"Moskva" imizili Cruiser. Baye nabalindi enomjukujelwa Cruiser "Moskva" - aziwa ngayo i-Black Sea Fleet

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, iye yaba isithethe, ukuze izithuthi zalo siqinile kakhulu kwaye zizityebi. Oku ikakhulu usebenza iinqanawa, asebenza ngawo onke amaxesha zibiza imali eninzi kakhulu. Namhlanje, le ngxelo kuyinyaniso kakhulu. Iinqanawa - iimoto balomoni kubiza, ngoko bendihlala izithuthi emangalisayo komeleza iwonga ngamazwe karhulumente, leyo nto.

Nangona amahla ndinyuka 1990, ilizwe lethu ikwazile ukugcina weenqanawa yayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iye kancinane lwandiswe kwaye isebenzisa. Ngelishwa, le nkqubo iyacotha, yaye ngenxa yokuba iinqanawa kubeka ukusebenza kwasekuqaleni kwiminyaka yokugqibela ye-USSR, kodwa alondoloze ibaluleke kakhulu. Umzekelo woku -. "Moscow" Enomjukujelwa Cruiser nalo eli gama kusekho imele amandla ukuloyisa kwi nobukhulu yeelwandle.

ulwazi olusisiseko

ithuba layo lokuba ukuthetha ubuncinane isiteketiso ukuba wanikwa kuye oomatiloshe - "ifildi yodibaniso killer". Akubalulekanga nje aziwa ngayo yonke fleet Sea Black, kodwa omnye iinqanawa ezininzi zinamandla, loo bonke Russia. nezibuko - Sevastopol. Black Sea Fleet kwiziganeko ezaziwayo-kakuhle waba eninzi inkxamleko, njengoko ngecala Ukrainian asoloko iingxoxo malunga sesibhambathiso sokuhlala. Kaloku yonke le nto awungeni ndawo.

Eyakhiwe "eMoscow" (enomjukujelwa Cruiser, vele) yaba kwisixeko Nikolayev. Ekuqaleni, umkhombe wanikwa igama "Uzuko".

Ukonyulwa, zokugunyaziswa

Le Cruiser ke into umzali projekthi ngo-1164 "Atlas". Xa ukwakhiwa yiSoviet lwaphela kuyekiswa anti-inkwili inqanawa "eMoscow" (sungula 1123), inkokeli elizayo nangoko got igama lakhe. Injongo yalo esentloko Ngokukhawuleza ukubulawa zinqanawa ezinkulu utshaba mhlawumbi (umzekelo, moya abathwali), umoya zokhuselo lomlilo wonxweme kukugubungela kokwehla lwabo ekujoliswe kuzo.

Xa yaziswa kwi "eMoscow" ukusebenza? Enomjukujelwa Cruiser emanzini kwasekuqaleni 1982, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwaso kuqala ngokusesikweni de 1983.

Apho ke sahlala, yintoni edumileyo Cruiser?

indawo lakhe inqununu inkonzo uLwandle lweMeditera. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo "eMoscow" esabonwa kumazibuko onke amazwe abo elunxwemeni iyadilika. Xa intlanganiso yaso yabanjwa Mihaila Gorbacheva noGeorge ngoDisemba 1989 kwisiqithi saseMalta Bush (senior, kakade), oku inqanawa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwinkomfa yonke.

Yotshintsho, ukulwa ukusetyenziswa

Ngowe-1990 GRKR "eMoscow" wabuyela lweenkobe Mykolayiv wakhe ngenxa yotshintsho. Yiloo kuphela ngenxa ngokuwa USSR sagcina kanye 8.5 iminyaka, yaye kuphela 13 Meyi 1998 wafumana iflegi entsha kunye neflegi yelizwe elitsha. Ukongeza, ngexesha elifanayo Black Sea Fleet Ajikeleza inqanawa kokurholwa "Red Caucasus", ukusuka apho "eMoscow" sele ufumene kwakhona isihloko Guards.

Ngo-2003, bekukho isiganeko apho GRKR "eMoscow" kuqala besikhanya phezu imeko ngamazwe ukususela kwi leSoviet. Sithetha i "yayinguIndra" imithambo, eye yenziwa ngokudibeneyo yi-Sea Black, Pacific Fleet kunye Navy friendly India. emva konyaka omnye, wathatha inxaxheba umthambo "IONIEKS-2004", ezazibizwa ngokuhlangeneyo kunye abavela. Ukuqala-2008 ndadibana nabo kwiMeditera yenethiwekhi yenkampani moya "Admiral of the Fleet eSoviet Union Kuznetsov", neenqanawa zawo ezihamba kunye.

