Mpumalanga Russia: ulawulo, inkcubeko, imbali kunye nophuhliso kummandla

Ingcaciso yommandla weqela leenqununu eRus, ihleli phakathi kweVolga ne-Oka kwikhulu le-9 le-12, igama elithi "iNyakatho-Mpuma YaseRashiya" yamkelwa ngabadumi beembali. Ngaphantsi kwalo kwakuthetha umhlaba ophakathi kweRostov, eSuzdal, eVladimir. Imigama efanayo ngokubonisa ukuhlanganiswa kobunzima belizwe kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo - "i-Rostov-Suzdal", "i-Vladimir-Suzdal", kunye ne "Grand Duchy of Vladimir" nayo iyasebenza. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-13, iRashiya, ebizwa ngokuba yiNyakatho-ntshona, ngokwenene iphelelwa ukuba ikhona-iziganeko ezininzi zinegalelo kule nto.

Amakhulu amaDukes aseRostov

Zonke iiprincedom ezintathu zeNyakatho-mpuma yeRashiya zihlangene namazwe afanayo, kuphela iinqununu kunye nabalawuli abaguqukile kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo. Isixeko sokuqala esakhiwe kule ndawo sasinguRostov Omkhulu, kwimibandela ekuthethwa ngaye kwinqanaba lika-862 AD. E. Ngaphambi kwesiseko sayo, izizwe zikaMerya nazo zonke izizwe zaseFinnno-Ugric zazihlala apha. Izizwe zaseSlavic azizange zithande lo mfanekiso, kwaye zona - uKrivichi, Vyatichi, i-Ilmen Slovens - zaqalisa ukukhupha amazwe.

Emva kokubunjwa kweRostov, eyayiyinye yezona zixeko ezinkulu ngaphantsi kolawulo lweNkosana u-Oleg waseKiev, ukubhekisela kwimiqathango kunye nezisindo kwaqala ukubonakala kungekho rhoqo kwii-annals. Ngexesha elithile uRostis wayelawulwa ngabakhokeli beeKinkos, kodwa ngowe-987 inkokheli yayisele ilawulwe nguYaroslav the Wise, unyana kaVladimir, isikhulu saseKiev. Ukususela ngo-1010, uBoris Vladimirovich. Kuze kube ngu-1125, xa i-capital capital isuka eRostov iya eSuzdal, iinqununu zagqithwa ngesandla zisuka kubalawuli baseKiev, zabaphathi bazo. Iinkosana ezidumileyo zikaRostov - Vladimir Monomakh kunye noYurodolukuky - zenza okuninzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphuhliswa kweMntla-mpuma ye-Rashiya kwakhokelela ekuchumeni kwala mazwe, kodwa kungekudala uDolgoruky wabuyela kwisikhululo saseSuzdal, apho wada wawulawula ngo-1149. Kodwa wakha iinqaba ezinkulu kunye namathredrals ngendlela yesakhiwo esinqaba kunye nesilinganiselo esinzima, i-squat. Ngaphantsi kweDolgoruk, ukubhala nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa kuphuhlisiwe.

Ifa leRostov

Ukubaluleka kweRostov kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yale minyaka. Kwiingxelo ze-913-988. Ngokuqhelekileyo igama elithi "umhlaba waseRostov" - intsimi ecebileyo kwimidlalo, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, izakhiwo zokhuni kunye namatye. Ngama-991, enye yezobudala zedolose eRussia-Rostov - yenziwa apha ngaphandle kwengozi. Ngelo xesha isixeko sasisisiseko senkqutyana yaseNyakatho-mpuma yeRashiya, yaqhuba urhwebo olunzulu kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala, abenzi bezandla, abakhi, abakhandi bensimbi bafika eRostov ... Bonke abathetheli baseRashiya bazama ukuba nomkhosi osebenzayo. Kuyo yonke indawo, ngakumbi kumazwe ahlukeneyo neKiev, ukholo olutsha lwasasazeka.

Emva kokutshintshwa kukaYud Dolgoruky ukuya eSuzdal Rostov, u-Izyaslav Mstislavovich wabulawula ixesha elithile, kodwa ekugqibeleni umphumo weso sixeko waba yinto engafanelekanga, kwaye kwakungabonakali kangangoko malunga nawo kwii-annals. Iziko leqununu liye lafudukela eSudal iminyaka yeshumi leminyaka.

