Russia: imbali, imihla nemicimbi ephambili

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane eziliqela, iRashiya abanamava amahla-ndinyuka, kodwa ekugqibeleni waba ubukumkani nekomkhulu yayo eMoscow.

periodization emfutshane

Imbali Russia yaqala kunyaka 862, xa Novgorod wafika Viking Rurik, kuvakaliswe le nkosana mzi. Xa iziko wakhe wezopolitiko ezihlangwini waya eKiev. Xa kuqala eqhekekileyo eRashiya, izixeko ezininzi baye baqalisa ukuba baxabane omnye nomnye ukuba ilungelo lokuba abe ezinkulu emazweni East Slavic.

Eli xesha feudal waphazanyiswa kuhlaselo lwemimandla ingxokolo Mongol kwaye ufake idyokhwe. Kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu iimfazwe rhoqo nentshabalalo ikakhulu isixeko Russian yaba eMoscow, nto leyo ekugqibeleni ndawonye eRashiya waza wenza ezimeleyo yakhe. In XV - XVI iinkulungwane, iligama le yinto elidlulileyo. Waye indawo elithi "Russia", eyamkelwa isimbo lamaByzantine.

Kukho iindawo ezininzi iimbono malunga umbuzo xa kukho into laseRashiya feudal edlulileyo historiography mihla. Amaninzi, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba oku kwenzeka ngo-1547, xa Prince uIvan wathabatha kwisihloko yokumkani.

Ukuvela Russia

Yamandulo emanyeneyo Russia, imbali yawo yaqala ngenkulungwane IX, emva weza, xa unyaka 882 Novgorod prince Oleg woyisa Kiev waza wenza esi sixeko ikomkhulu lakhe. Kweli xesha izizwe East Slavic ziye zohlulwa imibutho ezizalayo eziliqela (msulwa Dregovichi, Krivichi kunye t. D.). Ezinye zazo zichasene omnye komnye. Abemi emaqeleni wayihlawulela imbeko Khazars basemzini ezinobutshaba.

Ngoko ke, iinkosana yokuqala Kievan bexakekile kangangokuba ukuzama ukudibanisa zonke uluntu yesizwe phantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Ukudala imeko esembindini sakhatshwa iimfazwe neengxabano. Umzekelo, Prince Igor Ryurikovich (912-945) wabulawa Drevlyane, awayekhuphe kuye wafuna irhafu eninzi.

Christian Byzantium ngomnye Olwa, leyo walwa Rus yobuhedeni. Imbali le mpi yaqala xa Oleg, ngubani abalawuli wokuqala Kiev waya izikhephe ukuya ngasemzantsi ukufumana inani namaGrike. Ezi uhambo kwaqhubeka de ngenkulungwane XI. Ezinye zazo zibe yimpumelelo na, lo gama abanye, yaphela ukusilela.

Ukwamkelwa of Christianity

Esi siganeko sibalulekileyo eye ewatyhutyhile Kievan Rus, ukwamkelwa ubuKristu. Oku kwenzeka 988, ngexesha lolawulo Vladimira Svyatoslavicha. Le prince wayefuna kululahla ukholo lobuhedeni aze azuze namahlakani amatsha. ukukhetha kwakhe bawa phezu Christian baseByzantium uBukhosi, leyo ukususela ngoko Russia baye kubudlelwane obusondeleyo kakhulu. Ukhetho nempembelelo lwenkolelo kwimbali yelizwe ukuya imihla mihla. Ngowe-1054 ibandla jikelele umKristu onamava iyantlukwano enkulu, emva koko uMphathi baseConstantinople kunye Pope wamngcatsha nezinye masisingelwe phantsi nganye. karhulumente Russian wahlala Orthodox, yaye emva kokuwa Byzantium ngenkulungwane XV, kananjalo ibe liziko Orthodox hlabathi.

qala ubé

Phantsi Vladimir (978-1015) njengoko feuds yokuqala siqalile. Kievan Rus 'wangena ixesha eqhekekileyo kwezopolitiko. Le nkqubo eqhelekileyo ukuba onke amazwe ephakathi yaseYurophu.

Ngokusemthethweni, kwenzeka ngenxa umyalelo wokulandelelana apho umthetheli elifayo kwafuneka ukuba naye ngamandla akhe phakathi koonyana bakhe, ngalinye de facto yaba ngumlawuli elizimeleyo. Le ukuqhekeka yaba izizathu ezinzulu kwezoqoqosho. imizi Rich abafumana imali norhwebo ekuhlaleni imithombo, hayi ilawulwe Kiev wayeza.

