Ubunzulu sixa-avareji ye-Indian Ocean. Isiqabu yomgangatho Indian Ocean

I-Indian Ocean yeyona inkulu yesithathu yazo zonke ezi ndawo ahlala. Ngelo xesha, xa kuthelekiswa nabanye, ubunzulu iphezulu Indian Ocean lingenabukhazikhazi kakhulu - ngeekhilomitha 7,45 kuphela.

indawo

Fumana kwi mephu ilula - ngasentla Ocean na inxalenye Asia naseAsiya, kunxweme olusemazantsi Antarctica lususela empumalanga ukuya umendo flow Australia. Kwinxalenye yasentshona Afrika.

Uninzi indawo yolwandle yolula kwi ikhweyitha esemazantsi. Kakhulu komgca wentelekelelo iyahlula Indian kunye neelwandle Atlantic - ukusuka Cape Agulhas e-Afrika, phantsi cwaka omabini Antarctica ngokwayo. Pacific ukusahlula ukusuka usingasiqithi Indochinese ka Malacca, umda kudlulela ngasentla kwisiqithi eSumatra, ngoko ecaleni komgca, edityaniswe kwi imaphu iSumatra, Java, Sumba kunye New Guinea. Ngomhla wesine - i-Arctic - i-Indian Ocean ongenayo imida eqhelekileyo.

indawo

Ubunzulu-avareji ye-Indian Ocean kweemitha 3897. Kulo mzekelo, babugubungela kommandla 74 917 000 km, evumela ukuba abe lesithathu ngobukhulu phakathi kwakhe "bazalwana." LwaseYurophu kulo mzimba ezikhulu zamanzi, banqunyulwe kancinci kakhulu - oku sisizathu sokuba iquka kancinane kweelwandle.

Gqitha iziqithi ezincinane ilala kule olwandle. Okubaluleke kakhulu nabo alishiye wanyamalala ngoko zikufutshane ukuya elunxwemeni - Socotra, Madagascar, Sri Lanka. Ukusuka elunxwemeni, kwindawo evulekileyo, ungafumana i siqithi, nesuka mlilo. It - Crozet, Mascarene kunye nabanye. Kule ndawo, phezu cone mlilo iziqithi iikorale imvelaphi, ezifana Maldives, Cocos, Andaman and nabanye.

Shore ukuya empuma kumntla-ntshona ingcambu, lo gama entshona nasemntla-mpuma - uninzi nezikhukhula. Ngohlangothi elunxwemeni ziguyiwe kancinane kakhulu, ngaphandle inxalenye yayo wasentla. Kulapha uzibambileyo omninzi bay enkulu.

ukujula

Kakade ke, xa indawo enkulu kangaka akanakuba kubunzulu efanayo ye-Indian Ocean - ubuninzi kweemitha 7130. Le ngongoma ibekwe kwi Sunda Trench. I-avareji ubunzulu Indian Ocean - 3897 eemitha.

Oomatiloshe kunye babeziindleko amanzi abahloli akakwazi kuthagetha avareji nani. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi baye imephu elide ezinzulwini Indian Ocean yaqulunqwa. Iqulathe emazantsi ngqo ukuphakama kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, sibona zonke ifu, imikhombe, misinga, mlilo kunye nezinye iimpawu zomhlaba.

ukukhululeka

Isebenza ngaselunxwemeni kweshelfu lizwekazi emxinwa band Ububanzi ngokomyalelo kweekhilomitha ezili-100. Ngohlangothi kwithala ibekwe ubunzulu Ocean incinane - ukusuka meters-50 ukuya 200. Kuphela Australia emntla-ntshona, nasemantla konxweme ka-Antarctica, oko kwandisa leemitha 300-500. Kwithambeka lizwekazi kakhulu eweni kwezinye iindawo ezahlulwe sisithuba iintili kwamanzi lwemilambo emikhulu efana iGanges, i-Indus kunye nezinye. Kule ntlango kumntla-mpuma kunokuba mdla emgangathweni Indian Ocean enlivened i Sunda siqithi arc. Nantsi i Sunda Trench, apho wafumanisa ubunzulu lukhulu Indian Ocean. Ingongoma liphezulu le umsele libekwe ku 7130 yeemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle.