Abahloniphekileyo be-Feudal bazakhele izindlu zabo, ngelixa abenzi bezobugcisa kunye nabasimili bezityalo zinyuka kwiindawo zokhuni. Amakhaya abo ayefana nezindlu zangasese, izinto zasekhaya zazininzi zokhuni. Kodwa kwiindawo ezikhanyayo, iimveliso ezingapheliyo, iimpahla, izinto eziphathekayo zazalelwa. Yonke into abahloniphekileyo ababegqoka yona kunye nemihlobiso yaloo nqaba, yaveliswa ngezandla zabasimili kunye nabenzi bezobugcisa. Inkcubeko emangalisayo yeNtshona-mpuma ye-Rashiya yenziwa phantsi kophahla oluqingqiweyo lwezindlu zokhuni.

Ulawulo lweRostov-Suzdal

Ngelo thuba elifutshane, ngelixa i-North-Eastern Russia yayinguSuzdal, kuphela iinkosana ezintathu ezikwazi ukulawula ubunqununu. Ukongezelela kuYuri ngokwakhe, oonyana bakhe - uVaskoko Yurievich noAndrei Yuryevich, baqanjwa ngokuthi yiBobolyubsky, kwaye emva koko, emva kokutshintshwa kweenkunzi kwiVladimir (ngo-1169), uSudali wayelawulwa nguMstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, kodwa akazange adlale indima ekhethekileyo kwimbali yaseRashiya. Bonke abathetheli baseNyakatho-mpuma yeRashiya bevela eRurik, kodwa akuyena wonke umntu ofanelekileyo onobubele.

Inkunzi entsha yenqununu yayiyincinane kuneRostov kwaye yayibizwa ngokuba yiSuzhal. Kukholelwa ukuba isixeko safumana igama layo kumagama athi "zizhdit", okanye "ukudala". Ixesha lokuqala emva kokumiselwa kweSudal kwakuyinqaba eyinqaba kwaye ilawulwa ngabalawuli abaziintloko. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuqala ye-XII leminyaka, ukuphuhliswa kwesi sixeko saqala, ngoxa uRostov waqala ukuhamba buthathaka kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo wehla. Kwaye ngo-1125, njengoko sele kuthethwe ngaye, u-Yuri Dolgoruky washiya iRostov ekulu.

Ngaphantsi kukaYuri, owaziwa ngokuba ngumsunguli waseMoscow, kwakukho ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseRashiya . Ngoko ke, ngexesha lolawulo lukaDolgoruky ukuba iinqununu zaseNyakatho-mpuma zaze zahlukana neKiev. Inendima enkulu kulo mdlalo kwaye omnye wabantwana bakaGeorge - uAndrew Bogolyubsky, owamthanda ngcwele ubaba wakhe kwaye akazange azicabange ngaphandle kwakhe.

Ukulwa neenkwenkwezi kunye nokukhethwa kwentloko entsha yaseRashiya

Izicwangciso zikaRobert Dolgoruky, apho wabona oonyana bakhe abadala njengabalawuli bezona zikhulu, kunye nabancinci - njengabalawuli baseRostov naseSuzdal, abazange bazaliseke. Kodwa indima yabo ngandlela-thile yayibaluleke ngakumbi. Ngoko, uAndreya wazibiza njengombusi ohlakaniphileyo nowasekude. Umntu wakhe onomnqweno wazama ngazo zonke iindlela zokukhusela iingqungquthela ezingena kwibhunga lakhe, kodwa nakhona apha uBobolubsky wabonisa ukuthanda kwakhe, ehambisa inkunzi evela eSuzdal ukuya eVladimir, waza wathatha iKiev ngo-1169.

Nangona kunjalo, i-capital yaseKivanvan Rus ayizange ifakwe kulo mntu. Emva kokuyithatha isixeko kunye nesihloko esithi "uMkhulukazi Duke", akazange ahlale eKiev, kodwa watshala kuye i-rhuluneli yomntakwabo uGleb. URostov noSuzdal, naye wathatha inxaxheba engabalulekanga kwimbali yale minyaka, kuba ngelo xesha i-capital-North-Eastern Russia yayinguVladimir. Yiloo dolophu u-Andrei wakhetha ukuba ahlale kuyo ngo-1155, ixesha elide ngaphambi kokulwa neKiev. Ukusuka kumanqununu asezantsi, apho wayelawula khona ixesha elithile, wathatha uVladimir kunye ne-icon yeNtombikazi yaseVyshgorod, eyayihlonipha kakhulu.

