namhlanje, kodwa oku akukwenyani ubuncinane kuba amaxesha ayo ashiywe emva, enqabileyo kwii-80 zekhulu lokugqibela. Kule meko, olu lathiso alunxulumene - ngenxa yokuzimela kwayo kunye nokuzinzi-maninzi, lunike inani lamasebe ahluke omnye komnye.

• Izakhiwo zendalo. Ngaphandle koko kuthiwa yi-organic. Ukusuka kwesi sihloko siyacaca ukuba yintoni injongo esi siqhubela ngayo, kodwa kukho "iimpawu". Abaxhasi bawubeka phambili kwimvelo, ezithambileyo ezifakwe kwizinto zehlabathi elijikelezile, ngelixa izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa azihlali zihlala "kwiitye kunye nemithi." Into ephambili kukuba izibonelelo zikhuselekileyo, iifom - i-biological, kunye nemimandla-yendalo.
• Bauhaus. Ukusebenza kwindlela yayo ecocekileyo. Izakhiwo ze-naked, ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zokuhlobisa, ukudibanisa kokulula kunye ne-utilitarianism zifana nobuhle.
• I-Art deco. Xa ufunda ulwalathiso lwangoku, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le yinto eqaqambileyo, enamandla kakhulu. Isitayela sidlala ngokuphambene neBauhaus, isekelwe kwi-geometry enegorati, i-eclecticism, ukuhlala rhoqo (igumbi ngalinye kunye nesifundo sinendawo kunye nexesha), isibindi seefomu kunye nesifiso esingathintekiyo sokunethezeka esibonakaliswe kwizinto ezinobuncwane ezivela kwindlovu kwintlaka yesikhumba.
• Brutalism. Kubonakaliswe ngobugcisa obumile, ukungabikho kokuqhutyelwa kweendawo zezakhiwo. Kwimeko nje xa igama libonisa ngokucacileyo intsingiselo.
• Ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ingcamango ephambili kukubalahla nayiphi na ilifa lemveli.
• Ukuqonda kunye nokwakha. Izindlela eziphambili kwizakhiwo ze-USSR, siza kuzixoxa ngeenkcukacha ezingezantsi.

Izinto kunye nemizekelo

Isitayela sokuhlaziywa kwamatye saqala ukuphuhlisa phantsi kwefuthe lokuphucula iteknoloji yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, olu lathiso lubalelwa ekuzalweni kwintsimi uJoseph Monier, owakha ikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo. Okuthakazelisayo, yaba yinto engafanelekanga: okokuqala wayecwangcise ukwenza nje izitya zityalo eziya kukwanelisa zonke iimfuno zakhe.

Izakhiwo ezakhiwe kule khonkco zaye zahlula ngokukhululeka okungenakuze kwenzeka, umntu unokuthi, ukuqhayisa imvelaphi yezinto eziqhelekileyo ezinobunzima.

Okokuqala ufumene isicelo kwisakhiwo sezoshishino (kungekubi ngento efunwa ukuba yi-tub, akunjalo?), Kwaye ishukunywe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zokuhlala. Siyabulela kule nto, imisebenzi emangalisayo yokwakha izakhiwo zazaliswa ixesha, elichaphazela ababukeli kwinqanaba labo.

Ukukhanya nokuqina kwamakhonkethi aqinisekisiwe. Isitayela sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sele sisuka kumbono wehlabathi: kwavumela ukwakhiwa kweefowuni ezigqityiweyo kwizikhululo, amagumbi anamanqabileyo amakhulu amakhulu kunye nokunye okuninzi. Kufanelekile ukukhankanya njengomzekelo weCallstal Palace eLondon, eBrooklyn Bridge kwaye ke, Indlu yeDancing ePrague. Kuloo nto kufuneka ukhulume ngokwahlukileyo.

Masidlale?

Olu lwakhiwo luneengxenye ezimbini ngendlela yeesilinda - enye yazo eyenziwa kwisitayela seklasi, kwaye yesibini - ekutshatyalaliswa. Indlu yokudansa ibizwa ngokuba ibonakala njengowesifazane odansa kunye neenkcazo zayo - umzobo onomlenze onqabileyo kunye nomkhonto ogqithisayo udala ukungahambi. Akufuneki ukuthetha, isakhiwo sihluke ngokugqithiseleyo nezindlu zeklasi ezimi ngecala.

ISoviet Union

I-modernism ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ayizange idlulele kunye nelizwe lethu. Wazibonakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo kwiminyaka engama-20 yekhulu lokugqibela, ezizibonakalisa kwindlela yokuqonda kunye nokwakha. Makhe siqwalasele nganye.