Nasentshonalanga, imithi kunye iintaba badlela yokulala nezitya eziliqela. Eyona idumileyo - Arabhu Basin, Afrika-Antarctic kunye West Australian. Ezi vee akhiwe zazihamba ibekwe embindini wolwandle, kunye amathafa numbers, ibekwe kude evela emhlabeni nomsinga, kuloo ndawo apho kukho inani elaneleyo ngezinto ludaka ongenayo.

Phakathi inani elikhulu nasentshonalanga ngakumbi ephawuleka East Indian - ubude bawo malunga 5000 km. Nangona kunjalo, lo ukukhululeka Indian ezinzulwini zolwandle abanezinye onyukele kumaqondo ezibalulekileyo - West Australian, meridional kunye nabanye. bed ngokobutyebi kunye mlilo ezahlukahlukeneyo, maxa wambi ukwakha amatyathanga kunye kwimiboniso mikhulu.

lwamawa Mid-Ocean - amasebe ezintathu zentaba hlula ulwandle esuka embindini ukuya emantla,-mpuma nomzantsi-ntshona. Ububanzi nasentshonalanga isusela ukusuka 400 ukuya 800 km, ukuphakama - 2-3 km. Isiqabu le Indian Ocean umgangatho kule nxalenye luphawulwa Ukophuka kuyo ikhephu. Ngpaha komzantsi zidla indawo tye yi km 400.

Mu kuya kwa nshita nasentshonalanga, mpuma Indian Ridge - umngxuma kunye emathambekeni nokuthantamisa, nto leyo ufikelela umphakamo ububanzi ngekhilomitha sidluliselwa kwenye nesiqingatha nekhilomitha eziliwaka.

Ikakhulu isakhiwo ziitectonic plates ye emazantsi olwandle kakhulu izinzile. izakhiwo asakhasayo Active ziyathandwa isithuba ezincinane kakhulu zidlule zibe sisakhiwo efanayo Indochina kunye eMpuma Afrika. Ezi lwestraksha enkulu zahlulwe zibe ncinane: iipleyiti, lwamawa blocky mlilo, iibhanki kunye iziqithi nekorale, emkhombeni, kwemiqhele ziitectonic plates le Indian Ocean isitya kunye nabanye.

Phakathi izitenxo ezahlukeneyo ithatha indawo emantla akhethekileyo Mascarene Ridge. Wavele, le yinxalenye ngaphambili babephuma kwilizwekazi elide-ezilahlekileyo bamandulo ajenos.

sezulu

Area kunye nobunzulu Indian Ocean kwenza kube lula ukucinga ukuba imozulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuya kwahluka ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye oku kuyinyaniso. Ingxenye yale dama omkhulu a imozulu elingenazo. Ehlotyeni, ngexesha yokwehla uxinzelelo mpumalanga Asia, amanzi esilawulwa kwemali komoya sentshinyela lasezantsi-ntshonalanga. Ebusika, imbonakalo esilawulwa nokuhamba khona umoya yimvula ukusuka emantla-ntshona.

Nje kumzantsi-10 degrees wasezantsi inkululeko imozulu phezu kolwandle uba esisigxina ngakumbi. Kule ezinezinga emvula (kunye sub-esabutropikhi ehlotyeni) isingathwa imimoya zorhwebo engasezantsi, nakwintshonalanga engasentla. In ngokulinganisela - iinkanyamba extratropical ukuba usuka entshona ukuya empuma. Ingaqhelekanga entshonalanga emvula ezinezinga izaqhwithi. Amaninzi bathinjelwe ehlotyeni nasekwindla.

Umoya elwandle emantla ihlobo ukufudumala ku degrees 27. kunxweme Afrika ezikhule emoyeni lobushushu elibekwe ngaphezu 23. Ebusika, ubushushu uvikivwa ngokuxhomekeke inkululeko: Ngasemzantsi lingangaphantsi zero, ngoxa kumntla Afrika ixabiso ubushushu ayikho ngaphantsi degrees 20.

