Uphi na lo umda Ukraine till 1917?

Umda ka Ukraine de 1917 kuye belusoloko isikhubekiso phakathi oonjingalwazi ihloniphekile yembali, abezopolitiko abaziwayo namanani zenkcubeko. Ukwenziwa karhulumente mihla lihanjiswa kwiinkulungwane, leyo imizi yamandulo iintlanga indawo ngaphezu kanye okanye kabini.

Ukufika kwalo Cimmerians

Abantu bokuqala kwi kwintsimi Ukrainian baba Cimmerians, ababalulwa xa ku vangama ka ixesha - ". Odyssey"

mbuya yamandulo, thetha iziyelelane elinye iqela lolwimi Iranian, uhlawule utyelelo yoLwandle abamnyama malunga ngenkulungwane 9 BC Kucingelwa ukuba izizwe ekundwendweni Cimmerian-kimmertsev ummandla Lower iVolga, yaye isimo sivune kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bahlale kumathafa zasendle iminyaka engamakhulu amabini . umda kwimbali Ukraine watshintsha rhoqo de-1917, waqala ukuba phantse 3000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, yaye le ndawo ngokuphindaphindiweyo landiswa ukusukela xesha, nokwehla ethathe imilo engakholelekiyo.

Ekubeni mbuya ncwadi wayengazi iinkcukacha malunga ngokwabo ke ayishiyile, ngaphandle iziza zakudala ndinikhumbula kangangokuba kunqabile encwadini yeembali ixesha. Ababephila ezininzi zokuthetha malunga savages ezoyikekayo - abaninzi mbali uchaze Cimmeria njengegorha elivu- abanobuchule kunye nezithethe izizwe kwakhokelela zigungqe iintlanga bakhanyiselwa.

AmaSkitiya zasendle

Sabika kwiincwadi zakhe, ufekethe bahamba amasiko kunye nesakhiwo bentlalo abasemathanga kunye imibala wachaza kwanokupheliswa sizwe i Cimmerians Aboriginal-chernolestsev. Yintoni umda Ukraine side 1917, siyazi, kodwa abaleke naphi na, ukuba ithathelwe zasehlathini eziphuhlileyo nabamahashe emathafeni ngaphantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, lo chernolestsev isiphelo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu afumanana Cimmerian. Nabo ke, ayikwazanga dudula amaSkitiya, ngubani labhabha yokupaka iimoto, baphanga amakhaya wazithabatha namahashe imihlambi.

Nokugqama omkhulu kubuya loonothwal (AmaSkitiya) afunyenwe kwi V-IV BC leminyaka.

Lokuqala nenqaba engundoqo kwenkcubeko kwi kummandla Ukraine - Scythia Great - ezichazwe nguHerodotus. Umda ka Ukraine de 1917 ukususela amaSkitiya uthabathe emilise uxande elide malunga Northern noLwandle abamnyama abaphuma iDanube River entshona ukuya inxalenye empuma yoLwandle Azov.

Ekubeni indawo inqongophele Pripiat Umntla umgca engazukuphelela e Chernigov mihla olunamathele Kursk kunye Voronezh. Kwinkulungwane III BC AmaSkitiya kuLwandle Black emaqeleni amaSarmatia ekugqibeleni indawo. On the Sea Black amathafa izizwe kwaqhubeka malunga amathandathu eminyaka (de nenkulungwane yokuqala BC. E.), De baqhutywa yi ngamaGoth kunye Huns. Emva ukuhlaselwa kwabo kummandla Ukraine ilawulwa ngokwezizwe Slavic le Por kunye sklaviny ezinxulumeneyo.

Umda ka Ukraine ndide 1917, mna isixa esikhulu ixesha: ngesantya esiphantsi ebudeni bexesha mbuya, uze emva koko utshintshe imilo mmandla waqalisa ukuba kwenzeke ngesantya cosmic.