Ngo-Agasti 2008, i-Black Sea Fleet ebusweni "eMoscow" wathabatha inxaxheba umsebenzi ukumnyanzela eGeorgia uxolo, ngoxa amanzi Ossetia. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo inxaxheba emicimbini yokukhumbula azinikele isikhumbuzo yenyikima yoyikekayo eyenzeka esasiseSisili elikhulu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Koko, emva kwezi oomatiloshe Imperial Navy inxaxheba ngenkuthalo.

Ixabiso lika "eMoscow" ngenxa Navy of the Russian Federation

Ngokubanzi, imikhombe, igama elo igama inhloko na, basoloko phantsi koqwalaselo. Mna ke kungekho ngaphandle, yaye "eMoscow". Enomjukujelwa Cruiser ngokuphindaphindiweyo wathabatha ababekhwele kweso abantu zinamandla zombini i-USSR kunye namanye amazwe. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele abasemagunyeni abatsha kweli lizwe kule ekuqaleni 1990 ukucinga malunga ngokuthumela le nqanawa ezilahliweyo.

Asazi nto, ukuba Cruiser phantse esibhozo neminyaka enesiqingatha wema phezu zeqela Nikolaevsk de alawule ulibaziseko ezintsonkothileyo ingenalo novelwano. Ngethamsanqa, isikwe isitya metal ukuba alinikwa, kwaye Black Sea Fleet zange ayeke nenkokeli yalo kaHomer.

On isidingo

Ngeminyaka yee-1990 xa kwehle "kuqoqosho olunoqoqosho" yaye "nokunciphisa iindleko" kumajelo eendaba lwasekhaya basoloko kunokutshiseka lonke idabi. "Iingcali" elide ngokushushu kuphikiswana, nokuba kuthe lizwe umkhombe iyafuneka. Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba ugcine kuLwandle Black le Cruiser yi disadvantageous ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho lwembono, ezifundisa "zikufumane" kuye kwindawo yoxanduva lwalo i-Pacific Fleet. Ukuba luxhaswe bamelene amazwe. Oko neze bachukunyiswa ingcamango yokuba "umbulali abathwali moya" uya kuthwala umsebenzi wayo kula manzi.

Agasti 2008 wabonisa indlela lizwe idinga "eMoscow". Baye nabalindi enomjukujelwa Cruiser yaba 'igama esinzima, "kuphela ethe igcinwe NATO ukusuka izigqibo angawokubhuda. Ngoku le nto ayamkelwa njani ukuze ukhumbule, kodwa ebudeni 'imfazwe yeentsuku ezintlanu "kuLwandle Black kwakukho iqela elikhulu weenqanawa le manyano. Kodwa eMoscow (capital) isimo Akumangalisi aphumle ukuba kwenzeka ntoni.

Impendulo yayilula: Iprojekthi enomjukujelwa Cruiser "Atlanta" ngokulula ukwenza lonke iqela freeboard ke iinqanawa NATO ezilahliweyo. Konke oku kakuhle, ngoko ke igcine uhlobo cala exhobileyo.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

njani iprojekthi wabonakala njani enomjukujelwa Cruiser Russia ngo-1164? Inqanawa lokuqala kule klasi untsonkothisiwe igama "Aurora", kunye nophuhliso yayo waphatha yee-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ekuqaleni, lo umyili oyintloko yavunywa yi-Alexander Perkov, kodwa kamva asisenakutshintshwa V. Mutihin. Ukusuka Navy kokubona A. elimisiweyo Blinov, umthetheli abakuluhlu lwesibini.

Phambi kokuba iqela yoyilo baba umsebenzi ngokwenene non-ezingenamsebenzi. Isibakala sokuba emkhosini kwakufuneka nje udidi nelo iinqanawa, kodwa umatshini isebenziseka zokulwa, leyo kukwazi ukunika njenge anti-moya yokhuselo yasekuhlaleni ummandla wonxweme, kwaye babe yinxalenye yokhuselo nemibutho yabasebenzi, kunye imigca yonxweme kwiinqaba.