Ngqiqo

Igama lesiLatini lithetha "ukuqiqa", kwaye oko kuthetha konke. Ukubonakala kwakhe kwakubangelwe kuyo yonke inkqubela yezobugcisa. Iimfuno ze-aesthetic zabantu zitshintshile kwaye eRussia - iimonogram ziye zanikela kwiifom ze-laconic, ngasinye senza umsebenzi othile. Ubuninzi bezithuba, ukulula, ukuziqhelanisa, ukuzama konke, akukho "ubuhle ngenxa yobuhle." I-Modernism yekhulu lama-20 yasebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuthintela ukuqonda komntu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba esi sikhokelo siphezulu "siphila" kunokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esithatha indawo esikhundleni sayo: ingqiqo yazama ukunika izakhiwo imitha ehamba phambili, ekholisayo kunye neefom zokujonga.

Nayiphi na into, njengomthetho, ibophelelwe kubuntu, le ndebe kwaye le ndlela ayidlulanga. Umgqugquzeli weengcamango kunye nenkokheli yecandelo loyilo kunye nomfundisi uNikolai Ladovsky. Nangona yakhe inkcazo yokwakha yayinomsebenzi wobubomi bonke: wabhala ukuba izakhiwo zisebenza ngendawo, kwaye indawo iyona nto igxininiswa kuyo yonke into abaxhasi beengcamango bafuna ukuyithetha. Ngexesha elifanayo, iimpumelelo zeminyaka edlulileyo azizange zaliwa, kodwa zamukelwa kwaye zenziwa ngokuhambelana nombono. Esi sikhokelo sisinyathelo esibalulekileyo ekubunjweni komfanekiso omtsha wezakhiwo zaseSoviet, nangona ukuba kwakungathandwa kakhulu kunokuba kwakhiwe into eyakhayo ehamba phambili kwizithende zakhe.

Ukwakha

Eli liyilo loyilo, eliye lagqitywa ngolo hlobo lwenamhlanje yekhulu lama-20 ukusuka kwisiqulatho jikelele. Esi sicwangciso sinokuqwalaselwa njenge-apotheosis yezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye negama lokugcina letheknoloji.

Abaxhamli be-Constructivism, ngokuchasene neengcali zengqiqo, bafaka umsebenzi wesakhiwo ngaphambili, ngelixa bebalahla ukulungelelaniswa kwabantu. Yonke into yazinikezelwa kwinjongo enkulu yokubonakalisa iingcamango eziqhubekayo. Impumelelo yexesha elidlulileyo liphikisiwe, into entsha isenziwa, ihluke kakhulu.

Ngokwenza oko, kubonakaliswe kwiindlu eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo (kubantu abaqhelekileyo "oomasipala"), okungafuni ukungabikho ngasese: amagumbi amancinci, amabhati aqhelekileyo ngamanzi, kunye neekhikhati ezabelwana ngazo. Yonke into iyaxhomekeke kwimigca ecacileyo kunye neepateni. Yonke into yayiphumelele ephepheni, kodwa ayikho imisebenzi kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla.

Ukuba uthatha ngokubanzi, ngoko izakhiwo zaseRashiya zeso sihlandlo ziqhubekele enye injongo: ukukhawuleza kwixesha elizayo ngokukhawuleza, ukususa iimbophelelo zeminyaka edluleyo kunye nokuhamba kunye nenyathelo ngalinye kunye nemigca ehlambulukileyo.

Ixesha langoku

Kuza kubekho namhlanje, akukho simboli esisodwa esisetyenziswe kwisakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. Ukuvunyelwa okukhulu kwemvume kwandivumela ukuba ndibekwe kuyo yonke ingcwaba-ngoku wonke umntu uyakha njengoko ebona. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezilandelayo zendlela yokwakhiwa zakhiwo zingakwazi ukwahlukana kuzo zonke iintlobo:

• I-tech-tech iyona-ode ukuya kwinkqubela phambili yobugcisa, inkcaso ephikisayo kwendalo.
• I-Biotec - i-ode kwi-nature, echasene ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba lokuqala: imigca yemvelo ehamba phambili, ukuxelisa impilo ephilayo.
• I-Postmodernism i-ode kwi-eclecticism yeembali kunye neefom eziyinqaba, umngeni kwi-modernism kuyo yonke inkazimulo.
• I-Kitsch - i-ode ukuya kwi-insanity kunye nefuthe elibi. Ukugqitha, ukunyaniseka kweenkcukacha. I-Aesthetics yinto yesibini, into ephambili kukujongela uluntu kunye nokuma kwiimeko ezininzi.

Isiphumo

I-modernism ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zenzeke ngokwamashumi ama-80 ekhulwini lama-20. Kakade ke, izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yazo zisasebenza ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa akukho nto iyenziwe entsha. Nangona iminyaka yokuthandwa, akunakwenzeka ukunyamekela i-modernism - yinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekwenzeni uphuhliso lwezakhiwo.