Sklaviny, Por, venedy

Malunga abhale sklaviny rhoqo ekhankanywe mbali Gothic Jordan. Ngokutsho kwakhe, i nokuxubana-sklaviny waba bephuma kumntu omnye, yaye zihlala izizwe ezintathu Vendian - venedy nesibindi, Por womelele, abazalwana babo ezincinane - sklaviny. Kodwa wathi umkhumbuzi French VII leminyaka kunye mbali Fredegar ukuba "umongo sklaviny Wends".

Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanise antskie ubutyebi equka yegolide nesilivere eziveliswe ngexesha amaphulo kunye behlasela kwindawo ezingqongileyo. Iimbovane Warriors bexhobe izaphetha neentolo, nangeengweletshetshe, ninamakrele neentonga nje njengenxalenye yezinto. Por ingqalelo isizwe zinamandla Slavic: koko wawagayela kumabutho omkhosi, mercenaries emkhosini lamaByzantine.

Amabanjwa isoloko isetyenziswa amakhoboka, bethengisa okanye uthathe intlawulelo ngabamelwane ezikufutshane ibe uhlobo yokuziphatha elo xesha. Noko ke, emva kwethutyana ikhoboka kwikhompyutha sibe simahla yaye ilungu yinxalenye yoluntu. Isithixo iphambili Iimbovane - Perun - ingqalelo kuhlaliswe kakhulu. umbingelelo Utyando - umgaqo obalulekileyo yenkolelo; phakathi nemibingelelo nezibingelelo zezithixo, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana kuphela kuphekwe ukutya, imifuno kunye nezacholo. Ngamaxesha ziimbovane Kiev waqalisa inkqubo nucleation kunye Volyn, ezenza kwakhona zatshintsha imida Ukraine. De 1917, Noko ke, kwathi, isekude lee.

Imvelaphi Kievan Rus '

Eli banga olulandelayo kwimbali karhulumente mihla Kievan Rus. Le dolophu, nto leyo eye yaba liziko yenkcubeko neyentlalo kwintsimi enkulu, bakha amaxesha amaninzi, elinyukayo, batshatyalaliswa. umda Ukrainian zatshintsha kunye nayo de 1917 - ezisisiphumo elo ngeenxa zonke, ngoko iingqameko ukuya namadlelo Kiev.

malunga Kiev yokuhlala kaRhulumente eyavela kwinkulungwane 9, xa nokuxubana kude wasempumalanga, nezizwe amaqela Finno-Ugric emanyeneyo phantsi kolawulo Prince Rurik ubukhosi. History of Kyïv njengento ezimeleyo isixeko-karhulumente luqala lokufakwa elikomkhulu Oleg, bezise izizwe Mpuma Slavic.

Le abenzi bemilingo ombuso

umda Ukrainian kwi revolution ka-1917 (kwenye ngenkulungwane ye-10 emva kwexesha, ngexesha zebhola ka Kievan Rus ') ingaphezulu Dniester kunye efikelela kuyo ngakumlambo Vistula entshonalanga, azigubungela Taman Peninsula kwi mpuma kunye yanyamalala kule efikelela kuyo phaya kuMntla Dvina. Geography kunceda ukuze anikele kwisixeko Kievan Rus kwaye ukuqonda isakhiwo sayo sobummandla. Zokuhlala endala - eKiev, yalandelwa lockstep bahamba Chernigov, Pereyaslavl yamandulo, odumileyo ESmolensk, ebathembisa Rostov, Novaya Ladoga, Pskov, kwaye amatsha Polotsk amangalisayo.