Nangona kunjalo, kunye nabayili-mngeni kakhulu abanyamezela ngokunamathelene-. Bathatha camera ukulwa uzuko esimbaxa S-300, oko wadala inguqulo wenqanawa (zingahlukaniswa ngeleta "F"), emva koko uyicwangcise ku imoto entsha. kunjalo Ezi zixhobo ligcina ukungxamiseka eliphezulu kwaye kusenza siqiniseke ngokwaneleyo ukubonakalisa ukuhlasela emoyeni kwi iinqanawa Black Sea Fleet.

Ziziphi izisombululo zobuchwepheshe isetyenzisiwe?

Ngokubanzi kwi "Atlanta" lisetyenziswa izisombululo kakuhle kubonakele ukusuka kwiprojekthi iinqanawa 1134B. Kakade ke, abaninzi kubo ukuqhubekekiswa, kodwa isiseko engundoqo yobugcisa wahlala ngaphandle utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Ngelo xesha ke wakha iinqanawa ezisixhenxe projekthi 1134B, ngubani got igama elithi "Boukari" kwi Navy. Ngeli xesha kwi ezintlwini ndasala ndedwa "Kerch", nto leyo nayo yinxalenye ye-Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation.

Iimpawu eziphambili Committe of "eMoscow"

Ukubana yale nqanawa elihle yi 11 500 yeetoni. Ubude lilonke inqanawa ilingana leemitha 186. Ekubeni ububanzi buziimitha 21 ukuphakama kwayo - 42.5 eemitha. Akumangalisi ke, ezike yi isiphekepheke enomtsalane ngoko eemitha 8.5. Kwesona santya siphezulu enokufikelelwa (siza kuthetha okungakumbi ngale nto kamva) - amaqhina-32, ikhondo njengesiqhelo - amaqhina-16. Njengoko izityalo amandla izinto negesi ezine injini izixhobo, amandla nganye kweelitha 22.500. a. Isindululo nqanawa ukunika nje ezimbini ophephela.

Ukuba sithethe malunga isantya amaqhina-16, ngoko phantsi kwezi meko, i ezimeleyo ingami uluhlu 6000 iimayile ezisetyenziswa elwandle (iguqulelwe kwinkqubo metric - malunga 12 000 km). Njengoko ixesha, ukunqongophala lokutya kanye omnye avtonomki ngenyanga. Crew yabantu 510, inani labasebenzi yokulwa lungandiswa. Ukuba ahambe kunye nobukrelekrele kusetyenziswa multi-njongo ntaka Ka-27, site lokuhlala ibekwe nangasemva.

ulwazi Basic technical

Yonke imikhombe "Atlas" projekthi yafumana inkqubo entsha ngokupheleleyo yegesi basafunda, obengowabaya kuphela basafunda injini isikhondo nganye, kodwa iperi powerplants afterburning. It lasebenza isisombululo esitsha zobugcisa, xa ubushushu ukusuka iinjini ukuya yesekethe ubushushu-wobuyiselo (TCA). It baguqula elulwelo umphunga, yokubolekisana injini powerplant abangabancedani.

Oku kwanika inzuzo enkulu. Nokuba ngethuba ingami ngesantya 18 ukusebenza kwamafutha liye landa nge-12%. Isantya Top xa usebenzisa zonke iinjini ngoku zichazwe njengoko kangangoko 32 amaqhina, ukuba iinqanawa lesi sigaba phantse ingxelo.

Iimpawu zomzimba

Blinov, nasekubukeleni Navy, azuzwe izisombululo zobugcisa abayili, apho Ebubanzini phantse yonke imiba umzimba milimitha kwi-8. By the ukuthetha ngendlela, oko ngakumbi ezifunekayo Estimate. Ngenxa oku nikwazi, njani, ezi iinqanawa Russian emkhosini luphawulwa iyahlala eliphezulu. Kodwa yonke into embi yayo; ngenxa design izixazululo wasebenzisa ukubana (xa kuthelekiswa ne iprojekthi iinqanawa 1134B) ziye likhule nge-28%.

Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kuthelekiswa le mishini alichanekanga kakhulu umgaqo. Inyaniso yokuba iinqanawa Russian ezifana neenqanawa antisubmarine ziyafana kakhulu kuphela inkangeleko ezinye izisombululo zobugcisa.