Ukukhethwa kwentengo-mali kwakuphumelele kakhulu: iminyaka engamakhulu amabini le sixeko yayigcina isundu esiseRashiya. URostov noSuzdal bazama ukuphinda baphinde baphumelele, kodwa nangona emva kokufa kukaAndreya, ubukhulu bakhe njengo-Grand Duke beqatshelwa kuwo onke amazwe aseRussia, ngaphandle kweChernigov noGalich, bahluleka.

Ingxabano yangaphakathi

Emva kokufa kukaAndrei Bogolyubsky, i-Suzdalians kunye neRostovites yajika yabantwana bakaRostislav Yurievich-Yaropolk kunye neMstislav - ngethemba lokuba ubukhosi babo buya kubuyisa izixeko ekuzukeni kwazo, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa okude kulindeleke kweMntla-mpuma ye-Rashiya ayizange ifike.

EVladimir wayelawula oonyana baka-Yuri Dolgoruky - uMikhalko noVsevolod. Ngaloo xesha, i-capital capital yayisomeleze kakhulu ukubaluleka kwayo. UAndrew wenza okuninzi ngale ndlela: uphumelele ukwakhiwa, ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe, kwakhiwa iChhedral yaseTranspenky eyaziwayo, waze wafuna ukusekwa kwe-metropolia eyahlukeneyo ekuziphatheni kwakhe ukuze azihlukanise neKieyi kule ndawo.

I-North-mpuma ye-Russia phantsi kolawulo lwaseBogolyubsky yaba liziko lokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRussia, kwaye kamva yintloko yengingqi enkulu yaseRashiya. Emva kokufa kukaAndrew Smolensk kunye no-Ryazan iinkosana uMstislav noYaropolk - abantwana boonyana bakaDolgoruky Rostislav, bazama ukuthatha amandla eVladimir, kodwa oomalume wabo uMikhail noVsevolod babomelele. Ukongeza, bexhaswa yiNkosana uChernigov Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Imfazwe ye-internecine yahlala iminyaka engaphezu kweyithathu, emva koko iVladimir ikhusele i-capital city of North-Eastern Russia, yashiya i-Suzdal neRostov ibe yinqununu.

Ukusuka eKiev ukuya eMoscow

Amazwe aseRussia asempuma-mpuma ayenemizi amaninzi kunye nezikali. Ngoko ke, i-capital capital yafakwa ngo-990 nguVladimir Svyatoslavovich njengeVladimir-on-Klyazma. Phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokusungulwa kwayo, isixeko, esiyingxenye ye-Rostov-Suzdal, ayinakuvusa umdla phakathi kweenkosana ezilawulayo (de de 1108). Ngeli xesha, isithintelo sakhe sasihlala esinye isikhulu - uVladimir Monomakh. Wanikela isixeko isimo sengqondo esomeleleyo yeNtshona-mpuma ye-Russia.

Inyaniso yokuba le ndawo yokuhlala encinci iya kugqitywa ukuba ibe ngumzi-dolophu wamazwe aseRussia ayikwazi ukucingelwa ngabani na. Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo ngaphambi kokuba u-Andrei amncede aze atshintshe i-capital of its headality there, eya kuhlala kuye phantse iminyaka engamakhulu amabini.

Ukususela ngeli xesha i-Grand Dukes yaqala ukuphakanyiswa njengeVladimir, kungekhona njengeKiev, inkulu-dolophu yaseRashiya yaphulukana indima yayo ebalulekileyo, kodwa inzala yayo ayizange ilahleke phakathi kweenkosana. Hlela Wonke umntu uhloniphe iKiev ngenhlonipho. Kodwa ukususela phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu, idolophu eyayiyinqanaba lase-Vladimir-Suzdal-iMoscow-ngokuthe gqolo kodwa yaqala ukunyuka. UVladimir, njengoRostov, waza waseSudal, waphelelwa yimpembelelo yakhe. Uninzi lwalo lwaluqhutyelwa ukufudukela kwi-Metropolitan Petros yaseBill White ngo-1328. Iinkosana zaseNyakatho-mpuma Russia zalwa phakathi kwabo, kwaye oorhulumente baseMoscow nabaseTver bazama yonke indlela yokuba bathabathele iVladimir inzuzo yeso sixeko esiphambili samazwe aseRussia.