Kukholelwa ukuba iRussia wamandulo ngexesha layo xa Yaroslav unyana Vladimir (1015-1054). Sokugqibela wakwazi ukoyisa abazalwana bakhe waba ngumlawuli lizwe. Noko ke, noonyana bakhe nabazukulwana karhulumente liya disintegrating. Abathetheli Russia wayengafuni ukuthobela kumkani Kiev. Kukho amaziko ezopolitiko amatsha: Chernigov, Rostov, Polotsk, galich, ESmolensk, njl zisekho olwahluke Veliky Novgorod, apho ahlala indima ekhethekileyo Veche - iNdibano Abantu, elithanda wamelana amandla yenene ...

ngekhulu XII

Kwinkulungwane XII Kwafika ukuqhekezwa ekugqibeleni eRashiya. Ngo 1136 inkqubo republic yafakwa Novgorod. Apha abalawuli wafumana amandla qho imbalo, hayi ilifa, njengoko kwamanye amazwe. Umgaqo ofanayo uye wenza Pskov. Enye indawo ebalulekileyo yaba laseRashiya emntla-mpuma. Imbali yophuhliso yayo linxulunyaniswa igama Yuriya Dolgorukogo (owasweleka ngo-1157). Xa yasekwa eMoscow, nemizi ibalulekileyo lizwe kuye kwanda kunye Suzdal.

Unyana wakhe Andrew Bogolyubskii wamvusa iziko elitsha - Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Kwakhona naye nezikhulu 1168 ayimbumba evela lizwe bababamba Kiev, emva koko ekugqibeleni baphulukana intsingiselo yalo yezopolitiko lonke. Ukuqhekezwa Russia kwakhona sikhatshwe iimfazwe rhoqo nxamnye mbuya ayakhe emaqeleni esemazantsi. Okokuqala kwaba Pechenegs kwinkulungwane XII indawo yabo yathathwa yi-Polovtsy. izizwe zamaTurkic hlukile ubutshantliziyo. Emathafeni babedla ngokubaphanga Russia. Imbali yale impi eyaziwa ngokuba uhambo Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor ngo-1185. Le ngxelo yeli phulo asiphumelelanga emkhosini yenza isiseko litye lesikhumbuzo kakhulu uncwadi Russian-elithetha "Lay."

I Mongol Ukuhlaselwa

iindlela zakudala endlini xa ndawo beza amabutho Mongol Polovtsian. Ilizwe kwabo Pribaikalskaya emathafeni. Edume Genghis Khan woyisa uninzi Asia, kuquka China. nomzukulwana wakhe Batu Khan Bamthatha phulo eYurophu. Endleleni yakhe abalawuli Russia.

Ngenxa lokwahlulwa ukunganxibelelani kakuhle abalawuli Slavic abazange bakwazi ukukhulisa nomkhosi olunokuba expostulate Mongols. Kule minyaka 1237-1240. Hlokondiba amanxiwa phantse kuzo zonke iidolophu ezinkulu Russian ngaphandle Novgorod, leyo kude kakhulu emntla. Ukususela ngoko, iinkosana Slavic waba ngabafakwa uviko i Mongols. Kumathafa iVolga zolotaya Orda ukuba kwadalwa. khans Its kuphela eqokelelweyo irhafu, kodwa wanika iindlela ezimfutshane ukuba alawule, nokumkhanyela abalawuli ulukhuni, abazange engakuthandi.

Ngelo xesha kwi aseBalti babengamaKatolika emkhosini odolo emishini. Pope walungelelanisa yobu nxamnye nabahedeni kunye amaRoma. Ngoko ke Order Livonian. Enye ngozi yaba entshonalanga Sweden. Kule kunye namanye karhulumente Russian babegqalwa njengabaqhekeki. Bhebhetha kangangoko bamelana INkosana Novgorod, Alexander. Ngowe-1240 waphumelela iimviwo zokuphela Battle of the Neva, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva - Ice.

Ukudibanisa Russia

Ngasemntla-Great Russia waba embindini kumzabalazo ochasene Mongols. Le ngxabano wakhokelela iinkosana ezincinci eMoscow. Ekuqaleni, bakwazi ukufumana ilungelo lokuba ukuqokelela irhafu kuwo onke amazwe Russian. Ngoko ke, inxalenye imali kuphelela wokulondoloza imali eMoscow. Xa efunde amandla ngokwaneleyo nguDmitry Donskoy waba ngeziqu evulekileyo kunye khans ye-Golden mkhosi. Ngowe-1380, umkhosi wakhe wahlula Mamai.

Kodwa nangona le mpumelelo, omnye kwinkulungwane abalawuli Muscovite ngamathuba imbeko. Kuphela emva emi phezu Ugra ngo-1480 idyokhwe ekugqibeleni lehla. Ngelo xesha, phantsi Ivan III, phantse onke amazwe Russian sasimanyene ngeenxa Moscow, kuquka Novgorod. Ngowe-1547 umzukulwana wakhe, Ivan Grozny wathabatha kwisihloko kukumkani, nto leyo ekupheleni kwebali yenkulu Russia kunye isiqalo zabalawuli Russia entsha.