Ukususela kulawulo luka-Prince Vladimir (960-1015 gg.) Yaye Jaroslav (1019-1054 gg.) Ngaba ixesha ngokuchuma inkulu karhulumente. Okumangalisayo kukuba, oko emdeni Ukraine phambi kokuba revolution 1917! ENatyisiweyo ummandla ngokungaqhelekanga: ukusuka Carpathians ukuya kwiBaltic kunye yoLwandle Black of emaqeleni.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-12, i-Kievan Rus enamandla 'kwaqalisa ixesha emnyama lahlulelene feudal, izixholoxholo atyhoboza, angena abaninzi izilawuli ezahlukeneyo kulawulwa amasebe ezahlukeneyo Rurik. Ukususela ngo-1132, owokuqala uthathwa ukuqala esemthethweni kwiingxwabangxwaba intra-entsatsheni, xa, emva kokufa Mstislava Velikogo, nyana Vladimira Monomaha, iNkosana Kiev abasemagunyeni akusekho baqaphele Polotsk kunye Novgorod ngexesha elifanayo. Kiev akukho ngokusemthethweni ingqalelo ikomkhulu kangangoko ukuba Mongol ekuhlaselweni (1237-1240 gg.). Yintoni eyayiza kuba umda Ukraine phambi revolution 1917, ukuba bendingafuni ngenxa Troubles? Mhlawumbi wayeza Kievan Rus ikhule ubungakanani eRoma Carthage ukuba kuwa ehlazisayo phantsi umthwalo kunzima iingxaki enkulu emphaya.

Kuwa and Smoot

Xa wayesilwa Mongols phezu komlambo Kalka (ngoku kummandla IDonetsk) ekupheleni kuka May 1223rd yayizinyaswe phantse zonke iinkosana olusemazantsi Russian, abaninzi kubo, kwakunye izinduna ezininzi kakuhle ozelwe wawa edabini. Ukususela abathetheli libhubhile izalamane osenyongweni, abakhonzi kunye nenzala abaphezulu ekhokelele best unikezelo exsanguination eli lizwe. Uloyiso waya Mongols, yaye abasindileyo babelindele ekuthinjweni, nehlazo. Ngenxa buthathaka oozilawuli olusemazantsi Russian waqinisa neenkosi ekhubekisayo Hungarian kwaye Lithuanian bondage, kodwa bandisa impembelelo abathetheli kwiingingqi Chernigov, Novgorod naseKiev. Yintoni eyayiza kuba umda Ukraine kwada 1917, dibanisa zonke wakhetha Rusich? Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba loo princelings ezincinane beziluma omnye kunye isiphumo esifanayo - kule mpi igunya kunye nomhlaba Ndinge ndaphelayo abantu waziwayo kwaye kakuhle ozelwe Kievan Rus.

Kokuwa Kiev

Ngo-1240 i Mongols (ikhokelwa ngu Batu Khan, umzukulwana Genghis Khan, abangcangcazelisi) amrholela eKiev ukuba uthuthu. Iintsalela umzi lafumana Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, apho Mongols ingqalelo ubukhulu becala unyana wakhe Aleksandra Nevskogo. Kodwa ke bathuthwayo ikomkhulu Kiev waza wahlala Vladimir - kude abasemathanga zasendle kunye iintolo zabo, neenkomo kunye namasiko bengasiqondi.

Phambi revolution 1917 leyo emdeni? Apho izimpi amaxesha Kievan Rus ebaleka. Emva koko, ngokuqinileyo ekugqibeleni wamisela okunentsingiselo ngayinye kufuneka zithathwe ngenkani.

ukubusa of galich

Kwi-1245-eemitha Yaroslavl ngexesha emfazweni (in namhlanje-Poland Jarosław omzi San emlanjeni) Danila Galitsky kunye nomkhosi wakhe woyisa komele ooBhahali isiHungary kunye Polish wobukhosi. Danila Galitsky ngokususela manyano Western ngokuchasene Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene ngo-1253, wamkela i Pope kwisihloko yokumkani. Wobukumkani Daniel Romanovych xesha omkhulu ephakamisa Compostela-Volhynia. Amandla urhulumente kuye kwabangela inkxalabo kwi Golden mkhosi. I seLizwe Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene rhoqo, kwaye abalawuli zizinikele ukuthumela amajoni yomkhankaso ngokubambisana nxamnye Mongols. Noko ke, le ubulawuli Compostela-Volyn wakwazi ukusombulula ngempumelelo ubabalo, abaninzi imiba nkqubo kwamanye amazwe.

