Molecule: a ubunzima molecule. Ubukhulu kunye kunobukhulu molekyuli

Ukubunjwa kwezinto ezinzima, nangona akhiwa amasuntswana amancinane - atom, iimolekyuli, ion. Ukuma molecule iye ulwelo ezininzi kunye neegesi, kwakunye ezithile umzimba esiqinileyo. Athom kunye ion eziquka zesinyithi, iityuwa ezininzi. Zonke amasuntswana yokunikana, nkqu molecule zincinane. Ubunzima kwemolekyuli, xa sivakalisa e wayedla, wamkela ixabiso elincinane kakhulu. Umzekelo, m (H ₂ O) = 30 • 10 ^-27 kg. Ezo mpawu ezibalulekileyo into njengoko ubunzima kunye nemilinganiselo ye microparticles, kudala wafunda zesayensi kunye ekhemisi. Iziseko babekwa imisebenzi uMikhail Lomonosov kunye Dzhona Daltona. Cinga ngendlela zatshintsha ukususela izimvo kwi sekuba.

University intshumayelo "corpuscles"

Ingqikelelo obubobu isakhiwo mba evakaliswe izazi Greece yamandulo. Ngoko ke wathiywa igama "atom" kwisuntswana incinane ayahlukahlukenanga kwemizimba, "iibhloko zokwakha" iphela. Umphengululi enkulu Russian M. V. Lomonosov wabhala malunga emzimbeni okungenamsebenzi yaye ayahlukahlukenanga kuthetha isakhiwo yamasuntswana mba - corpuscle. Kamva, iincwadi nezinye abaphengululi, kwathiwa igama "molecule".

molecule Mass kwaye imilinganiso yalo zigqitywa iimpawu athom alo. Kangangexesha elide oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukujonga nzulu sekuba olwathi uphuhliso chemistry yemvelo. ngokuphindaphindiweyo Lomonosov wabongoza nabo ukuba bafunde kunye nomsebenzi wabo ngokususela kwidatha echanekileyo oluninzi - ". umlinganiselo kunye ubunzima" a Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi semichiza Russian physics wazibeka iziseko imfundiso ubume mba, ebe yinxalenye ithiyori inonamathelwano atomic-eziphilayo.

Athom kunye iimolekyuli - "iibhloko zokwakha yonke"

Nkqu izinto microscopically ezincinane kunzima ukufumana, babe iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Amasuntswana afana athom, akhiwa engundoqo kwaye izaleko elektroniki kwahluka kwinani izityholo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga radius weight. Athom kunye molecule ezikhoyo ekwakhiweni kwezinto, kungekhona bodwa, ukuba bathanda amandla ezahlukeneyo. ukusebenza ngakumbi lubonakale yomkhosi nomtsalane kwi eziqinileyo, buthathaka - ukuzala, ngenkankulu avakalelwa ngayo izinto sukube.

ekudibaneni kwemichiza ezingahambi atom kwintshabalalo. Amaninzi, kukho nokuhlelwa ngokutsha kubo, kukho omnye molecule. molecule Mass kuxhomekeke koko athom ukuba yenziwe. Kodwa zonke iinguqu kwi-atom ezi afana ebumbene. Kodwa babe yinxalenye iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo. I-atom sigcina iimpawu element apho. Molecule ngaphambi kobungxowa zibe athom ugcina zonke imfanelo kweziyobisi.

Isakhiwo Microparticle lwemizimba - molecule. ubunzima kwemolekyuli

Ukulinganisa macrobodies ubunzima izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, endala apho - izikali. Isiphumo wemilinganiso lula ilungiselelwe ngeekhilogram, njengoko icandelo esisiseko eziphathekayo kwenkqubo ngamazwe (SI). Ukuze ubone isiphumlisi ngeekhilogram, kuyimfuneko ukuba babeke phantsi iintsimbi zawo atomic ngokusekelwe kwinani kwamasuntswana na. Ukunenzela lula, iyunithi ekhethekileyo mass iye yaziswa - nuclear. Unakho ukubhala oko ngokohlobo lwezifinyezi ncwadi (amu). Le yunithi olungqamana ukuya kwenye-elinesibini ubunzima inyuklayidi le carbon ¹² C.

Ukuba sizityand ixabiso efumaneka kwiiyunithi, sifumana 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg. Iimpawu ezincinane ezinjalo ukuba imizimba mass zisebenza ikakhulu physics. Eli nqaku itafile uyakwazi ukufunda kuyo ntoni na kwiinginginya atom ngezinto ezithile chemical. Ukuze ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi na ubunzima omnye molecule ye hydrogen ngeekhilogram, phinda ngo ezimbini kubonisiwe kwitafile ubunzima atom le element kwemichiza. Ngenxa yoko iimolekyuli ixabiso ubunzima ezibandakanya athom ezimbini.

isiphumlisi Relative

Kunzima ukusebenza ukubala ubungakanani ezincinane kakhulu, kungelula kukhokelela kwexesha elide, imposiso-ekuthanda. Ke ubunzima microparticles, ngoko ke ukukhutshwa imeko enzima yaba ukusetyenziswa lwamaxabiso isalamane. Eqhelekileyo kakhulu ekhemisi elide iquka lamagama amabini - "ubunzima atom", uphawu wayo - Ar. ingqiqo efana Ndaziswa ubunzima molekyuli (iyafana ubunzima molecule). Ifomula ephathelele ubuninzi ezimbini: Mr = m (ithagethi) / 1/12 m ⁽¹² C).

Ngokufuthi uyakwazi ukuva oko bathi "ubunzima eziphilayo." Eli gama ugugile ezisetyenziswa ngokunxulumene ubunzima eziphilayo, kodwa ngaphantsi rhoqo. Isibakala sokuba ubunzima - ukuba loo ubuninzi eyahlukileyo emzimbeni - amandla leyo ixhomekeke uququzelelo kumhlaba wawo umzimba. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubunzima luphawu rhoqo amasuntswana ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo imichiza, yaye bafudukela ngesantya eqhelekileyo.

Indlela ukufumanisa ubunzima molecule

Le nkcazelo ngqo ubunzima molecule kuthwalwa isixhobo - spectrometer abaninzi. Ukusombulula iingxaki, ungasebenzisa inkcazelo evela lwezakhi. Umzekelo, ubunzima le molecule oxygen 2 • 16 = 32 Thina ukwenza izibalo elula ukufumana ixabiso lika Mnu (H ₂ O) - ubunzima isalamane ngemolekyula amanzi. By Periodic Table kuchazwa ukuba ubunzima ioksijini - 16, i-hydrogen - 1. Zoba ezilula izibalo: M _r (H ₂ O) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, apho M _r - ubunzima eziphilayo, H ₂ O - molecule yamanzi, H - hydrogen ielementi isimboli O - imichiza uphawu oksijini.

kwiinginginya izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

imichiza yendalo kunye nobuchwepheshe zikhona neentlobo ezininzi athom - izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Ngamnye kubo yimilinganiso ngamnye, ixabiso layo akufunekanga ibe lixabiso iqhezu. Nangona kunjalo, i-weight atom le element imichiza rhoqo linani ngemiqondiso ezininzi emva ingongoma. Xa ubalo athathele ingqalelo ukwanda kweentlobo ngamnye kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ngoko ke, ubunzima atom kwi lwezakhi ayikho ngokuyimfuneko integers. Ukusebenzisa la amanani yobalo, siye sifumane ubunzima ezo molekyuli, leyo nayo integers. Kwezinye iimeko, kusenokuba inani ngokusondeza.

Ubunzima molekyuli lwesakhiwo non-molecule zenkqunto

Uninzi iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo engekho isakhiwo eziphilayo. Isinyithi yakhiwa athom, ion kunye elektroni ezamahala, iityuwa - of ukuse- kunye anions. Izinto izakhiwo ubunzima non-ezinto nalo molekyuli yoxhomekeko olungumgubo ezinzulu, ebonisa ubume zilula. Sifumana uMnu ixabiso izinto ionic isakhiwo - ityuwa kabani ifomula NaCl. M _r = 23 + 35.5 = 55.5. Kuba ezinye iintlobo izibalo efunekayo isiphumlisi komoya - umxube igesi. Ukuqwalasela ipesenti izinto ezahlukeneyo esibhakabhakeni, ezinto ubunzima umoya 29.

Ubukhulu kunye kunobukhulu molekyuli

Electron micrographs molecule enkulu ingqalelo atom ngamnye, kodwa zincinane kakhulu ukuba microscope abaqhelekileyo kubonwa. ubukhulu bamagaqa yomgama ngayo nayiphi na into njengoko ubunzima, - isici rhoqo. Netoti kwemolekyuli ixhomekeke radii-athom alo, umtsalane kwabo. Ubukhulu yamasuntswana ezingaguquguqukiyo inani protons namanqanaba amandla. Hydrogen ingaphezulu - incinane ubukhulu, radius yalo kuphela 0,5 • 10 ^-8 atom uranium cm kukuphinda kathathu ngaphezulu hydrogen atom .. Ezi "iingxilimbela" le sekuba - ezo molekyuli kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yoko, omnye nenkalo ngokulandelelanayo ye kwisuntswana weeprothini 44 • 10 ^-8 cm.

Ukushwankathela: ubunzima iimolekyuli - idibanisa inyambalala athom ngaphakathi kubo. Ixabiso elililo ngeekhilogram zingafumaneka phinda ubunzima molekyuli ezifumaneka Periodic Table, imali 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg.

Ezi molecule enziwe okungenamsebenzi xa kuthelekiswa macro-imizimba. Ngokomzekelo, xa ubungakanani molecule yamanzi H ₂ Owu unika apile amaxesha amaninzi, zingaphi izihlandlo le siqhamo incincane kune iplanethi yethu.