Ekuqaleni, lo "eMoscow" kunye nezinye "Atlanta" bexhobe imijukujelwa P-500 "abangelwe". Inkqubo yolawulo lomlilo - "Argon". Ekuqaleni, imikhumbi 16 ezinjalo imijukujelwa. Baye shelwe kwimigodi ezisibhozo zidityaniswe ibekwe kwi kumgangatho ophezulu. Oko latshintshelwa P-1000 "mlilo" Xa ngakumbi imijukujelwa ukuphuculwa legacy. Ezi izikhali arhabaxa iithagethi kumgama oziikhilomitha ezimalunga ne-700.

Basics lweenkqubo yokulwa

Inkqubo yolawulo umlilo ivumela mode nokusebenza yokulwa, kuquka nexesha elinye-isiqalo (zokoyisa injongo enye) kuzo zonke 16 imijukujelwa. By the ukuthetha ngendlela, le imvula ngeke nayiphi yenethiwekhi ehlabathini. njani ezi iinqanawa zaselwandle njani uququzelelo iithagethi kwezo uqala ixesha elide? Yinto elula: nokuba kwiisathelayithi okanye inqwelo-moya Tu-95, okanye umsebenzi inkqubo yayo sezobuntlola kunye zokukhomba.

Anti-moya kwezikhali Cruiser

Ukuze ngempumelelo ibonisa ukuhlasela emoyeni enqanaweni imvelaphi inyuselwa khona zane nje emibini. Okokuqala, P-300F, njongo ngokudibeneyo okanye kwinkqubo umoya wokhuselo lommandla. Okwesibini, "Osa-M" ilungiselelwe kuphela ukubonakalisa lo moya ukuhlasela, ntaka kunye imijukujelwa utshaba enqanaweni ngokwayo.

Kuba S-300F nje ezisibhozo izindululi Useto gubhu uhlobo, ukuvumela ukwenza iinkonzo recharge kunye sungula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Bona zibekwe kwindawo kumgangatho ongentla kunye aft le Cruiser. Ukulawula inkqubo yokuqalisa kwaye kujoliswe, radar ekhethekileyo yaqukwa kwiinkqubo ngompu yomkhosi. osemqoka yaso eriyali, enziwe kwi "uluhlu ngokwezigaba".

Njengokuba besesitshilo, umkhumbi yokuzikhusela kusetyenziswa ezintsonkothileyo "Osa-M", evumela ngokuzithemba ukuba ukubetha iithagethi kumgama omalunga ezilishumi neekhilomitha. Le nto ndiyibhalayo ezimbini DB (kunye nenkqubo homing ezisebenzela moya ezimbini). Ngokuchasene neenqanawa abadala kwikhithi yokuzikhusela kananjalo inkqubo yayo yolawulo lakhe. Le nezikhali iyonke kwizakhiwo ezimbini SAM "Bukanomeva 'ke injalo 48 imijukujelwa. Ngako oko, S-300 64 nenqaba enikiweyo.

inkqubo anti-moya ezongezelelweyo

Kodwa lo ithuba anti-moya cruisers hayi zivinjwe. Ukuyenza unit yokulwa ngemiba ngokwenene, kuquka kuyilo jikelele (kwakhona uyakwazi bamtola Imvumo kunye namaziko offshore) ka-130 unit mm (oluzenzekelayo, kunjalo), AK-130. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwayo, kube yinkqubo ngokupheleleyo Ubhaqo radar "Lion."

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umkhumbi yonke ibhetri ye-30 mm imipu-umphanda emithandathu AK-630M. Ibhetri - ufakelo ezimbini, nganye kuzo ilawulwa yi kwinkqubo isikhokelo kunye tracking ekujoliswe "pennant". Ubume elibala kufuphi enqanaweni, ngokunjalo sonikezelo ulwazi ibhodi anti-moya kwezikhali uxanduva radar "hlaba umkhosi", wenza up ezinye nofakelo ezimbini radar ziquka: "Iifrigate" yaye "Sunrise". eriyali yawo emibonweni zixhonywe zinjongo aphambili-iimasti "abathwali moya Killer."

Umlo nxamnye ngwenya lutshaba

abayili eSoviet ndingawulibali ngayo umchasi elinamandla inokuba ii nkwili. Nangona yokothuka ezikhethiweyo Cruiser ezikhuselweyo kakuhle kubo: kukho sonar ezintsonkothileyo sokukhokhela kakuhle "Platinum", equka i-eriyali mfutho kwaye onamaqhakuva. Uhlase- ngqo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo utshaba olunikiweyo isixhobo nje ezimbini-533 mm ukuya ukuqalisa torpedoes.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ezimbini ufakelo RBU-6000 (enomjukujelwa kunye ibhombu) njengokuba ixesha wenzelwe ukukhusela isikhephe volleys inomzimba kotshaba.

uphononongo olupheleleyo zonke iinqanawa yeprojekthi

Iyonke project "Atlas" isekelwe ngeenqanawa ezine. Umsebenzi wamnika ezintathu kuphela. Ngalinye iinqanawa ezisebenzayo. Baya bakhonza yeBlack Sea, Pacific kunye mabutho Northern. Enyanisweni, le projekthi "Atlas" yaba ofanelekileyo ngokwenene yaye lifanelwe ingqalelo ngokuchasiweyo uhlobo 1144 "Orlan" ngaphambili. Court Project ngo-1164 kwakukho ukubana kude kangako, kodwa kwezikhali kwakukubi kungekho, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ngcono ababengaphambi zabo.

Ukongeza, kwanaxa Ukudala ephambili wanikwa izixhobo ekhubekisayo. Nakuba kunjalo, le cruisers ezintsha banobuthathaka ngokwaneleyo. Ngaloo ndlela, "Orlan" iprojekthi ngeenqanawa 96 baba imijukujelwa ukuba S-300, ngoxa "Atlantis" lamaqhosha 64 kuphela. Ukongeza, SAM "Osa-M" baba kanye indlela kakhulu iinqanawa self-banqande ukuhlasela emoyeni, kodwa ke ngelo xesha amathuba cruisers yabo ngokucacileyo akwanelanga. Ekugqibeleni, kwiinqanawa Project 1144 kwakukho nje 16 DB "angababulali".

Ngenxa yoko, Project 1164 cruisers idibana zonke iimfuno imfundiso kade yiSoviet ngokusetyenziswa Navy xa iinqanawa yaceba ukuthumela edabini kuphela xa inshorensi umoya uthembeke ngokupheleleyo. Ngelishwa, imeko yangoku bemicimbi uhambelana yimfundiso okubi. Oku akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba ukunika ukhuselo oluthembekileyo iinqanawa emoyeni, ngoko ke kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba lwemfundo yabo umoya yokuzikhusela.

Eyona engundoqo iingxaki iimpahla projekthi

Le ethile ebalulekileyo (ngaphandle bokuqonda ezichazwe ngasentla) kuba phambi radar kwamajelo enye kuphela ( "azitshangatshangise") zenzelwe iinjongo ukubambelela nokhokelo zibandakanya ezintsonkothileyo C-300. Ngaphezu koko, xa yeyunithi ukusilela inqanawa ulahlekelwa phantse ngokupheleleyo ukhuseleko ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi eyaneleyo bangaphathwa emoyeni, "Wave 'ukuze zibonise kuhlaselwa nolwalathiso ngaphezu kwesinye. Ukuba sithetha cruisers ezifanayo baseMelika (wakha phantsi kwe projekthi "Ticonderoga"), ngoko ngamnye kubo ukhwele ezine (!) Radar ezizimeleyo zinako ukukhongozela udubule phantsi ekujoliswe izimpi eziliqela ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho kuphela isikhululo radar enye kuphela ujikajikana "Atlanta" ngendlela elula kakhulu okujoliswe kuko izilwi utshaba mbono, kodwa kwenza kube imijukujelwa kakhulu yingozi anti-NATO, nto leyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kubonisa amathuba enkulu kwintsimi yokuhlaselwa multi-sectoral.

Ezi iinqanawa zisekiwe kwisixeko Nikolayev. Zalapho kungoku nje kuphela ummandla kwelinye ilizwe, kodwa ezikwimeko enkenenkene, ngoko ukuba kukho nkundla akunakwenzeka ukuba yakhiwe. Kuphela kwethemba kushishino wokhuselo yasekhaya, apho baya kukwazi ukwenza ukuseka ukwakhiwa into enjeya.