Ukuphela kwekhulu leshumi elinesine kwaphawulwa kukuba abaphathi bendawo babe nelungelo lokubizwa ngokuba yi-Grand Dukes yaseMoscow, ngoko ukuxhamla kweMoscow ngaphezu kwezinye izixeko kwacaca. Omkhulu uDuke Vladimir kaDmitri Ivanovich uDonskoy wagcina ephethe lesi sihloko, emva koko bonke abalawuli baseRashiya baphakanyiswa yi-Grand Dukes yaseMoscow. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphuhliswa kweRussia-mpuma yeRashiya njengesiqununu kunye nolawulo oluphambili lugqityiwe.

Ukwahlukana kwenkqununu yeso sikhundla

Emva kokuba uMasipala waseMoscow athuthe eMoscow, iinqununu zeVladimir zahlula. UVladimir wadluliselwa kuSuzdal u-Alexander Alexander Vasilyevich, u-Novgorod Omkhulu noKostroma wathatha umlawuli wakhe waseMoscow u-Ivan Danilovich Kalita. U-Yuri Dolgoruky naye waphupha ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwe-North-Eastern Russia kunye Great Novgorod - ekupheleni, kwenzeka, kodwa kungekudala.

Emva kokufa kukaSoland Alexander Vilyevich, ngo-1331, amazwe akhe atyathwa kwiinqununu zaseMoscow. Kwaye kwiminyaka eyi-10 kamva, ngo-1341, intsimi yaseYurophu yaseMpuma-mpuma yeRashiya iphinde ibuyelelwe kwakhona: uNizhny Novgorod wadlulela eSuzdal, kunye neGrodets, ngoxa i-Vladimir inqununu yahlala ngonaphakade emva kwabalawuli baseMoscow Isihloko seNkulu. Ngoko kwakukho inqununu yaseNizhny Novgorod-Suzdal.

Uhambo oluya kwiiNtloko zaseMpuma-Eastern Rus ukusuka kumzantsi kunye nelikhulu lelizwe, ukulwa kwazo, zenze igalelo elincinci ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa. Nangona kunjalo, amatempile amatsha awakhiwe kuyo yonke indawo, xa kuhlotshiswe ubuchule obuphezulu bezobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Isikolo soonobumba lwe-icon senziwa, sineempawu ezibalabalaweyo zemibala yelo xesha kunye nepeyinti yaseByzantine.

Ukubanjwa kwamazwe ngamaRussia-Mongol-Tatars

Iintlungu ezininzi zabantu baseRussi bazisa iimfazwe zangaphakathi, kwaye iinkosana zihlala zilwa phakathi kwabo, kodwa inhlekelele eyingozi kakhulu yafika noMongol-Tatars ngoFebruwari 1238. Yonke yaseMntla-mpuma yeRashiya (imizi yaseRostov, iYaroslavl, eMoscow, iVladimir, i-Suzdal, i-Uglich, iTver) ayizange ichithe nje - yayicatshulwe phantsi. Umkhosi kaVladimir uPrince Yuri Vsevolodovich wahlulwa yintolongo yeBurundai Temnik, isikhulu yena ngokwakhe wabulawa, kwaye umntakwabo u- Yaroslav Vsevolodovich waphoqeleka ukuba angenise eHorde kuyo yonke into. I-Mongol-Tatars yamkela ngokusemthethweni nje ngokuba nguyena mdala kunabo bonke abathetheli baseRussia, eqinisweni bonke baqhutywa yiyo. Ngokutshatyalaliswa ngokubanzi kweRussia, kuphela uNogorgorod Omkhulu owayekwazi ukusinda.

Ngo-1259, uAlexander Nevsky wenza ubalo lwabantu baseNovgorod, wavelisa isicwangciso sakhe sorhulumente waza waqinisa isikhundla sakhe kwindlela enokwenzeka. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, abaqokeleli berhafu babulawa eYaroslavl, eRostov, eSuzdal, ePeryaslavl naseVladimir, eMntla-mpuma yeRashiya baphinde baqhwaba ngokulindela ukuhlaselwa kunye nokuchithwa. Lo mqathango wempindiselo wawuphephelwa - uAlexander Nevsky ngokwakhe waya eHorde kwaye wakwazi ukukhusela ingxaki, kodwa wafa endleleni. Kwathi ngo-1263. Kuphela ngemigudu yakhe wakwazi ukuyigcina ingqibelelo i-Vladimir inqununu, emva kokufa kuka-Aleksandriya yawela kwizinto ezizimeleyo.

Ukukhululwa kweRashiya kwidyokhwe yeMongol-Tatars, ukuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko

Kwiminyaka embi kakhulu ... Ngakolunye uhlangothi - ukuhlasela kweRashiya-mpuma ye-Mpuma Russia, kwelinye - izikhwebu eziqhubekayo zobunqununu abasaphila ukuba babe nehlabathi elitsha. Wonke umntu wayebuhlungu: bobabini abalawuli kunye nezifundo zabo. Ukukhululwa ukusuka kumaMongol Khans kwafika kuphela ngo-1362. Umkhosi waseRashiya-waseLithuania olawulwa nguPrince Olgerd wancincikisa iMongol-Tatars, ephoqa le mihla efana nemfazwe ukususela eVladimir-Suzdal, eMuscovy, eSkovkov naseNovogorod.

Iminyaka esetyenziswe phantsi kwejoka leentshaba yayineempembelelo ezimbi: inkcubeko yeNtshona-mpuma ye-Rashiya yawela. Ukubhujiswa kwezixeko, ukutshatyalaliswa kweecawa, ukutshabalalisa inxalenye enkulu yabemi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukulahlekelwa kweentlobo ezithile zemisebenzi yezandla. Kwimizuzu emibini nesiqingatha ukuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko kunye nentengiso yelizwe. Izikhumbuzo ezininzi zamatye nezakhiwo zamatye zalahleka emlilweni okanye zaziswe eHorde. Zininzi iindlela zobugcisa zokwakha, ukupaka iimpompi kunye nezinye izinto zobugcisa zalahleka. Izikhumbuzo ezininzi zokubhala zinyamalale ngaphandle kokulandelwa, i-annals, esebenzisa ubugcisa, ukudweba kufikelele ekupheleni. Kuthatha phantse ikhulu leminyaka ukubuyisela encinci inokugcinwa. Kodwa ukuphuhliswa kweentlobo ezintsha zezobugcisa zahamba ngokukhawuleza.

Abantu belizwe elibhubhileyo bakwazi ukugcina ubume babo bobuhlanga kunye noluthando lwenkcubeko yasendulo. Ngandlela-thile, ukuxhomekeka kweminyaka kwiMongol-Tatars kwakusisigqibo sokuvela kweentlobo ezintsha zobugcisa baseRussia.

Ubunye beenkcubeko namazwe

Emva kokukhululwa e-Iga, iinkosana ezininzi zaseRashiya zafika kwisigqibo esingenasiphelo kubo kwaye zikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zabo kwilizwe elinye. Amaziko evuselelo kunye nenkululeko yothando kunye nenkcubeko yaseRashiya yayimimandla yaseNovgorod neSpkov. Bekulapha apho abantu basebenzayo baqala ukugeleza ukusuka kwimimandla esezantsi nephakathi, baphatha kunye nezithethe zamandulo zenkcubeko yabo, ukubhala, izakhiwo. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwimeko yokudibanisa amazwe aseRussia kunye nokuvuselelwa kwenkcubeko kwathonywe nguMgaqo-nkqubo waseMoscow, apho amaninzi amaphepha asekuqaleni, iincwadi, imisebenzi yobugcisa begcinwe.

Ukwakhiwa kwezixeko kunye namatempile, kunye nezakhiwo ezikhuselayo zaqala. UTver waba ngumzi wokuqala kwisixeko saseNyakatho-mpuma yeRashiya, apho kwakhiwa khona amatye. Lo mbuzo wokumisela iBandla loMsindisi-Ukuguqulwa kwesiguqulelo kwisitayela se-Vladimir-Suzdal. Kwi sixeko ngasinye, kunye nezakhiwo ezikhuselayo, iisonto kunye neendwendwe zakwa-monasteries zakhiwa: uMsindisi kwi-Illyn, uPetros noPawulos eKozhevniki, Vasily eGrka e-Pskov, Epiphany eZapkovye nabanye abaninzi. Imbali yeNtshona-mpuma ye-Rashiya ifumene ukubonakaliswa kwayo nokuqhubeka kwezi zakhiwo.

Umzobo uphinde wavuselelwa nguTheophanes waseGrike, uDaniel Black kunye no-Andrei Rublev, abaculi abadumileyo beRussia. I-Masters yezobucwebe zezobugcisa zakha kabusha iintraki ezilahlekileyo, abaninzi bezobugcisa basebenze ekubuyiseleni ubuchule bokudala izinto zekhaya zesizwe, imihlobiso, iimpahla. Uninzi lweenkulungwane zeekhosi ziye zafika ezinsukwini zethu.