Iqondo lobushushu amanzi kuxhomekeke imisinga. ugu Afrika Sendizihlambile yi yangoku abangamaSomali, ukuba amaqondo obushushu asezantsi noko. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni amaqondo obushushu amanzi kule ngingqi igcinwe izidanga malunga 22-23. Xa ocean osemantla nomphezulu yamanzi besukelana lobushushu degrees 29, kanti kwimimandla esemazantsi kufuphi nonxweme ka-Antarctica, oko lifinyele ku -1. Kakade ke, sithetha umphantsi nomphezulu kuphela, kuba mkhulu ubunzulu Indian Ocean, kuba nzima ukwenza izigqibo malunga ubushushu bamanzi.

amanzi

Ngoko yintoni ubunzulu Indian Ocean, aluchaphazeli imali kweelwandle. Kwaye ngaphantsi kwe kuyo nayiphi na enye olwandle. Mediterranean kukho ezimbini kuphela: Red Arabia Gulf. Ukongeza, kukho ulwandle litheni Isidanish, Andaman - ivaliwe inxalenye kuphela. Empumalanga, amanzi enkulu Timor kunye Arafura na ulwandle.

Le swimming pool bolwandle basonta imilambo likhulu abaseAsiya; iGanges, Salween, Brahmaputra, Irvadi, Indus, kunye Evfraat Tiger. Phakathi imilambo Afrika kukubonelela aseLimpompo Zambezi.

I-avareji ubunzulu iimitha Indian Ocean 3897. Kwaye apha kumhlathi amanzi kuza into ekhethekileyo - utshintsho ulwalathiso imisinga. Ngexesha zonke ezinye iilwandle bengaguquki iminyaka ngeminyaka, ngoxa isihloko Indian ukuba imimoya: bona zemvula ebusika, ehlotyeni - okukhoyo.

Ekubeni amanzi anzongonzongo zivela kuLwandle oluBomvu kunye nePersian Gulf, phantse yonke ubunzima amanzi a etyuwa phezulu, phantsi ipesenteji ioksijini.

usebe

Entshona nasemantla-mpuma, unxweme becala nezikhukhula, lo gama kumntla-ntshona kunye empuma - zomthonyama. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, namanxweme phantse egudileyo, zenziwe kakuhle kakhulu phantse yonke ubude umzimba ngamanzi. Okungaqhelekanga kuphela inxalenye esemntla - oku apho yayigxile ezininzi Beelwandle, ephethwe yi-Indian Ocean isitya.

abemi

avareji ubunzulu kunokuba omncinane Indian Ocean kukho uluhlu olwahlukeneyo abameli besi silwanyana kunye nemifuno indalo. I-Indian Ocean ukwakweli yemihlaba kwimimandla yimvula kunye epholileyo. amanzi alusoloko zizele neekorale hydrocorals, phakathi apho ekhaya eziliqela iintlobo ezingenamqolo. Le ntshulube kunye oononkala kunye urchins nolwandle, ezizinkwenkwezi kunye nezinye izilwanyana. Ubuncinane iintlanzi ezininzi eqaqambileyo enemibala yetropika zozimela kwezi nkalo. Coast zizityebi mangroves, apho bahlala mudskipper - le ntlanzi ingaphila ixesha elide ngaphandle kwamanzi.

Le enezityalo nezilwanyana zonke iilwandle, oyaluzisa-ezithandwa, esisityebi kunene, njengoko imitha eshushu kwelanga kutshabalalisa bonke ubomi apha. endaweni epholileyo kule ndlela yeyona zahlukahlukene kakhulu ngakumbi: apha ukhetho owayesisityebi ulwelwe kunye ezingenamqolo.

Kolwandle evulekile ngakumbi zizityebi izidalwa eziphilayo - abameli zombini isilwanyana kunye nemifuno indalo.

The main izilwanyana - oku kwezilwanyana copepods. Ngaphezu kwekhulu iintlobo ebomini babo kwi-Indian Ocean. Pteropods, siphonophores, jellyfish kunye nezinye ezingenamqolo phantse inani elilinganayo iintlobo. Xa amanzi olwandle emidlalo iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi eziphaphazelayo, ookrebe, anchovies luminescent, tuna, iinyoka zolwandle. Iminenga pinnipedes, amahobe ulwandle, dugongs kungekho ngaphantsi eqhelekileyo kula manzi.

abemi ngeentlobo thaca iialbatross, frigates kunye neentlobo ezininzi igcina.

minerals

Xa amanzi Ocean Indian ziyaphuhliswa iidipozithi ioli. Ukongeza, izityebi ulwandle kunye manganese sisimbiwa, phosphate, izinto umanyolo ekrwada ukuze bakwazi ukulima isichumiso.