Umda ka Ukraine phambi revolution 1917 batshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwenzeka ngemihla Danily Galitskogo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIII, Compostela-Volyn ubulawuli akazange ukulawula ngasezantsi mmandla, kodwa emva koko wabuyela ulawulo phezu kwala mazwe wazuza ukufikelela kuLwandle Black. Emva kokuba yonke imida entsha 1323rd iye kwakhona yalahleka kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. Polesie iye yafakwa Lithuania ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV kuthotho iimfazwe phakathi ubukumkani Poland kunye Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Lo mmandla ligqithiselwe ePoland ngowe-1349, baba luphawu ekupheleni bemilingo. Ukuqalela kulo nyaka, lo ubulawuli Compostela-Volyn ukuba ukwehla ngokusemthethweni.

imimandla ezintsha

umda Ukrainian phambi revolution 1917, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, nentaphane amaxesha zatshintsha, nokuba ngelo xesha xa Lithuania wakwazi ukuxhathisa Mongols kummandla Kirovograd mihla, inkcazelo kwakhona yatshintsha ngaphaya ingqalelo.

iinkosana ezininzi Orthodox zaye Akanangxaki rapprochement kunye ePoland, nangona ngo 1381-1384, 1389-1392 kunye 1432-1439 iminyaka. Kwakufuneka iimfazwe ezintathu yamakhaya. imizi abaninzi, kuquka, umzekelo, eLviv, Kiev, uVladimir-Volyn, wavuka urhulumente yayo ngokungqinelana noMthetho yaseMagdeburg.

Kwiminyaka 90 kwinkulungwane XIV. Jagiello ukuba umzala Vytautas kubulela umfela ndawonye we Mongols waphumelela ngoxolo ukuzibandakanya kwintsimi enkulu yonke emazantsi enkulu Wild Field. Ngokwembali umda Ukrainian, phambi kokuba revolution 1917, kamva yatshintsha kancinane. iindawo ezintsha baye bavumela uqoqosho kunye noluntu yelo xesha ngokuthe ukufumana iimpawu ukuluqonda.

Hetman and Amanxiwa

Le wenguquko ebalulekileyo olandelayo waba ngumlawuli Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Le mvukelo ka 1648-1654. phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe kuye kwakhokelela ukuvela izimele Hetman. Akwaziwa phambi songenelelo Cossack Ataman apho kwimida Ukraine. De-1917, urhulumente uye nazo abaninzi iziganeko ezibaluleke ngakumbi. ulwazi engacacanga zale, badla kuphela kwi yamandulo, ukufaneleka elide ezilahlekileyo imimiselo kunye namaxwebhu. In Khmelnytsky Symbol yamkela eziliqela izigqibo, leyo japan waba Russo-Polish War ka 1654-1667. Kube negalelo ukuba ukutyalwa iimfazwe zamakhaya phakathi hetman ezahlukeneyo. Ekhohlo-bank Ukraine wayefuna ukuba yinxalenye Russia kunye Right Bank wafuna ukwenza ubuhlobo obuluqilima Poland.

Qala i Russia New

Ngoku ukuba wazi apho umda Ukraine de 1917 kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo zembali. Ngexesha Northern War Hetman Mazepa inxenye ngokungalindelekanga ne-Swedish uKumkani Karl XII, owathi woyiswa kwi Idabi Poltava. Ngenxa ukuzimela kunye namalungelo Hetman zazingekho, kunye nolawulo kwintsimi enkulu laliphethwe le Collegium Little Russian. Ixesha emva kokuwa koBukhosi Russian akukho ngeniso ezizodwa indawo wamnika.

Indlela apho umda lasekwa Ukraine phambi revolution 1917, kwakuxhomekeke nkqubo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya. Igama "New Russia" kunye noyilo ahambelana kummandla lizwe abazifumene ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha.